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Bartusik-Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Dynarowicz K, Aebisher D. Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Brain Cancers-A Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1299. [PMID: 37759900 PMCID: PMC10526171 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On average, there are about 300,000 new cases of brain cancer each year. Studies have shown that brain and central nervous system tumors are among the top ten causes of death. Due to the extent of this problem and the percentage of patients suffering from brain tumors, innovative therapeutic treatment methods are constantly being sought. One such innovative therapeutic method is photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photodynamic therapy is an alternative and unique technique widely used in dermatology and other fields of medicine for the treatment of oncological and nononcological lesions. Photodynamic therapy consists of the destruction of cancer cells and inducing inflammatory changes by using laser light of a specific wavelength in combination with the application of a photosensitizer. The most commonly used photosensitizers include 5-aminolevulinic acid for the enzymatic generation of protoporphyrin IX, Temoporfin-THPC, Photofrin, Hypericin and Talaporfin. This paper reviews the photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy for brain tumors. An overview of all three generations of photosensitizers is presented. Along with an indication of the limitations of the treatment of brain tumors, intraoperative photodynamic therapy and its possibilities are described as an alternative therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Ayaz F, Yetkin D, Yüzer A, Demircioğlu K, Ince M. Non-canonical anti-cancer, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory PDT potentials of water soluble phthalocyanine derivatives with imidazole groups and their intracellular mechanism of action. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103035. [PMID: 35905830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is currently a leading health issue globally. Chemotherapy is a prominent treatment method but due to undesired side effects t, there has been a need for novel less toxic approaches. Photodynamic therapy may be listed among the alternatives for efficient and potentially less detrimental applications of cancer therapy. Canonical photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach requires a light source with a specific wavelength of light, a non-toxic photosensitizer and molecular oxygen. PDT creates the desired effect by the photochemical reaction created through interaction of these components to create reactive oxygen species that will act on the cancer cells to enable anti-cancer activities. In our study we focus on non-canonical PDT application. In this approach we are not only aiming to eliminate cancer cells in the environment but also test the anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic and possible immunomodulatory activities of the novel photosensitizers. Moreover, in our approach, we studied the intracellular pathways that are crucial for carcinogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune function to decipher the mechanism of the action for each compound. Reactive oxygen species based explanation was not valid in our study, hence it brings out a non canonical approach to PDT applications. Our results suggests that Phthalocyanine derivatives with imidazole groups can be effectively used against lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer while differentially effecting metastasis, angiogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis and immune system cells' activities. Based on the results, PDT application of these phthalocyanine derivatives can be an effective treatment option to replace chemotherapy to minimize the potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey.
| | - Derya Yetkin
- Advanced Technology Education Research and Application Center, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey
| | - Abdulcelil Yüzer
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, Mersin 33100, Turkey
| | - Kübra Demircioğlu
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Zeinali S, Tuncel A, Yüzer A, Yurt F. Imaging and detection of cell apoptosis byIn vitrophotodynamic therapy applications of zinc (II) phthalocyanine on human melanoma cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102518. [PMID: 34478898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects on MeWo (human melanoma cells) and HaCaT (normal human keratinocyte cells) by light stimulation of different concentrations of Zinc (II)-tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyaninato (ZnPc). MTT viability assay data indicated that a 25 μM concentration of ZnPc is cytotoxic to the melanoma cancer cells while this concentration of ZnPc is not cytotoxic for the HaCaT cell line. Moreover, the results showed that photoactivated ZnPc at 12.5 μM concentration reduced the cell viability of the MeWo cell line to about 50 %. At this photosensitizing concentration, the efficacy of light doses of 20, 30, 40, and 50 J/cm2 was evaluated against MeWo and HaCaT cells. ZnPc at a concentration of 12.5 μM activated with a light dose of 50 J/cm2 was the most efficient for the killing of MeWo cells. In conclusion, the 12.5 μM of ZnPc with the treatment light dose of 50 J/cm2 from a RED light source was adequate to destroy MeWo cells by the ROS-induced apoptosis mechanism. It also exhibited low killing effects on healthy HaCaT cells. These findings are supported by the results of apoptosis with the Annexin V & Dead Cell Kit and fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Zeinali
- Department Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayca Tuncel
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdulcelil Yüzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Department Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Yurt F, Sarı FA, Ince M, Colak SG, Er O, Soylu HM, Kurt CC, Avci CB, Gunduz C, Ocakoglu K. Photodynamic therapy and nuclear imaging activities of SubPhthalocyanine integrated TiO2 nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Hao H, Zhang W, Bai L, Wu Y, Zhao H, Zhang H, Ba X. Facile construction of a hyperbranched poly(acrylamide) bearing tetraphenylethene units: a novel fluorescence probe with a highly selective and sensitive response to Zn 2+. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5776-5783. [PMID: 35539606 PMCID: PMC9078268 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermo-responsive hyperbranched copoly(bis(N,N-ethyl acrylamide)/(N,N-methylene bisacrylamide)) (HPEAM-MBA) was synthesized by using reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). Interestingly, the zinc ion (Zn2+) was found to have a crucial influence on the lowest critical solution temperature (LCST) of the thermo-responsive polymer. The tetraphenylethylene (TPE) unit was then introduced onto the backbone of the as-prepared thermo-responsive polymer, which endows a Zn2+-responsive “turn-off” effect on the fluorescence properties. The TPE-bearing polymer shows a highly specific response over other metal ions and the “turn-off” response can even be tracked as the concentration of Zn2+ reduces to 2 × 10−5 M. The decrement of fluorescence intensity was linearly dependent on the concentration of Zn2+ in the range of 4–18 μmol L−1. The flexible, versatile and feasible approach, as well as the excellent detection performance, may generate a new type of Zn2+ probe without the tedious synthesis of the moiety bearing Zn2+ recognition units. A novel fluorescent HPEAM-TPEAH, possessing a highly selective and sensitive response to Zn2+, was synthesized using RAFT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Yuangong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Haijing Hao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Wanju Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- P. R. China
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Hailei Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- P. R. China
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Yurt F, Ocakoglu K, Ince M, Colak SG, Er O, Soylu HM, Gunduz C, Biray Avci C, Caliskan Kurt C. Photodynamic therapy and nuclear imaging activities of zinc phthalocyanine-integrated TiO2
nanoparticles in breast and cervical tumors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:789-796. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Yurt
- Department of Nuclear Applications; Institute of Nuclear Science; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Advanced Technology Research & Application Center; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering; Faculty of Tarsus Technology; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering; Faculty of Tarsus Technology; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | | | - Ozge Er
- Department of Nuclear Applications; Institute of Nuclear Science; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Hale Melis Soylu
- Department of Biomedical Technology; Institute of Science; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Cıgır Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Cansu Caliskan Kurt
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
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Yurt F, Ince M, Colak SG, Ocakoglu K, Er O, Soylu HM, Gunduz C, Avci CB, Kurt CC. Investigation of in vitro PDT activities of zinc phthalocyanine immobilised TiO 2 nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:467-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Young J, Yee M, Kim H, Cheung J, Chino T, Düzgüneş N, Konopka K. Phototoxicity of Liposomal Zn- and Al-phthalocyanine Against Cervical and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells In Vitro. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2016; 22:156-164. [PMID: 27932777 PMCID: PMC5299971 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light to activate a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen, and leads to local photodamage by the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Liposomal delivery of photosensitizers is adaptable to the treatment of cancers. We examined the phototoxicity of free or liposome-embedded phthalocyanine photosensitizers using HeLa cervical carcinoma and HSC-3 oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Material/Methods Liposomes were composed of palmitoyloleoyphosphatidylcholine (POPC): phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and contained either zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) or aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlPc). Free or liposomal ZnPc and AlPc were incubated with cells for 24 h at 37°C. Cells incubated with ZnPc were exposed to broadband visible light (350–800 nm; light dose 43.2 J/cm2), whereas cells treated with AlPc were exposed to light at 690 nm (light dose 3.6 J/cm2). The effect of folate receptor-targeted liposomal ZnPc was evaluated with HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by the Alamar Blue assay. Results Cell viability, expressed as a percentage of control cells, was calculated according to the formula [(A570–A600) of test cells]×100/[(A570–A600) of control cells]. The relative percentage changes then defined the phototoxic efficacy of the experimental conditions. In HeLa cells, 1 μM free ZnPc and AlPc, reduced cell viability to 52.7±2.1 and 15.4±8.0%, respectively. Liposomal phthalocyanines, at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μM, reduced the viability to 68.0±8.6, 15.1±9.9 and 0% (ZnPc), and to 25.8±8.2, 0 and 0% (AlPc), respectively. In HSC-3 cells, 1 μM free ZnPc and AlPc, reduced cell viability to 22.1±2.8 and 56.6±8.6%, respectively. With 1 μM liposomal ZnPc and AlPc, the viability was reduced to 0 and 21.3±0.3%, respectively. Conclusions The embedding of phthalocyanines in liposomes enhanced their phototoxicity and this effect was dependent on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael Yee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hayoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Takahiro Chino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Krystyna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
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Intracellular uptake and fluorescence imaging potential in tumor cell of zinc phthalocyanine. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:369-75. [PMID: 27085647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A near IR absorbing phthalocyanine bearing four binaphtyl group has been synthesized in order to investigate its cytotoxicity and intracellular uptake of sensitizer on MCF-7 (human breast cancer), MDAH (ovarian cancer), HeLa (human epitheloid cervix carcinoma), EMT-6 (mouse breast cancer) and WI-38 (human fibroblast lung) cell lines. ZnPc showed four time higher intracellular uptake in carcinoma cells (MCF-7) than normal (WI-38) cell lines. With the aim of studying in detail the biodistribution feature and tumor nuclear imaging capacity, ZnPc was also labeled with I-131. The efficiency of radiolabeled compound was 95±4.6%. In addition, ZnPc reveals to be very efficient singlet oxygen generators (ΦΔ=0.612 in DMSO) and promising PS for PDT application. In vitro fluorescence imaging study with MCF-7 cells showed that ZnPc localized in cytoplasm of the cells. This results showed that synthesized ZnPc is promising candidate for dual fluorescence/nuclear imaging breast cancer and shows potential PS for PDT application.
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