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Chen D, Chen Q, Qin X, Tong P, Peng L, Zhang T, Xia C. Development and evolution of human glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors (QCIs): an alternative promising approach for disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1209863. [PMID: 37600512 PMCID: PMC10435661 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1209863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) is drawing considerable attention and emerging as a potential druggable target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its close involvement in the pathology of AD via the post-translational pyroglutamate modification of amyloid-β. A recent phase 2a study has shown promising early evidence of efficacy for AD with a competitive benzimidazole-based QC inhibitor, PQ912, which also demonstrated favorable safety profiles. This finding has sparked new hope for the treatment of AD. In this review, we briefly summarize the discovery and evolution of hQC inhibitors, with a particular interest in classic Zinc binding group (ZBG)-containing chemicals reported in recent years. Additionally, we highlight several high-potency inhibitors and discuss new trends and challenges in the development of QC inhibitors as an alternative and promising disease-modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qingxiu Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Peipei Tong
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Liping Peng
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunli Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
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2
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Xu C, Zou H, Yu X, Xie Y, Cai J, Shang Q, Ouyang N, Wang Y, Xu P, He Z, Wu H. Repurposing FDA-Approved Compounds for the Discovery of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors as Drugs Against Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:877-881. [PMID: 33377311 PMCID: PMC8409088 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative causes of dementia, the pathology of which is still not much clear. It's challenging to discover the disease modifying agents for the prevention and treatment of AD over the years. Emerging evidence has been accumulated to reveal the crucial role of up-regulated glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the initiation of AD. In the current study, the QC inhibitory potency of a library consisting of 1621 FDA-approved compounds was assessed. A total of 54 hits, 3.33 % of the pool, exhibited QC inhibitory activities. The Ki of the top 5 compounds with the highest QC inhibitory activities were measured. Among these selected hits, compounds affecting neuronal signaling pathways and other mechanisms were recognized. Moreover, several polyphenol derivatives with QC inhibitory activities were also identified. Frameworks and subsets contained in these hits were analyzed. Taken together, our results may contribute to the discovery and development of novel QC inhibitors as potential anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Haoman Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Yazhou Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Jiaxin Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Qi Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Na Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Yinan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Pan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Science CenterShenzhen University3688 Nanhai RoadShenzhen518055China
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3
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Xu C, Wang YN, Wu H. Glutaminyl Cyclase, Diseases, and Development of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6549-6565. [PMID: 34000808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate (pE) modification, catalyzed mainly by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), is prevalent throughout nature and is particularly important in mammals including humans for the maturation of hormones, peptides, and proteins. In humans, the upregulation of QC is involved in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, melanomas, thyroid carcinomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, septic arthritics, etc. This upregulation catalyzes the generation of modified mediators such as pE-amyloid beta (Aß) and pE-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) peptides. Not surprisingly, QC has emerged as a reasonable target for the development of therapeutics to combat these diseases and conditions. In this manuscript the deleterious effects of upregulated QC resulting in disease manifestation are reviewed, along with progress on the development of QC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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4
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Lin W, Zheng X, Fang D, Zhou S, Wu W, Zheng K. Identifying hQC Inhibitors of Alzheimer's Disease by Effective Customized Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Dynamic Simulation, and Binding Free Energy Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:1173-1192. [PMID: 30187344 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) appeared as a promising new target with its inhibitors attracted much attention for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in recent years. But so far, only a few compounds have been reported as hQC inhibitors. To find novel and potent hQC inhibitors, a high-specificity ZBG (zinc-binding groups)-based pharmacophore model comprising customized ZBG feature was first generated using HipHop algorithm in Discovery Studio software for screening out hQC inhibitors from the SPECS database. After purification by docking studies and drug-like ADMET properties filters, four potential hit compounds were retrieved. Subsequently, these hit compounds were subjected to 30-ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to explore their binding modes at the active side of hQC. MD simulations demonstrated that these hit compounds formed a chelating interaction with the zinc ion, which was consistent with the finding that the electrostatic interaction was the major driving force for binding to hQC confirmed with MMPBSA energy decomposition. Higher binding affinities of these compounds were also verified by the binding free energy calculations comparing with the references. Thus, these identified compounds might be potential hQC candidates and could be used for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Lin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Danqing Fang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Second Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shengfu Zhou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Kangcheng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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5
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Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Bluhm A, Piechotta A, Linnert M, Rahfeld JU, Demuth HU, Lues I, Kuhn PH, Lichtenthaler SF, Roßner S, Höfling C. Immunohistochemical Evidence from APP-Transgenic Mice for Glutaminyl Cyclase as Drug Target to Diminish pE-Abeta Formation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040924. [PMID: 29673150 PMCID: PMC6017857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric assemblies of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides generated by proteolytical processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In recent years, a substantial heterogeneity of Abeta peptides with distinct biophysical and cell biological properties has been demonstrated. Among these, a particularly neurotoxic and disease-specific Abeta variant is N-terminally truncated and modified to pyroglutamate (pE-Abeta). Cell biological and animal experimental studies imply the catalysis of this modification by the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC). However, direct histopathological evidence in transgenic animals from comparative brain region and cell type-specific expression of transgenic hAPP and QC, on the one hand, and on the formation of pE-Abeta aggregates, on the other, is lacking. Here, using single light microscopic, as well as triple immunofluorescent, labeling, we report the deposition of pE-Abeta only in the brain regions of APP-transgenic Tg2576 mice with detectable human APP and endogenous QC expression, such as the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and amygdala. Brain regions showing human APP expression without the concomitant presence of QC (the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and perifornical nucleus) do not display pE-Abeta plaque formation. However, we also identified brain regions with substantial expression of human APP and QC in the absence of pE-Abeta deposition (the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and locus coeruleus). In these brain regions, the enzymes required to generate N-truncated Abeta peptides as substrates for QC might be lacking. Our observations provide additional evidence for an involvement of QC in AD pathogenesis via QC-catalyzed pE-Abeta formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Bluhm
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anke Piechotta
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Miriam Linnert
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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6
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Li M, Dong Y, Yu X, Li Y, Zou Y, Zheng Y, He Z, Liu Z, Quan J, Bu X, Wu H. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diphenyl Conjugated Imidazole Derivatives as Potential Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6664-6677. [PMID: 28700245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High expression of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) contributes to the initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by catalyzing the generation of neurotoxic pyroglutamate (pE)-modified β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Preventing the generation of pE-Aβs by QC inhibition has been suggested as a novel approach to a disease-modifying therapy for AD. In this work, a series of diphenyl conjugated imidazole derivatives (DPCIs) was rationally designed and synthesized. Analogues with this scaffold exhibited potent inhibitory activity against human QC (hQC) and good in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Further assessments corroborated that the selected hQC inhibitor 28 inhibits the activity of hQC, dramatically reduces the generation of pE-Aβs in cultured cells and in vivo, and improves the behavior of AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongdong Zou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yizhi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junmin Quan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xianzhang Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Hoang VH, Tran PT, Cui M, Ngo VTH, Ann J, Park J, Lee J, Choi K, Cho H, Kim H, Ha HJ, Hong HS, Choi S, Kim YH, Lee J. Discovery of Potent Human Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer’s Agents Based on Rational Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2573-2590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hai Hoang
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Thao Tran
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minghua Cui
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Van T. H. Ngo
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmi Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department
of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Choi
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanyang Cho
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kim
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Hong
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Li M, Dong Y, Yu X, Zou Y, Zheng Y, Bu X, Quan J, He Z, Wu H. Inhibitory effect of flavonoids on human glutaminyl cyclase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Apter JT, Shastri K, Pizano K. Update on Disease-Modifying/Preventive Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2015; 4:312-317. [PMID: 26543800 PMCID: PMC4624820 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-015-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly becoming a major health problem throughout the US and Western Europe. As the remnants of the Baby Boom generation begin to reach their seniority at the turn of the twenty-first century, the disease has been unwillingly brought to the attention of the public eye. A disease that has traditionally been associated with an aging population has thus become a heated topic of discussion as modern research attempts to prevent and treat this major health burden and plague of the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Apter
- />Princeton Medical Institute, Global Clinical Trials, Global Medical Institute, LLC, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Kuntal Shastri
- />Princeton Medical Institute, Global Medical Institute, LLC, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Katherine Pizano
- />Princeton Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08455 USA
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10
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Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber S, Kwang TY, Grüber G, Eisenhaber F. Transamidase subunit GAA1/GPAA1 is a M28 family metallo-peptide-synthetase that catalyzes the peptide bond formation between the substrate protein's omega-site and the GPI lipid anchor's phosphoethanolamine. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1912-7. [PMID: 24743167 PMCID: PMC4111754 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transamidase subunit GAA1/GPAA1 is predicted to be the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the glycosylphosphatidyl (GPI) lipid anchor to the carbonyl intermediate of the substrate protein at the ω-site. Its ~300-amino acid residue lumenal domain is a M28 family metallo-peptide-synthetase with an α/β hydrolase fold, including a central 8-strand β-sheet and a single metal (most likely zinc) ion coordinated by 3 conserved polar residues. Phosphoethanolamine is used as an adaptor to make the non-peptide GPI lipid anchor look chemically similar to the N terminus of a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII); A*STAR; Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Stephan Eisenhaber
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Wien/Vienna, Republic of Austria
| | - Toh Yew Kwang
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII); A*STAR; Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII); A*STAR; Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Nanyang Technological University; School of Biological Sciences; Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII); A*STAR; Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences (DBS); National University of Singapore (NUS); Singapore, Republic of Singapore; School of Computer Engineering (SCE); Nanyang Technological University (NTU); Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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11
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Ramsbeck D, Buchholz M, Koch B, Böhme L, Hoffmann T, Demuth HU, Heiser U. Structure–Activity Relationships of Benzimidazole-Based Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors Featuring a Heteroaryl Scaffold. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6613-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4001709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Livia Böhme
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Torsten Hoffmann
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Heiser
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
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