Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel NO-Releasing Benzimidazole Hybrids as Potential Antihypertensive Candidate

The medicinal panorama of benzimidazoles and their scaffolds as anticancer and antithrombotic agents: A review

Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds have become a prospective pharmacophore with therapeutic importance due to their biological similarities with natural and synthetic drugs. Among all nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazoles and their derivatives are privileged molecules structurally akin to naturally available nucleotides, enabling them to intercommunicate with numerous biopolymers in biological systems. This reason enlightens modern researchers worldwide to assess their potential significance in the context of synthetic and biological chemistry. Therefore, it is crucial to merge the latest data with the prior documentation to apprehend the ongoing situation of the benzimidazole moiety in various therapeutic zones of research. The current work displays that the benzimidazole center is a versatile nucleus that offers the necessary data of synthetic alterations for pre-existing compounds to provide new scaffolds to resist numerous therapeutic sectors, including those associated with anticancer and antithrombosis. Due to the potential significance of benzimidazoles, this review aims to emphasize the latest innovations in synthesizing several other notable benzimidazole substrates and their significant pharmacological prospects for the future, including anticancer and antithrombosis.

Benzimidazole and its derivatives as cancer therapeutics: The potential role from traditional to precision medicine

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality globally which remains a continuing threat to human health today. Drug insensitivity and resistance are critical hurdles in cancer treatment; therefore, the development of new entities targeting malignant cells is considered a high priority. Targeted therapy is the cornerstone of precision medicine. The synthesis of benzimidazole has garnered the attention of medicinal chemists and biologists due to its remarkable medicinal and pharmacological properties. Benzimidazole has a heterocyclic pharmacophore, which is an essential scaffold in drug and pharmaceutical development. Multiple studies have demonstrated the bioactivities of benzimidazole and its derivatives as potential anticancer therapeutics, either through targeting specific molecules or non-gene-specific strategies. This review provides an update on the mechanism of actions of various benzimidazole derivatives and the structure‒activity relationship from conventional anticancer to precision healthcare and from bench to clinics.

Adsorption properties of dacarbazine with graphene/fullerene/metal nanocages - Reactivity, spectroscopic and SERS analysis

Drug delivery devices are an effective way to minimize anticancer drug toxicity and nanostructures are used in the targeted drug delivery. In the present work, adsorption and interaction behavior of 4-(dimethylaminodiazenyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxamide (DAIC) with nano complexes (graphene, fullerene and fullerene like metal cages) are reported theoretically. From the reactivity studies, the electrophilicity index of DAIC-nanoclusters are increasing and this gives the bioactivity of the nanocluster systems. Adsorption energy is highest in the case of AlP and lowest in the case of BP clusters. Mulliken charge distribution of all systems is an evidence for chemical enhancement. DAIC adsorption over nanocages causes changes in electronic properties resulting in chemical enhancement and variation in Raman spectra which suggests that nanocages could be a good candidate for DAIC detection.

A Panoramic Review of Benzimidazole Derivatives and Their Potential Biological Activity

The therapeutic potential of the benzimidazole nucleus dates back to 1944, being and important heterocycle system due to its presence in a wide range of bioactive compounds such as antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, and so on, where optimization of substituents in this class of pharmacophore has resulted in many drugs. Its extensive biological activity is due to its physicochemical properties like hydrogen bond donor-acceptor capability, π → π stacking interactions, coordination bonds with metals as ligands and hydrophobic interactions; properties that allow them to easily bind with a series of biomolecules, including enzymes and nucleic acids, causing a growing interest in these types of molecules. This review aims to present an overview to leading benzimidazole derivatives, as well as to show the importance of the nature and type of substituents at the N1, C2, and C5(6) positions, when they are biologically evaluated, which can lead to obtaining potent drug candidate with significant range of biological activities.

A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives

Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.

A facile approach synthesis of benzoylaryl benzimidazole as potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor with antioxidant activity

Synthetic routes to a series of benzoylarylbenzimidazol 3a-h have been derived from 3,4-diaminobenzophenone and an appropriate arylaldehyde in the presence of ammonium chloride or a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium metabisulfite as catalyst. The antioxidant activity of targeted compounds 3a-h has been measured by four different methods and the overall antioxidant evaluation of the compounds indicated the significant MCA, FRAP, and (DPPH-SA) of the compounds except for the compound 3h. In vitro antidiabetic assay of α-amylase and α-glucosidase suggest a good to excellent activity for most tested compounds. The target benzimidazole 3f containing hydroxyl motif at para-position of phenyl revealed an important activity inhibitor against α- amylase (IC₅₀ = 12.09 ± 0.38 µM) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 11.02 ± 0.04 µM) comparable to the reference drug acarbose. The results of the anti hyperglycemic activity were supported by means of in silico molecular docking calculations showing strong binding affinity of compounds 3a-h with human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and human lysosomal acid-α-glucosidase (HLAG) active sites that confirm a good to excellent activity for most of tested compounds.

A review of the synthesis of nitric oxide donor and donor derivatives with pharmacological activities

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is an important effector molecule and signal transduction molecule, which participates in the regulation of multiple functions in organisms, involving a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially playing a very important role in the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems. NO is a gaseous substance with a short half-life in the body and is unstable in aqueous solutions. Therefore, many researchers focus on the release and activity of NO donors and their derivatives. However, NO donors can release free NO or NO analogues under physiological conditions to meet the human need. NO donors can be coupled with the corresponding active basic nucleus, so that they have the biological activity derived from both the basic nucleus and the NO donors, thus performing better bioactivity. This paper reviewed the routes of synthesis and advance activities of NO donor derivatives.

Benzimidazole based hybrids against complex diseases: A catalogue of the SAR profile

The fused heterocyclic ring system has been recognized as a privileged structure that is used as a template in medicinal chemistry for drug discovery. Benzimidazole is one of the common scaffolds found in several natural products such as histidine, purines, and an integral part of vitamin B12. This hetero-aromatic bicyclic ring system acts as a pharmacophore in various drugs of therapeutic interest and has a broad spectrum of activity. Literature reports suggest that diversely substituted benzimidazoles possess distinct pharmacological profiles with multi-targeting potential, thereby, an indispensable anchor for the development of novel therapeutic agents against complex diseases such as cancer, malaria, inflammatory disorders, microbial diseases, hypertension, etc. Thus, lots of efforts have been diverted towards exploring the therapeutic potential of benzimidazoles. Despite great efforts made by the research community, still, some multi-factorial diseases continue to progress due to their complex pathophysiology. Under these sets of circumstances, there is a need to explore this nucleus for hybrid designing with multi-targeting potential against complex diseases. Benzimidazole-based hybrids have been reported to treat multifactorial diseases, making it a scaffold of interest for various pharmaceutical companies and research groups. In this write-up, we shed light on the recent pharmacological profiles, various designing strategies, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of different benzimidazole-based hybrids.

Preparation of 1,2-substituted benzimidazoles via a copper-catalyzed three component coupling reaction

1,2-Substituted benzimidazoles were prepared by simply stirring a mixture of copper catalysts, N-substituted o-phenylenediamines, sulfonyl azides and terminal alkynes. Particularly, the intermediate N-sulfonylketenimine occurred with two nucleophilic addition and the sulfonyl group was eliminated via cyclization. In a way, sulfonyl azides and copper catalysts activated the terminal alkynes to synthesize benzimidazoles.

Antimicrobial evaluation and docking study of some new substituted benzimidazole-2yl derivatives

Benzimidazoles incorporated biologically active heterocycles such as quinoline, triazine-3-thione, thiazole and thiadiazole, were synthesized utilizing 2-acetylbenzimidazole as a building block. The structures of the newly synthesized benzimidazoles were assured by their spectral data (IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C- NMR and MS spectra). Most of the synthesized candidates were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus pumilus and antifungal activity against (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). As a result, 2-(2-(1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazineyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (14) had the most potent inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria with no antifungal inhibition. Furthermore, to gain insight into the mode of action of the synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents, docking studies were performed for the synthesized compounds in order to evaluate their activity as anti-bacterial agents. Virtual screening of the most promising compounds was performed against two bacterial proteins (DNA gyrase subunit B, and penicillin binding protein 1a) that are known targets for some antibiotics.

Synthesis of Novel Thiophene, Thiazole and Coumarin Derivatives Based on Benzimidazole Nucleus and Their Cytotoxicity and Toxicity Evaluations

The reactivity of compounds 2-(1-(2-chloroacetyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)acetonitrile 2 and 3-(1-(2-chloroacetyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one 8 towards different chemical reagents were studied and a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were obtained (2-6a-d and 8-12a-d). Moreover, in vitro growth inhibitory effect of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in term of [IC₅₀ µM] against the six cancer cell lines, human lung carcinoma (A549), lung cancer (H460), human colorectal (HT29), gasteric cancer cell (MKN-45), glioma cell line (U87MG) and cellosaurus cell line (SMMC-7721) where foretinib was used as standard reference. The results showed that compounds 2 (only for A549 cell line), 3a, 4, 6c, 6d, 8, 9a, 9e and 9f were the most active compounds towards the six cancer cell lines. On the other hand, the toxicity of these most potent compounds against shrimp larvae indicated that compounds 3a, 4, 6d, 9e and 9f were non toxic while compounds 6c and 8 were very toxic and compounds 2 and 9a were harmful against the tested organisms.