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Baharara H, Kesharwani P, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Therapeutic potential of phytochemicals for cystic fibrosis. Biofactors 2023; 49:984-1009. [PMID: 37191383 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to review and discuss various phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial effects on mutated membrane channels, and hence, improve transmembrane conductance. These therapeutic phytochemicals may have the potential to decrease mortality and morbidity of CF patients. Four databases were searched using keywords. Relevant studies were identified, and related articles were separated. Google Scholar, as well as gray literature (i.e., information that is not produced by commercial publishers), were also checked for related articles to locate/identify additional studies. The relevant databases were searched a second time to ensure that recent studies were included. In conclusion, while curcumin, genistein, and resveratrol have demonstrated effectiveness in this regard, it should be emphasized that coumarins, quercetin, and other herbal medicines also have beneficial effects on transporter function, transmembrane conductivity, and overall channel activity. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted on mutant CFTR to unequivocally define the mechanism by which phytochemicals alter transmembrane channel function/activity, since the results of the studies evaluated in this review have a high degree of heterogenicity and discrepancy. Finally, continued research be undertaken to clearly define the mechanism(s) of action and the therapeutic effects that therapeutic phytochemicals have on the symptoms observed in CF patients in an effort to reduce mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Baharara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - AmirHossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Moreira J, Saraiva L, Pinto MM, Cidade H. Bioactive Diarylpentanoids: Insights into the Biological Effects beyond Antitumor Activity and Structure-Activity Relationships. Molecules 2022; 27:6340. [PMID: 36234878 PMCID: PMC9572019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarylpentanoids, a class of natural products and their synthetic analogs which are structurally related to chalcones, have gained increasing attention due to their wide array of biological activities, including antitumor, anti-infective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-hyperuricemic, and neuroprotective properties. Previously, we reviewed diarylpentanoids with promising antitumor activity. However, in view of the wide range of biological activities described for this class of compounds, the purpose of this review is to provide a more detailed overview of the synthetic bioactive diarylpentanoids that have been described over the last two decades, beyond simply their antitumor effects. A total of 745 compounds were found, highlighting the main synthetic methodologies used in their synthesis as well as the structure-activity relationship studies and structural features for all activities reported. Collectively, this review highlights the diarylpentanoid scaffold as a promising starting point for the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Moreira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lucilia Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M. Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Rao Z, Caprioglio D, Gollowitzer A, Kretzer C, Imperio D, Collado JA, Waltl L, Lackner S, Appendino G, Muñoz E, Temml V, Werz O, Minassi A, Koeberle A. Rotational constriction of curcuminoids impacts 5-lipoxygenase and mPGES-1 inhibition and evokes a lipid mediator class switch in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115202. [PMID: 35932797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polypharmacological targeting of lipid mediator networks offers potential for efficient and safe anti-inflammatory therapy. Because of the diversity of its biological targets, curcumin (1a) has been viewed as a privileged structure for bioactivity or, alternatively, as a pan-assay interference (PAIN) compound. Curcumin has actually few high-affinity targets, the most remarkable ones being 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1. These enzymes are critical for the production of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandin (PG)E2, and previous structure-activity-relationship studies in this area have focused on the enolized 1,3-diketone motif, the alkyl-linker and the aryl-moieties, neglecting the rotational state of curcumin, which can adopt twisted conformations in solution and at target sites. To explore how the conformation of curcuminoids impacts 5-LOX and mPGES-1 inhibition, we have synthesized rotationally constrained analogues of the natural product and its pyrazole analogue by alkylation of the linker and/or of the ortho aromatic position(s). These modifications strongly impacted 5-LOX and mPGES-1 inhibition and their systematic analysis led to the identification of potent and selective 5-LOX (3b, IC50 = 0.038 µM, 44.7-fold selectivity over mPGES-1) and mPGES-1 inhibitors (2f, IC50 = 0.11 µM, 4.6-fold selectivity over 5-LOX). Molecular docking experiments suggest that the C2-methylated pyrazolocurcuminoid 3b targets an allosteric binding site at the interface between catalytic and regulatory 5-LOX domain, while the o, o'-dimethylated desmethoxycurcumin 2f likely binds between two monomers of the trimeric mPGES-1 structure. Both compounds trigger a lipid mediator class switch from pro-inflammatory leukotrienes to PG and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in activated human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Rao
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Daniela Imperio
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Juan A Collado
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lorenz Waltl
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sandra Lackner
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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EGFR and COX-2 Dual Inhibitor: The Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Chalcones. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041158. [PMID: 35208952 PMCID: PMC8876975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For most researchers, discovering new anticancer drugs to avoid the adverse effects of current ones, to improve therapeutic benefits and to reduce resistance is essential. Because the COX-2 enzyme plays an important role in various types of cancer leading to malignancy enhancement, inhibition of apoptosis, and tumor-cell metastasis, an indispensable objective is to design new scaffolds or drugs that possess combined action or dual effect, such as kinase and COX-2 inhibition. The start compounds A1 to A6 were prepared through the diazo coupling of 3-aminoacetophenone with a corresponding phenol and then condensed with two new chalcone series, C7–18. The newly synthesized compounds were assessed against both COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for their inhibitory effect. All novel compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines. Compounds C9 and G10 exhibited potent EGFR inhibition with IC50 values of 0.8 and 1.1 µM, respectively. Additionally, they also displayed great COX-2 inhibition with IC50 values of 1.27 and 1.88 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the target compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity against pancreatic ductal cancer (Panc-1), lung cancer (H-460), human colon cancer (HT-29), human malignant melanoma (A375) and pancreatic cancer (PaCa-2) cell lines. Interestingly, compounds C10 and G12 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect against PaCa-2 with average IC50 values of 0.9 and 0.8 µM, respectively. To understand the possible binding modes of the compounds under investigation with the receptor cites of EGFR and COX-2, a virtual docking study was conducted.
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Ong HM, Ahmad Azmi AF, Leong SW, Abas F, Perimal EK, Farouk AAO, Israf DA, Sulaiman MR. The Involvement of l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-cGMP-ATP-Sensitive K + Channel Pathway in Antinociception of BBHC, a Novel Diarylpentanoid Analogue, in Mice Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247431. [PMID: 34946513 PMCID: PMC8705496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the possible involvement of l-arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP-ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway in the antinociceptive activity of a novel diarylpentanoid analogue, 2-benzoyl-6-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexen-1-ol (BBHC) via a chemical nociceptive model in mice. The antinociceptive action of BBHC (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was attenuated by the intraperitoneal pre-treatment of l-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase precursor) and glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker) in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction tests. Interestingly, BBHC’s antinociception was significantly enhanced by the i.p. pre-treatment of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (p < 0.05). Altogether, these findings suggest that the systemic administration of BBHC is able to establish a significant antinociceptive effect in a mice model of chemically induced pain. BBHC’s antinociception is shown to be mediated by the involvement of l-arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP-ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway, without any potential sedative or muscle relaxant concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ming Ong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Azmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Akira Omar Farouk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.M.O.); (A.F.A.A.); (E.K.P.); (A.A.O.F.); (D.A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-389-472-346
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Zhang YY, Yao YD, Luo JF, Liu ZQ, Huang YM, Wu FC, Sun QH, Liu JX, Zhou H. Microsomal prostaglandin E 2 synthase-1 and its inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic significance. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105977. [PMID: 34798265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is closely linked to the abnormal phospholipid metabolism chain of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2). In clinical practice, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as upstream COX-2 enzyme activity inhibitors are widely used to block COX-2 cascade to relieve inflammatory response. However, NSAIDs could also cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects due to its inhibition on other prostaglandins generation. To avoid this, targeting downstream mPGES-1 instead of upstream COX is preferable to selectively block overexpressed PGE2 in inflammatory diseases. Some mPGES-1 inhibitor candidates including synthetic compounds, natural products and existing anti-inflammatory drugs have been proved to be effective in in vitro experiments. After 20 years of in-depth research on mPGES-1 and its inhibitors, ISC 27864 have completed phase II clinical trial. In this review, we intend to summarize mPGES-1 inhibitors focused on their inhibitory specificity with perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yun-Da Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Jin-Fang Luo
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China
| | - Yu-Ming Huang
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Company Group Ltd, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Fei-Chi Wu
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Company Group Ltd, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Qin-Hua Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province 418000, PR China.
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310053, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China; Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province 519000, PR China.
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Abdullah MA, Mohd Faudzi SM, Nasir NM. A Review on Biological Properties and Synthetic Methodologies of Diarylpentadienones. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1058-1070. [PMID: 33272171 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201203213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal chemists have continuously shown interest in new curcuminoid derivatives, diarylpentadienones, owing to their enhanced stability feature and easy preparation using a one-pot synthesis. Thus far, methods such as Claisen-Schmidt condensation and Julia- Kocienski olefination have been utilised for the synthesis of these compounds. Diarylpentadienones possess a high potential as a chemical source for designing and developing new and effective drugs for the treatment of diseases, including inflammation, cancer, and malaria. In brief, this review article focuses on the broad pharmacological applications and the summary of the structure-activity relationship of molecules, which can be employed to further explore the structure of diarylpentadienone. The current methodological developments towards the synthesis of diarylpentadienones are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aisyah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Mad Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Abdelgawad MA, Musa A, Almalki AH, Alzarea SI, Mostafa EM, Hegazy MM, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Ghoneim MM, Parambi DGT, Bakr RB, Al-Muaikel NS, Alanazi AS, Alharbi M, Ahmad W, Bukhari SNA, Al-Sanea MM. Novel Phenolic Compounds as Potential Dual EGFR and COX-2 Inhibitors: Design, Semisynthesis, in vitro Biological Evaluation and in silico Insights. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2325-2337. [PMID: 34103896 PMCID: PMC8178614 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s310820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition is an imperative therapeutic approach targeting various types of cancer including colorectal, lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer types. Moreover, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently overexpressed in different types of cancers and has a role in the promotion of malignancy, apoptosis inhibition, and metastasis of tumor cells. Combination therapy has been emerged to improve the therapeutic benefit against cancer and curb intrinsic and acquired resistance. Methods Three semi-synthetic series of compounds (C1-4, P1-4, and G1-4) were prepared and evaluated biologically as potential dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and COX-2 inhibitors. The main phenolic constituents of Amaranthus spinosus L. (p-coumaric, caffeic and gallic) acids have been isolated and subsequently subjected to diazo coupling with various amines to get novel three chemical scaffolds with potential anticancer activities. Results Compounds C4 and G4 showed superior inhibitory activity against EGFR (IC50: 0.9 and 0.5 µM, respectively) and displayed good COX-2 inhibition (IC50: 4.35 and 2.47 µM, respectively). Moreover, the final compounds were further evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer (HT-29), pancreatic cancer (PaCa-2), human malignant melanoma (A375), lung cancer (H-460), and pancreatic ductal cancer (Panc-1) cell lines. Interestingly, compounds C4 and G4 exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity with average IC50 values of 1.5 µM and 2.8 µM against H-460 and Panc-1, respectively. The virtual docking study was conducted to gain proper understandings of the plausible-binding modes of target compounds within EGFR and COX-2 binding sites. Discussion The NMR of prepared compounds showed characteristic peaks that confirmed the structure of the target compounds. The synthesized benzoxazolyl scaffold containing compounds showed inhibitory activities for both COXs and EGFR which are consistent with the virtual docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arafa Musa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa M Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11371, Egypt
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11371, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania B Bakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayef S Al-Muaikel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.,Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed N A Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Ambati GG, Jachak SM. Natural Product Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzyme: A Review on Current Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1877-1905. [PMID: 32484764 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200602131100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinically used COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor drugs were reported to possess severe side effects like GI ulcers and cardiovascular disturbances, respectively. Natural products being structurally diverse always attracted the attention of chemists/ medicinal chemists as a potential source of lead molecules in the drug discovery process. COX-2 inhibitory natural products also possess potential cancer chemopreventive property against various cancers including that of colon, breast and prostate. METHODS Various in vitro, in vivo and in silico standardized methods were used to evaluate COX inhibition property of different secondary metabolites isolated from plant, microbial and marine origin. RESULTS We had earlier reported a detailed account of natural product inhibitors of COX reported during 1995-2005, in 2006. In the proposed review, we report 158 natural product inhibitors of COX during 2006 to 2019 belonging to various secondary metabolite classes such as alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols as flavonoids, chromones, coumarins, lignans, anthraquinones, naphthalenes, curcuminoids, diarylheptanoids and miscellaneous compounds of plant and marine origin. Further Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies of possible leads are also included in the article. CONCLUSION COX inhibitors served as a potential source of lead molecules for the discovery and development of anti-inflammatory drugs. Compilation of natural product and semisynthetic inhibitors of COX may serve as valuable information to the researchers who are looking for possible lead molecules from a natural source to conduct further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutami G Ambati
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjay M Jachak
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar 160062, Mohali, India
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10
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Propargylated monocarbonyl curcumin analogues: synthesis, bioevaluation and molecular docking study. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Alotaibi NH, Alharbi KS, Alzarea AI, Alruwaili NK, Alotaibi MR, Alotaibi NM, Alotaibi BS, Bukhari SNA. Pharmacological appraisal of ligustrazine based cyclohexanone analogs as inhibitors of inflammatory markers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 147:105299. [PMID: 32165315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of pro-inflammatory enzymes becomes a therapeutic intervention when acute inflammation is proliferating in pathological conditions. This research is intended to carry out an evaluation of inhibiting and inducing enzymes with inflammatory associations with 28 cyclohexanone analogs based on the ligustrazine. Tests were undertaken with inhibitor screening assay kits using a range of synthetic compounds to investigate how they could inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme. Significant and similar inhibitory activities against sPLA2 with were noted with synthetic compounds which included 1f and 1g (IC50 = 2.2 μM). The optimal inhibitory activity regarding LOX enzyme was shown with compounds 1d (IC50 = 8.1 μM) and 1e (IC50 = 7.5 μM). Additionally, the compounds 1b, 1d, 1e, 2n, and 2o were shown to be significant inhibitors of COX-1 activity with IC50 values 0.09 to 0.7 μM. The outcomes of assays for COX inhibition demonstrated that the same compounds had a further strong inhibitive influence on the COX-2 enzyme, and certain compounds such as 1d, 1e, and 2n demonstrated enhanced potency compared with positive controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nabil K Alruwaili
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawaf M Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Ahmad NS, Tan TL, Arifin KT, Ngah WZW, Yusof YAM. High sPLA2-IIA level is associated with eicosanoid metabolism in patients with bacterial sepsis syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230285. [PMID: 32160261 PMCID: PMC7065791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association between secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) and eicosanoid pathway metabolites in patients with bacterial sepsis syndrome (BSS). Levels of sPLA2-IIA, eicosanoids prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGD synthase were quantified in the sera from patients confirmed to have bacterial sepsis (BS; N = 45), bacterial severe sepsis/septic shock (BSS/SS; N = 35) and healthy subjects (N = 45). Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 activities were analyzed from cell lysate. Serum levels of sPLA2-IIA, PGE2, and PGDS increased significantly in patients with BS and BSS/SS compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05). COX-2 activity was significantly increased in patients with BS compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05), but not COX-1 activity. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that sPLA2-IIA and PGE2 were independent factors predicting BSS severity. In conclusion, high level of sPLA2-IIA is associated with eicosanoid metabolism in patients with BSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Saadah Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Toh Leong Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Khaizurin Tajul Arifin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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New pyrimidine-benzoxazole/benzimidazole hybrids: Synthesis, antioxidant, cytotoxic activity, in vitro cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2-V inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of asymmetrical diarylpentanoids as antiinflammatory, anti-α-glucosidase, and antioxidant agents. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Chainoglou E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Curcumin analogues and derivatives with anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity: Structural characteristics and molecular targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:821-842. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1614560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Chainoglou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Inhibitory effects of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds and their pyrazoline derivatives on the phagocytosis of human neutrophils. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Chen M, Du ZY, Zheng X, Li DL, Zhou RP, Zhang K. Use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:742-752. [PMID: 29722330 PMCID: PMC5950688 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes and describes the use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. For diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β and highly phosphorylated tau protein are the major biomarkers. Curcumin was developed as an early diagnostic probe based on its natural fluorescence and high binding affinity to amyloid-β. Because of its multi-target effects, curcumin has protective and preventive effects on many chronic diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. For prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, curcumin has been shown to effectively maintain the normal structure and function of cerebral vessels, mitochondria, and synapses, reduce risk factors for a variety of chronic diseases, and decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The effect of curcumin on Alzheimer's disease involves multiple signaling pathways: anti-amyloid and metal iron chelating properties, antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activities. Indeed, there is a scientific basis for the rational application of curcumin in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Institute of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & Green Chemistry, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Du
- Institute of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & Green Chemistry, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Institute of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & Green Chemistry, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Wuyi University; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- Wuyi University; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ren-Ping Zhou
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & Green Chemistry, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou; Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
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18
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Xia Z, Yan A. Computational models for the classification of mPGES-1 inhibitors with fingerprint descriptors. Mol Divers 2017; 21:661-675. [PMID: 28484935 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human microsomal prostaglandin [Formula: see text] synthase (mPGES)-1 is a promising drug target for inflammation and other diseases with inflammatory symptoms. In this work, we built classification models which were able to classify mPGES-1 inhibitors into two groups: highly active inhibitors and weakly active inhibitors. A dataset of 1910 mPGES-1 inhibitors was separated into a training set and a test set by two methods, by a Kohonen's self-organizing map or by random selection. The molecules were represented by different types of fingerprint descriptors including MACCS keys (MACCS), CDK fingerprints, Estate fingerprints, PubChem fingerprints, substructure fingerprints and 2D atom pairs fingerprint. First, we used a support vector machine (SVM) to build twelve models with six types of fingerprints and found that MACCS had some advantage over the other fingerprints in modeling. Next, we used naïve Bayes (NB), random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) methods to build six models with MACCS only and found that models using RF and MLP methods were better than NB. Finally, all the models with MACCS keys were used to make predictions on an external test set of 41 compounds. In summary, the models built with MACCS keys and using SVM, RF and MLP methods show good prediction performance on the test sets and the external test set. Furthermore, we made a structure-activity relationship analysis between mPGES-1 and its inhibitors based on the information gain of fingerprints and could pinpoint some key functional groups for mPGES-1 activity. It was found that highly active inhibitors usually contained an amide group, an aromatic ring or a nitrogen heterocyclic ring, and several heteroatoms substituents such as fluorine and chlorine. The carboxyl group and sulfur atom groups mainly appeared in weakly active inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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An overview of structure-activity relationship studies of curcumin analogs as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:605-626. [PMID: 28394628 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, extracted mainly from Curcuma longa rhizomes, has been reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Although safe at higher doses and exhibiting multiple biological activities, curcumin still has the problem of poor bioavailability which has been an attractive area of research over the last few years. A number of efforts have been made by modifying structural features of curcumin. This review highlights the structurally modified and more stable newly synthesized curcumin analogs that have been screened against antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Also the structure-activity relationship to gain insight into future guidelines for scheming new compounds has been discussed, and further these analogs being more stable may serve as promising agents for use in different pathological conditions.
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20
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Arshad L, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA, Haque MA. Immunosuppressive Effects of Natural α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl-Based Compounds, and Their Analogs and Derivatives, on Immune Cells: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:22. [PMID: 28194110 PMCID: PMC5277008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is complex and pervasive as it functions to prevent or limit infections in the human body. In a healthy organism, the immune system and the redox balance of immune cells maintain homeostasis within the body. The failure to maintain the balance may lead to impaired immune response and either over activity or abnormally low activity of the immune cells resulting in autoimmune or immune deficiency diseases. Compounds containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based moieties are often reactive. The reactivity of these groups is responsible for their diverse pharmacological activities, and the most important and widely studied include the natural compounds curcumin, chalcone, and zerumbone. Numerous studies have revealed the mainly immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aforesaid compounds. This review highlights the specific immunosuppressive effects of these natural α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds, and their analogs and derivatives on different types of immune cells of the innate (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and adaptive (T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells) immune systems. The inhibitory effects of these compounds have been comprehensively studied on neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages but their effects on T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells have not been well investigated. It is of paramount importance to continue generating experimental data on the mechanisms of action of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds on immune cells to provide useful information for ensuing research to discover new immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Arshad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Jamal SK, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy: A Journey Toward Safety. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:802-859. [PMID: 28005273 DOI: 10.1002/med.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against inflammation, pain, and fever has been supporting their worldwide use in the treatment of painful conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases until today. However, the long-term therapy with NSAIDs was soon associated with high incidences of adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the search for novel drugs with improved safety has begun with COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) being straightaway developed and commercialized. Nevertheless, the excitement has fast turned to disappointment when diverse coxibs were withdrawn from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity. Such events have once again triggered the emergence of different strategies to overcome NSAIDs toxicity. Here, an integrative review is provided to address the breakthroughs of two main approaches: (i) the association of NSAIDs with protective mediators and (ii) the design of novel compounds to target downstream and/or multiple enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. To date, just one phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAID has already been approved for commercialization. Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data obtained so far indicate that both strategies may improve the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah K Jamal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iolanda M Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Abstract
Aim: In present study, the anti-inflammatory activities of a new series of benzimidazole derivatives were studied, investigating their inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, COXs and lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Results: Synthesized compounds effectively inhibited proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Conclusion: A strong inhibition of secretory phospholipases A2 was exhibited by benzimidazole derivatives with trifluoromethyl and methoxy substitutions at position 4 of attached phenyl, whereas compound 8 containing pyridine ring substituted with amino group showed very potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibition. Molecular docking experiments were carried out to elucidate the molecular basis of the observed inhibitory activities.
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23
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Eren D, Betul YM. Revealing the effect of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and curcumin on mPGES-1, GSK-3β and β-catenin pathway in A549 cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:257-65. [PMID: 27645308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In our study, anticancer effects of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol from ginger and curcumin from turmeric were investigated and the results were compared with each other. We aimed to reveal their effects on microsomal prostaglandine E2 synthase 1 (mPGES-1) which is related with cancer progression and inflammation as well as β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) that are the main components of Wnt/GSK3 pathway. As it is known activation of GSK-3β and high levels of mPGES-1 pathway leads to cell proliferation and aggravates cancer progression. Therefore both of them are potential targets for cancer therapy. 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol' s effect on this pathway is not known very well up to now while curcumin that is known as an mPGES-1 inhibitor has anticancer properties via this pathway and many other pathways. Besides being in Zingiberaceae family, ginger's 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol have a molecular similarity with turmeric's curcumin. In our study we investigated their effects using a popular non small lung cancer cell line named A549 which expresses mPGES-1 and has active GSK3β pathway. IL-1β was used for inducing mPGES-1 and enabling the cancer characteristics such as cell proliferation. So compounds that inactivates or decreases the level of these components might be potential anticancer agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A549 cells were incubated with interleukin 1β (IL-1β) for 24 h in order to maintain mPGES-1 enzyme induction. Experiments were performed both on IL-1β and non-IL-1β group. Real time cell analysis was performed to determine the cytotoxicity. Samples for western blotting and RT-PCR were collected after 24 h incubation with compounds to determine the amount of mPGES-1, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin protein and mRNA. PGE2 which is the end product of mPGES-1 was measured by using ELISA kit. RESULTS As a result of cell profile assay, cells exposed to IL-1β proliferate faster than non-IL-1β ones. This shows that induced mPGES-1 might play a role through GSK3β pathway and 24 h IC50 value of 6-shogaol is 62 μM. IL-1β increased protein and mRNA levels of mPGES-1, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin and GSK-3β in control group. Effects of curcumin and 6-shogaol on these parameters were against IL-1β's effect while 6-gingerol was not effective at all. Furthermore, 6-shogaol and curcumin might be effective on GSK3β pathway via lowering PGE2 levels. CONCLUSION We saw that 6-shogaol is as effective as curcumin on this pathway and our study shows that 6-shogaol might show its anticancer properties via mPGES-1 and GSK3β pathway. May be these results might used for designing in vivo studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demirpolat Eren
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yerer Mukerrem Betul
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Abstract
The recent FDA approval of two drugs to treat the basic defect in cystic fibrosis has given hope to patients and their families battling this devastating disease. Over many years, with heavy financial investment from Vertex Pharmaceuticals and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, pre-clinical evaluation of thousands of synthetic drugs resulted in the production of Kalydeco and Orkambi. Yet, despite the success of this endeavor, many other compounds have been proposed as therapeutic agents in the treatment of CF. Of note, several of these compounds are naturally occurring, and are present in spices from the grocery store and over the counter preparations in health food stores. In this short review, we look at three such compounds, genistein, curcumin, and resveratrol, and evaluate the scientific support for their use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalpit Shah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Zhuang XD, Liao LZ, Dong XB, Hu X, Guo Y, Du ZM, Liao XX, Wang LC. Design, synthesis, and antihypertensive activity of curcumin-inspired compounds via ACE inhibition and vasodilation, along with a bioavailability study for possible benefit in cardiovascular diseases. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:129-39. [PMID: 26792980 PMCID: PMC4708961 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s96315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of a novel series of curcumin-inspired compounds via a facile synthetic route. The structures of these derivatives were ascertained using various spectroscopic and analytic techniques. The pharmacological effects of the target analogs were assessed by assaying their inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). All of the synthesized derivatives exhibited considerable inhibition of ACE, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.23 to 120.32 μM. In a docking analysis with testicular ACE (tACE), the most promising inhibitor (4j) was efficiently accommodated in the deep cleft of the protein cavity, making close interatomic contacts with Glu162, His353, and Ala356, comparable with lisinopril. Compounds 4i, 4j, 4k, and 4l were further selected for determination of their vasodilator activity (cardiac output and stroke volume) on isolated rat hearts using the Langendorff technique. The bioavailability of compound 4j was determined in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhen Liao
- Department of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Min Du
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xue Liao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Chun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Subhashini, Chauhan PS, Dash D, Paul BN, Singh R. Intranasal curcumin ameliorates airway inflammation and obstruction by regulating MAPKinase activation (p38, Erk and JNK) and prostaglandin D2 release in murine model of asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:200-6. [PMID: 26761722 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease encompasses multiple complex pathways releasing number of mediators by activated mast cells, eosinophils and T lymphocytes, leading to its severity. Presently available medications are associated with certain limitations, and hence, it is imperative to search for anti-inflammatory drug preferably targeting signaling cascades involved in inflammation thereby suppressing inflammatory mediators without any side effect. Curcumin, an anti-inflammatory molecule with potent anti-asthmatic potential has been found to suppress asthmatic features by inhibiting airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction if administered through nasal route. The present study provides new insight towards anti-asthmatic potential of intranasal curcumin at lower doses (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in Balb/c mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) which is effective in inhibiting airway inflammation. These investigations suggest that intranasal curcumin (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) regulates airway inflammation and airway obstruction mainly by modulating cytokine levels (IL-4, 5, IFN-ƴ and TNF-α) and sPLA2 activity thereby inhibiting PGD2 release and COX-2 expression. Further, the suppression of p38 MAPK, ERK 42/44 and JNK54/56 activation elucidate the mechanism behind the inhibitory role of intranasal curcumin in asthma progression. Thus, curcumin could be better alternative for the development of nasal formulations and inhalers in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Preeti S Chauhan
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - D Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University
| | - B N Paul
- Department of Immunobiology, Indian Institute of Toxicology and Research, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Leong SW, Mohd Faudzi SM, Abas F, Mohd Aluwi MFF, Rullah K, Lam KW, Abdul Bahari MN, Ahmad S, Tham CL, Shaari K, Lajis NH. Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and antioxidant evaluations of 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs, a novel series of curcuminoid and diarylpentanoid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lokwani D, Azad R, Sarkate A, Reddanna P, Shinde D. Structure Based Library Design (SBLD) for new 1,4-dihydropyrimidine scaffold as simultaneous COX-1/COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4533-4543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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30
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Bukhari SNA, Zhang X, Jantan I, Zhu HL, Amjad MW, Masand VH. Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1, 3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one Based Pyrazolines as Anti-inflammatory Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:729-42. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Muhammad Wahab Amjad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Vijay H. Masand
- Department of Chemistry; Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya; Amravati Maharashtra 444 602 India
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Jantan I, Bukhari SNA, Adekoya OA, Sylte I. Studies of synthetic chalcone derivatives as potential inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenase and pro-inflammatory cytokines. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1405-18. [PMID: 25258510 PMCID: PMC4172049 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism leads to the generation of key lipid mediators which play a fundamental role during inflammation. The inhibition of enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism has been considered as a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect with enhanced spectrum of activity. A series of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one derivatives were investigated for anti-inflammatory related activities involving inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, soybean lipoxygenase, and lipopolysaccharides-induced secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. The results from the above mentioned assays exhibited that the synthesized compounds were effective inhibitors of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The results also revealed that the chalcone derivatives with 4-methlyamino ethanol substitution seem to be significant for inhibition of enzymes and cytokines. Molecular docking experiments were carried out to elucidate the molecular aspects of the observed inhibitory activities of the investigated compounds. Present findings increase the possibility that these chalcone derivatives might serve as a beneficial starting point for the design and development of improved anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bukhari SNA, Lauro G, Jantan I, Bifulco G, Amjad MW. Pharmacological evaluation and docking studies of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl based synthetic compounds as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A₂, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenase and proinflammatory cytokines. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4151-61. [PMID: 24938495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its metabolites have generated high level of interest among researchers due to their vital role in inflammation. The inhibition of enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism has been considered as synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. A series of novel α,β-unsaturated carbonyl based compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on secretory phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂), cyclooxygenases (COX), soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) in addition to proinflammatory cytokines comprising IL-6 and TNF-α. Six α,β-unsaturated carbonyl based compounds (2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and 14) exhibited strong inhibition of sPLA₂ activity, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 2.19-8.76 μM. Nine compounds 1-4 and 10-14 displayed inhibition of COX-1 with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.37 to 1.77 μM (lower than that of reference compound), whereas compounds 2, 10, 13 and 14 strongly inhibited the COX-2. The compounds 10-14 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against LOX enzyme. All compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory activities against LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 release in the macrophages. On the basis of screening results, five active compounds 3, 4, 12, 13 and 14 were found strong inhibitors of TNF-α and IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking experiments were performed to clarify the molecular aspects of the observed COX and LOX inhibitory activities of the investigated compounds. Present findings increases the possibility that these α,β-unsaturated carbonyl based compounds might serve as beneficial starting point for the design and development of improved anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Muhammad Wahab Amjad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Koeberle A, Muñoz E, Appendino GB, Minassi A, Pace S, Rossi A, Weinigel C, Barz D, Sautebin L, Caprioglio D, Collado JA, Werz O. SAR Studies on Curcumin’s Pro-inflammatory Targets: Discovery of Prenylated Pyrazolocurcuminoids as Potent and Selective Novel Inhibitors of 5-Lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5638-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica
de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Giovanni B. Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Barz
- Institute of Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Juan A. Collado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica
de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
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