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Maji L, Teli G, Raghavendra NM, Sengupta S, Pal R, Ghara A, Matada GSP. An updated literature on BRAF inhibitors (2018-2023). Mol Divers 2024; 28:2689-2730. [PMID: 37470921 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BRAF is the most common serine-threonine protein kinase and regulates signal transduction from RAS to MEK inside the cell. The BRAF is a highly active isoform of RAF kinase. BRAF has two domains such as regulatory and kinase domains. The BRAF inhibitors bind in the c-terminus of the kinase domain and inhibit the downstream pathways. The mutation occurs mainly in the A-loop of the kinase domain. The mutation occurs due to a conversion of valine to glutamate/lysine/arginine/aspartic acid at 600th position. Among the diverse mutations, BRAFV600E is the most common and responsible for numerous cancer such as melanoma, colorectal, ovarian, and thyroid cancer. Due to mutations in RAC1, loss of PTEN, NF1, CCND1, USP28-FBW7 complex, COT overexpression, and CCND1 amplification, the BRAF kinase enzyme developed resistance over the commercially available BRAF inhibitors. There is still unmute urgence for the development of BRAF inhibitors to overcome the persistent limitation such as resistance, mutation, and adverse effects of drugs. In the current study, we described the structure, activation, downstream signaling pathway, and mutation of BRAF. Our group also provided a detailed review of BRAF inhibitors from the last five years (2018-2023) highlighting the structure-activity relationship, mechanistic study, and molecular docking studies. We hope that the current analysis will be a useful resource for researchers and provide chemists a glimpse into the future as design and development of more effective and secure BRAF kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Ghara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Virtual screening, pharmacokinetic, and DFT studies of anticancer compounds as potential V600E-BRAF kinase inhibitors. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:933-946. [PMID: 36875340 PMCID: PMC9976450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives V600E-BRAF kinase is an essential therapeutic target in melanoma and other types of tumors. Because of its resistance to known inhibitors and the adverse effects of some identified inhibitors, investigation of new potent inhibitors is necessary. Methods In the present work, in silico strategies such as molecular docking simulation, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to identify potential V600E-BRAF inhibitors from a set of 72 anticancer compounds in the PubChem database. Results Five top-ranked molecules (12, 15, 30, 31, and 35) with excellent docking scores (MolDock score ≥90 kcal mol-1, Rerank score ≥60 kcal mol-1) were selected. Several potential binding interactions were discovered between the molecules and V600E-BRAF. The formation of H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions with essential residues of V600E-BRAF suggested the high stability of these complexes. The selected compounds had excellent pharmacological properties according to the drug likeness rules (bioavailability) and pharmacokinetic properties. Similarly, the energy for the frontier molecular orbitals, such as the HOMO, LUMO, energy gap, and other reactivity parameters, was computed with DFT. The frontier molecular orbital surfaces and electrostatic potentials were investigated to demonstrate the charge-density distributions potentially associated with anticancer activity. Conclusion The identified compounds were found to be potent hit compounds for V600E-BRAF inhibition with superior pharmacokinetic properties; therefore, they may be promising cancer drug candidates.
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Ali EMH, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Ammar UM, Mersal KI, Ho Yoo K, Jooryeong P, Oh CH. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel imidazole derivatives possessing terminal sulphonamides as potential BRAF V600Einhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104508. [PMID: 33280830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation has been detected in various malignant tumours. Developing of potent BRAFV600E inhibitors is considered a leading step in the way to cure different cancer types. In the current work, a series of 38 4-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine derivatives was designed and synthesized using Dabrafenib as a lead compound for structural-guided optimization. The target compounds were evaluated as potential anticancer agents against NCI 60 human cancer cell lines. In 5-dose testing mode, two compounds 14h and 16e were tested to determine their IC50 values over each of the 60 cell lines. The selected candidates exhibited promising activity with mean IC50 values of 2.4 µM and 3.6 µM, respectively. Melanoma cancer cell lines exhibited the highest sensitivity after the treatment with the tested compounds 14h and 16e. The mean IC50 values of compounds 14h and 16e against Melanoma cancer cell lines are 1.8 µM and 1.88 µM, respectively. In addition, BRAFV600E kinase inhibitory activity was determined for each derivative. Compounds 15i, 15j, 16a, and 16d were the most potent inhibitors against BRAFV600E with IC50 76 nM, 32 nM, 35 nM, and 68 nM. The newly developed compounds represent a therapeutically promising approach for the treating various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam M H Ali
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University of Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo 12055, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre NRC (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Usama M Ammar
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Karim I Mersal
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Yoo
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Park Jooryeong
- Department of Beauty Science, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Chavda J, Bhatt H. Systemic review on B-Raf V600E mutation as potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112675. [PMID: 32798788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major public catastrophes worldwide and as per WHO, cancer is the leading cause of death universally after CVS disorders accounting for 9.6 million deaths in 2018. WHO statistics revealed five dangerous types of cancer viz. lung, breast, colorectal, prostate and skin. In male, lung cancer causes highest death, while in female, breast cancer causes the most. Alteration in MAPK signalling pathway plays a significant role in majority of cancer cases. Raf protein is activated by phosphorylation via downstream regulation of the MAPK pathway. Raf composed of 3 subtypes, viz. A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf. B-Raf kinase plays a significant role in healthy cell growth in the MAPK pathway and the problem associated with B-Raf mutation leads to the development of cancer and other diseases. The progression of mutant B-Raf (B-RafV600E) protein is higher in cancer as compare to other diseases. In 2002, B-RafV600E mutation was identified for the first time in the development of cancer. The frequency of B-RafV600E mutation is higher in melanoma, thyroid, colorectal and ovarian cancer. We have covered small molecule B-RafV600E inhibitors reported in various literatures; from 2002 to 2020 and also covered clinical trial data. To widen the scope of readers, we compiled details of small molecules, specifically inhibiting B-RafV600E mutant and showing anti-proliferative activity against various cancer cell lines along with in-vivo data. We believe that the information covered here will be important in signifying the potentials of B-RafV600E mutation and its inhibitors as potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeepsinh Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382 481, India
| | - Hardik Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382 481, India.
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Abstract
Introduction: As a key element in arguably the most important pathway MAPK signaling, the BRAF kinase gives rise to severe diseases including cancers when pathologically activated. Extensive research on BRAFi (BRAF inhibitor) has been carried out to profile the characters for optimized agents and to elaborate the therapeutic strategies for the related cancer treatment. Areas covered: This review gives an overview of recently approved BRAF agents on function mode, therapeutic efficacy, and deficiency, based on which current challenges and corresponding strategies were presented. New entities as BRAFi for medical purpose in patent literature during the period 2013-2018 were also briefly introduced. Expert opinion: With the disclosure of paradox-breaker BRAFi PLX7904 crystal in complex with BRAF, the rational design for next-generation BRAFi is becoming ever more feasible. Accompanying therapeutic strategies in BRAFi elaboration may also provide flexible choice in the future 'personal medicine'. Further digging in the greatly enriched BRAFi pool will greatly benefit the drug design processes such as FBDD- and SBDD-driven development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- a Henan provincial key laboratory of children's genetics and metabolic diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital , Zhengzhou 450018 , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Han-Yue Qiu
- a Henan provincial key laboratory of children's genetics and metabolic diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital , Zhengzhou 450018 , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- a Henan provincial key laboratory of children's genetics and metabolic diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital , Zhengzhou 450018 , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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