1
|
Salvan da Rosa J, Bramorski Mohr ET, Lubschinski TL, Vieira GN, Rossa TA, Mandolesi Sá M, Dalmarco EM. Interference in Macrophage Balance (M1/M2): The Mechanism of Action Responsible for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Fluorophenyl-Substituted Imidazole. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:9528976. [PMID: 38405621 PMCID: PMC10894048 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9528976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the treatment of inflammatory conditions has focused on the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production; however, many conditions are refractory to this classical approach. Recently, an alternative has been presented by researchers to solve this problem: The immunomodulation of cells closely related to inflammation. Hence, macrophages, a critical key in both innate and acquired immunity, have been presented as an alternative target for the development of new medicines. In this work, we tested the fluorophenyl-imidazole for its anti-inflammatory activity and possible immunomodulatory effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound, and the macrophage repolarization to M2 was confirmed by the ability of the compound to reduce the M1 markers TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and TLR4, the high levels of p65 phosphorylated, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression, and the fact that the compound was not able to induce the production of M1 markers when used in macrophages without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Moreover, fluorophenyl-imidazole had the ability to increase the M2 markers IL-4, IL-13, CD206, apoptosis and phagocytosis levels, arginase-1, and FIZZ-1 mRNA expression before LPS stimulation. Similarly, it was also able to induce the production of these same M2 markers in macrophages without being induced with LPS. These results reinforce the affirmation that the fluorophenyl-imidazole has an important anti-inflammatory effect and demonstrates that this effect is due to immunomodulatory activity, having the ability to trigger a repolarization of macrophages from M1 to M2a. These facts suggest that this molecule could be used as an alternative scaffold for the development of a new medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, where the anti-inflammatory and proregenerative properties of M2a macrophages are desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Talita Bramorski Mohr
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Tainá Larissa Lubschinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nicácio Vieira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Thais Andreia Rossa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Mandolesi Sá
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung NT, Dung VC, Duc DX. Recent achievements in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32734-32771. [PMID: 37942457 PMCID: PMC10628531 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. The condensation between 1,2-benzenediamine and aldehydes has received intensive interest, while many novel methods have been developed. In this article, we will give a comprehensive review of studies on the synthesis of benzimidazole, which date back to 2013. We have also tried to describe reaction mechanisms as much as we can. The work might be useful for chemists who work in the synthesis of heterocycles or drug chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Vo Cong Dung
- Centre for Education Accreditation, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Dau Xuan Duc
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pattanayak P. SwissADME Predictions of Drug-Likeness of 5-Nitro Imidazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and IN VITRO Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Evaluation of Metronidazole Derivatives Modified at Position 1. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
5
|
Brishty SR, Hossain MJ, Khandaker MU, Faruque MRI, Osman H, Rahman SMA. A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762807. [PMID: 34803707 PMCID: PMC8597275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shejuti Rahman Brishty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fesatidou M, Petrou A, Athina G. Heterocycle Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:867-904. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200206093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:Bacterial infections are a growing problem worldwide causing morbidity and mortality mainly in developing countries. Moreover, the increased number of microorganisms, developing multiple resistances to known drugs, due to abuse of antibiotics, is another serious problem. This problem becomes more serious for immunocompromised patients and those who are often disposed to opportunistic fungal infections.Objective:The objective of this manuscript is to give an overview of new findings in the field of antimicrobial agents among five-membered heterocyclic compounds. These heterocyclic compounds especially five-membered attracted the interest of the scientific community not only for their occurrence in nature but also due to their wide range of biological activities.Method:To reach our goal, a literature survey that covers the last decade was performed.Results:As a result, recent data on the biological activity of thiazole, thiazolidinone, benzothiazole and thiadiazole derivatives are mentioned.Conclusion:It should be mentioned that despite the progress in the development of new antimicrobial agents, there is still room for new findings. Thus, research still continues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fesatidou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Anthi Petrou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Geronikaki Athina
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shirvani P, Fassihi A, Saghaie L, Van Belle S, Debyser Z, Christ F. Synthesis, anti-HIV-1 and antiproliferative evaluation of novel 4-nitroimidazole derivatives combined with 5-hydroxy-4-pyridinone moiety. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
8
|
Wang Q, Xi Chen, Wang XG, Liu HC, Liang YM. Base-Promoted Nitrile–Alkyne Domino-Type Cyclization: A General Method to Trisubstituted Imidazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:9874-9877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yüzer A, Ayaz F, Ince M. Immunomodulatory activities of zinc(II)phthalocyanine on the mammalian macrophages through p38 pathway: Potential ex vivo immunomodulatory PDT reagents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Nejat R, Mahjoub MA, Hekmatian Z, Javidi MA, Babashah S. Zeolite-catalyzed synthesis of pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-1,3-dione derivatives as anti-breast cancer agents. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
11
|
Wang TQ, Zhao SL, Zhang WM, Lin HX, Cui YM. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and optical properties of novel 9,9-diethyl-1,2-diaryl-1,9-dihydrofluoreno[2,3-d]imidazoles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|