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Xu W, Di Y, Chu S, Wang Z, Long H, Pu L, Ma R, Wang Y. Combination of Chlorambucil and Mercaptopurine Show Effective Anti-Cancer Effects in Mice Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8131-8141. [PMID: 38169995 PMCID: PMC10759911 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s438742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Combination therapy employing multiple drugs has been shown to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment. Chlorambucil (Chl) and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) are the first-line medicines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ovarian cancer. However, both were limited by their short half-life of disintegration, unsatisfactory water solubility, and adverse reactions. Methods In this work, the drug Chl and 6MP were introduced into the polymerized N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (polyHPMA) by pH and glutathione responsive linker to construct the polymer nanodrug delivery system for effective co-delivery. Results The drug load capacities, release, morphology, and cytotoxicity of the pro-drug were systematic. The two drugs showed satisfactory synergism with a combination index of 0.81, and a better ability to induce apoptosis. In and ex vivo fluorescence imaging showed a rapid systemic distribution of the conjugate within mice, majorly metabolized by liver and kidneys and eliminated after 24 hr. No significant pathological damage was observed in the major organs. This polymeric prodrug system holds promise for improved therapeutic efficiency and reduced side effects through the synergistic delivery of various chemotherapeutics. Conclusion The introduction of HPMA as a carrier not only enhanced the solubility and biocompatibilities of Chl and 6 MP but also improved their drug effect. This strategy might be a promising alternative for constructing multi-drug-release system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Xu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Di
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengjing Chu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runtian Ma
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Nardone C, Palanski BA, Scott DC, Timms RT, Barber KW, Gu X, Mao A, Leng Y, Watson EV, Schulman BA, Cole PA, Elledge SJ. A central role for regulated protein stability in the control of TFE3 and MITF by nutrients. Mol Cell 2023; 83:57-73.e9. [PMID: 36608670 PMCID: PMC9908011 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The TFE3 and MITF master transcription factors maintain metabolic homeostasis by regulating lysosomal, melanocytic, and autophagy genes. Previous studies posited that their cytosolic retention by 14-3-3, mediated by the Rag GTPases-mTORC1, was key for suppressing transcriptional activity in the presence of nutrients. Here, we demonstrate using mammalian cells that regulated protein stability plays a fundamental role in their control. Amino acids promote the recruitment of TFE3 and MITF to the lysosomal surface via the Rag GTPases, activating an evolutionarily conserved phospho-degron and leading to ubiquitination by CUL1β-TrCP and degradation. Elucidation of the minimal functional degron revealed a conserved alpha-helix required for interaction with RagA, illuminating the molecular basis for a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by missense mutations in TFE3 within the RagA-TFE3 interface. Additionally, the phospho-degron is recurrently lost in TFE3 genomic translocations that cause kidney cancer. Therefore, two divergent pathologies converge on the loss of protein stability regulation by nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nardone
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel C Scott
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Karl W Barber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aoyue Mao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma V Watson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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