1
|
Wu X, Song C, Zhu Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu D, Song R. Design and synthesis of novel PPO-inhibiting pyrimidinedione derivatives safed towards cotton. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105449. [PMID: 37248018 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Developing innovative and effective herbicides is of utmost importance since weed management has become a worldwide agricultural production concern, resulting in severe economic losses every year. In this study, a series of new pyrimidinedione compounds were developed via combination of pyrimidinediones with N-phenylacetamide moiety. The herbicidal activity test (37.5-150 g of ai/ha) indicated that most of the new derivatives exhibited excellent herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous weeds, but less against grasses. Among them, compound 34 was identified as the best postemergence herbicidal activities against six species of weeds (Amaranthus retrof lexus, AR; Abutilon theophrasti, AT; Veronica polita, VP; Echinochloa crusgalli, EC; Digitaria sanguinalis, DS; Setaria viridis, SV), which were comparable to the commercial control agent saflufenacil (≥90%). The protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; EC. 1.3.3.4) activity experiment suggested that compound 34 could significantly reduce the PPO content in weeds, the relative expression levels of the PPO gene were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the results were consistent with the trend of the enzyme activity data. Molecular docking showed that compound 34 could occupy the PPO enzyme catalytic substrate pocket, which played an excellent inhibitory effect on the activity of receptor protein. Meanwhile, the tolerance of compound 34 to cotton was better than that of the commercial agent saflufenacil at 150 g of ai/ha. Thus, compound 34 exhibits the potential to be a new PPO herbicide for weed control in cotton fields. This study provided a basis for the subsequent structural modification and mechanism research of pyrimidinedione derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Changxiong Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yunying Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Deyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Runjiang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao LX, Peng JF, Liu FY, Zou YL, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Discovery of novel phenoxypyridine as promising protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105102. [PMID: 35715041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) is a significant target for the discovery of novel bleaching herbicides. Starting from the active fragments of several known commercial herbicides, a series of PPO inhibitors with diphenyl ether scaffolds were designed and synthesized by substructure splicing and bioisosterism methods. The greenhouse herbicidal activity and the PPO inhibitory activity in vitro were measured. The results showed that the novel synthesized compounds have good PPO inhibitory activity, and the IC50 value against corn PPO ranges from 0.032 ± 0.008 mg/L to 3.245 ± 0.247 mg/L. Among all target compounds, compound P2 showed the best herbicidal activity, with a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.032 ± 0.008 mg/L. In addition, the molecular docking results showed that the benzene ring part of compound P2 can form a π-π stacking with PHE-392, and the trifluoromethyl group and ARG-98 form two hydrogen bonds. Crop safety experiments and cumulative concentration analysis experiments indicated that compound P2 can be used for weed control in rice, wheat, soybean and corn. Therefore, compound P2 can be selected to develop potential lead compounds for novel PPO inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian-Feng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feng-Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue-Li Zou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Design, synthesis, herbicidal activity, and the molecular docking study of novel diphenyl ether derivatives as protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Zhao LX, Peng JF, Liu FY, Zou YL, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activity of Diphenyl Ether Derivatives Containing a Five-Membered Heterocycle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1003-1018. [PMID: 35040327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) is an important target for discovering novel herbicides, and it causes bleaching symptoms by inhibiting the synthesis of chlorophyll and heme. In this study, the active fragments of several commercial herbicides were joined by substructure splicing and bioisosterism, and a series of novel diphenyl ether derivatives containing five-membered heterocycles were synthesized. The greenhouse herbicidal activity and the PPO inhibitory activity in vitro were discussed in detail. The results showed that most compounds had good PPO inhibitory activity, and target compounds containing trifluoromethyl groups tended to have higher activity. Among them, compound G4 showed the best inhibitory activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.0468 μmol/L, which was approximately 3 times better than that of oxyfluorfen (IC50 = 0.150 μmol/L). In addition, molecular docking indicated that compound G4 formed obvious π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bond interactions with PHE-392 and ARG-98, respectively. Remarkably, compound G4 had good safety for corn, wheat, rice, and soybean, and the cumulative concentration in crops was lower than that of oxyfluorfen. Therefore, compound G4 can be used to develop potential lead compounds for novel PPO inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian-Feng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feng-Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue-Li Zou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Z, Tang C, Chen Z, Pi S, Tan Z, Deng J, Li Y. Iron-catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation of alkynes to produce succinimides with NH4HCO3. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Zhao LX, Wang ZX, Peng JF, Zou YL, Hui YZ, Chen YZ, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, synthesis, and herbicidal activity of novel phenoxypyridine derivatives containing natural product coumarin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4785-4798. [PMID: 34161678 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitors have been widely studied as important agricultural herbicides. Our research focused on the design and synthesis of novel PPO inhibitor herbicides, through linking of a diphenylether pyridine bioisostere structure to substituted coumarins, which aims to enhance environmental and crop safety while retaining high efficacy. RESULTS A total of 21 compounds were synthesized via acylation reactions and all compounds were characterized using infrared, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra. The respective configurations of compounds IV-6 and IV-12 were also confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The bioassay results showed that the title compounds displayed notable herbicidal activity, particularly compound IV-6 which displayed better herbicidal activity in greenhouse and field experiments, crop selectivity and safety for cotton and soybean compared with the commercial herbicide oxyfluorfen. CONCLUSION The work revealed that compound IV-6 deserves further attention as a candidate structure for a novel and safe herbicide. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Feng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue-Li Zou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Zhuo Hui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Wang J, Ji Z, Sun X, Tian Q, Wei S, Ji Z. Discovery, SAR, and putative mode of action of N-benzyl-2-methoxybenzamides as potential bleaching herbicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2804-2811. [PMID: 33522122 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicides acting on biosynthesis of plant pigments have contributed greatly to weed control in recent years. In our previous studies, 2-methoxybenzamides were discovered as a novel type of lead compound for the development of bleaching herbicides. RESULTS A total of 67 benzamide analogues were synthesized and evaluated for herbicidal activity. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that a methoxyl substitution at the 2-position of the benzoyl moiety is essential for the herbicidal activity of benzamide derivatives, and introduction of small substituents at the meta- or para-position of the benzylamine moiety is also beneficial. Compounds 4, 43 and 44 showed 100% inhibition against Abutilon theophrasti and Amaranthus retroflexus at an application rate of 150 g a.i. ha-1 . CONCLUSION The relationship between the structure and herbicidal activity of 2-methoxybenzamides was discussed intensively. Compounds 4, 43 and 44 may serve as novel candidates with a bleaching effect. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinbo Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenmeng Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinlin Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qizhen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaopeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory Research & Development on Botanical Pesticides, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiqin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory Research & Development on Botanical Pesticides, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao LX, Hu JJ, Wang ZX, Yin ML, Zou YL, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Novel phenoxy-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-pyrrolidinone-based inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase: Design, synthesis, and herbicidal activity. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104684. [PMID: 32980064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As important chemical pesticides, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) herbicides play a vital role in weed management. Herein, in a search for novel PPO herbicides, a series of phenoxypyridine-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives were synthesized and their herbicidal activities were tested. To confirm the structures of the newly synthesized compounds, a colorless single crystal of compound 9d was obtained and crystallographic data collected. PPO inhibition experiments showed that most compounds have PPO inhibitory effects. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of compound 9d and oxyfluorfen were 0.041 mg/L and 0.043 mg/L, respectively, which showed compound 9d was the most potent compound. Compound 9d reduced the Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chlorophyll b (Chl b) contents of Abutilon theophrasti (A. theophrasti), to 0.306 and 0.217 mg/g, respectively. Crop selectivity experiments and field trial indicated that compound 9d can potentially be used to develop post-emergence herbicides for weed control in rice, cotton, and peanut. Molecular docking studies showed that both oxyfluorfen and compound 9d can enter the PPO cavity to occupy the active site and compete with the porphyrin to block the chlorophyll synthesis process, affect photosynthesis, and eventually cause weed death. Compound 9d was found to be a promising lead compound for novel herbicide development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jia-Jun Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Min-Lei Yin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue-Li Zou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novel benzothiazole containing 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles derivatives: One pot, solvent-free microwave assisted synthesis and their biological evaluation. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
10
|
Wu S, Gu B, Xu H, Zheng X, Luo X, Deng W. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels‐Alder Reaction of Pyrrolidone‐Dienes with Enals. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Xiao Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Qi Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐Ping Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zuo Y, Wu Q, Su SW, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity, and QSAR of Novel N-Benzothiazolyl- pyrimidine-2,4-diones as Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:552-62. [PMID: 26728549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, E.C. 1.3.3.4) is known as a key action target for several structurally diverse herbicides. As a continuation of our research work on the development of new PPO-inhibiting herbicides, a series of novel 3-(2'-halo-5'-substituted-benzothiazol-1'-yl)-1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diones 9 were designed and synthesized. The bioassay results indicated that a number of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited higher inhibition activity against tobacco PPO (mtPPO) than the controls, saflufenacil and sulfentrazone. Compound 9F-5 was identified as the most potent inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.0072 μM against mtPPO, showing about 4.2-fold and 1.4-fold higher potency than sulfentrazone (Ki = 0.03 μM) and saflufenacil (Ki = 0.01 μM), respectively. An additional green house assay demonstrated that compound 9F-6 (Ki = 0.012 μM) displayed the most promising postemergence herbicidal activity with a broad spectrum even at a concentration as low as 37.5 g of active ingredient (ai)/ha. Maize exhibits relative tolerance against compound 9F-6 at the dosage of 150 g ai/ha, but it is susceptible to saflufenacil even at 75 g ai/ha. Thus, compound 9F-6 exhibits the potential to be a new herbicide for weed control in maize fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qiongyou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Sun-Wen Su
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji Z, Zhou F, Wei S. Synthesis and herbicidal activities of benzothiazole N,O-acetals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4065-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|