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Pahl MC, Grant SFA, Leibel RL, Stratigopoulos G. Technologies, strategies, and cautions when deconvoluting genome-wide association signals: FTO in focus. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13558. [PMID: 36882962 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed a plethora of genetic variants that correlate with polygenic conditions. However, causal molecular mechanisms have proven challenging to fully define. Without such information, the associations are not physiologically useful or clinically actionable. By reviewing studies of the FTO locus in the genetic etiology of obesity, we wish to highlight advances in the field fueled by the evolution of technical and analytic strategies in assessing the molecular bases for genetic associations. Particular attention is drawn to extrapolating experimental findings from animal models and cell types to humans, as well as technical aspects used to identify long-range DNA interactions and their biological relevance with regard to the associated trait. A unifying model is proposed by which independent obesogenic pathways regulated by multiple FTO variants and genes are integrated at the primary cilium, a cellular antenna where signaling molecules that control energy balance convene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pahl
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Ono R, Ueno H, Yoshida K, Takahashi S, Yoshihara H, Nozaki T, Suzuki K, Nakazawa A, Saiki R, Seki M, Takita J, Ogawa S, Manabe A, Hasegawa D. Clonal evidence for the development of neuroblastoma with extensive copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity arising in a mature teratoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2921-2927. [PMID: 33934450 PMCID: PMC8253283 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature teratomas are usually benign tumors that rarely undergo malignant transformation. We report an advanced neuroblastoma arising in a mature teratoma of the ovary. Whole-exome sequencing identified extensive copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in both neuroblastoma and teratoma elements, suggesting that the neuroblastoma evolved from the teratoma. In addition, several truncating germline heterozygous variants in tumor suppressor genes, including RBL2 and FBXW12, became homozygous as a result of LOH. Collectively, we speculate that extensive LOH in teratoma cells may force heterozygous germline variants to become homozygous, which, in turn, may contribute to the development of neuroblastoma with the acquisition of additional chromosomal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Nozaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koyu Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Department of Clinical Research, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Saiki
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Seki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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