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Bhatia N, Thareja S. Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer: An overview (2019-2023). Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107607. [PMID: 39002515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibition is considered a legitimate approach for the treatment of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer as it accounts for more than 70% of breast cancer cases. Aromatase inhibitor therapy has been demonstrated to be highly effective in decreasing tumour size, increasing survival rates, and lowering the chance of cancer recurrence. The present review deliberates the pathophysiology and the role of aromatase in estrogen biosynthesis. Estrogen biosynthesis, various androgens, and their function in the human body have also been discussed. The salient aspects of the aromatase active site, its mode of action, and AIs, along with their intended interactions with presently FDA-approved inhibitors, have been briefly discussed. It has been detailed how different reported AIs were designed, their SAR investigations, in silico analysis, and biological evaluations. Various AIs from multiple origins, such as synthetic and semi-synthetic, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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Hamed ANE, Abouelela ME, El Zowalaty AE, Badr MM, Abdelkader MSA. Chemical constituents from Carica papaya Linn. leaves as potential cytotoxic, EGFR wt and aromatase (CYP19A) inhibitors; a study supported by molecular docking. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9154-9162. [PMID: 35424860 PMCID: PMC8985094 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of the hydromethanolic extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves (Caricaceae) resulted in the isolation and characterization of ten compounds, namely; carpaine (1), methyl gallate (2), loliolide (3), rutin (4), clitorin (5), kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside (6), isoquercetin (7), nicotiflorin (8) and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9). The compounds 2, 3, 5-7 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the genus Carica. An in vitro breast cancer cytotoxicity study was evaluated with an MCF-7 cell line using the MTT assay. Methyl gallate and clitorin demonstrated the most potent cytotoxic activities with an IC50 of 1.11 ± 0.06 and 2.47 ± 0.14 μM, respectively. Moreover, methyl gallate and nicotiflorin exhibited potential EGFRwt kinase inhibition activities with an IC50 of 37.3 ± 1.9 and 41.08 ± 2.1 nM, respectively, compared with the positive control erlotinib (IC50 = 35.94 ± 1.8 nM). On the other hand, clitorin and nicotiflorin displayed the strongest aromatase kinase inhibition activities with an IC50 of 77.41 ± 4.53 and 92.84 ± 5.44 nM, respectively. Clitorin was comparable to the efficacy of the standard drug letrozole (IC50 = 77.72 ± 4.55). Additionally, molecular docking simulations of the isolated compounds to EGFR and human placental aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19A1) were evaluated. Methyl gallate linked with the EGFR receptor through hydrogen bonding with a pose score of -4.5287 kcal mol-1 and RMSD value of 1.69 Å. Clitorin showed the strongest interaction with aromatase (CYP19A1) for the breast cancer receptor with a posing score of -14.2074 and RMSD value of 1.56 Å. Compounds (1-3) possessed a good bioavailability score with a 0.55 value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf N E Hamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Assiut-Branch Assiut 71524 Egypt
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University 44519 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University Menoufia 32511 Egypt
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Akça KT, Demirel MA, Süntar I. The Role of Aromatase Enzyme in Hormone Related Diseases and Plant-Based Aromatase Inhibitors as Therapeutic Regimens. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:229-246. [PMID: 34844542 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129141631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a long history of use as food and remedy in traditional and modern societies, as well as have been used as herbal drugs and sources of novel bioactive compounds. They provide a wide array of chemical compounds, many of which can not be synthesized via current synthesis methods. Natural products may provide aromatase inhibitory activity through various pathways and may act clinically effective for treating pathologies associated with excessive aromatase secretion including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers, endometriosis, uterine fibroid, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, infertility, and gynecomastia. Recent studies have shown that natural products with aromatase inhibitory activity, could also be good options against secondary recurrence of breast cancer by exhibiting chemopreventive effects. Therefore, screening for new plant-based aromatase inhibitors may provide novel leads for drug discovery and development, particularly with increased clinical efficacy and decreased side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Taban Akça
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Etiler, Ankara. Turkey
| | - Murside Ayşe Demirel
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory Animals Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330, Etiler, Ankara. Turkey
| | - Ipek Süntar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Etiler, Ankara. Turkey
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Flittner D, Kaiser M, Mäser P, Lopes NP, Schmidt TJ. The Alkaloid-Enriched Fraction of Pachysandra terminalis (Buxaceae) Shows Prominent Activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030591. [PMID: 33498621 PMCID: PMC7865568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of our studies on antiprotozoal natural products and following our recent discovery that certain aminosteroids and aminocycloartanoid compounds from Holarrhena africana A. DC. (Apocynaceae) and Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae), respectively, are strong and selective antitrypanosomal agents, we have extended these studies to another plant, related to the latter-namely, Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. and Zucc. (Buxaceae). This species is known to contain aminosteroids similar to those of Holarrhena and structurally related to the aminocycloartanoids of Buxus. The dicholoromethane extract obtained from aerial parts of P. terminalis and, in particular, its alkaloid fraction obtained by acid-base partitioning showed prominent activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr). Activity-guided fractionation along with extended UHPLC-(+)ESI QTOF MS analyses coupled with partial least squares (PLS) regression modelling relating the analytical profiles of various fractions with their bioactivity against Tbr highlighted eighteen constituents likely responsible for the antitrypanosomal activity. Detailed analysis of their (+)ESI mass spectral fragmentation allowed identification of four known constituents of P. terminalis as well as structural characterization of ten further amino-/amidosteroids not previously reported from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Flittner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Department of Biomolecular Sciences from School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Do Café s/n CEP, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil;
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-33378
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Ahmad I, Fakhri S, Khan H, Jeandet P, Aschner M, Yu ZL. Targeting cell cycle by β-carboline alkaloids in vitro: Novel therapeutic prospects for the treatment of cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109229. [PMID: 32835667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is the mainstay of aberrant cell proliferation, which leads to tumor progression. Mutations in tumor cells initiate various dysregulated pathways and spontaneous over-proliferation with genomic/chromosomal instability. Despite advances in cancer therapy, it has remained a medicinal challenge to treat. Besides, the complexity of pathophysiological pathways behind cancer raises the need for novel multi-target agents, possessing fewer side effects. Alkaloid-based therapies have been explored so far to target cell division in cancer, including vinca alkaloids. As a class of hopeful β-carboline derivatives, growing evidence has indicated their auspicious roles in combating cancer by inhibiting topoisomerase (TOPO), kinesin Eg5, telomerase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), IκB kinase (IKK), and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) in the transition phases of cell cycle. In this review, in vitro potential of β-carboline has been revealed through targeting cell division cycle at different phases. In conclusion, β-carboline alkaloids could be introduced as novel candidates in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, Faculty of Sciences University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, 51687, France.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Pharmacological Modulation of Steroid Activity in Hormone-Dependent Breast and Prostate Cancers: Effect of Some Plant Extract Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103690. [PMID: 32456259 PMCID: PMC7279356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The great majority of breast and prostate tumors are hormone-dependent cancers; hence, estrogens and androgens can, respectively, drive their developments, making it possible to use pharmacological therapies in their hormone-dependent phases by targeting the levels of steroid or modulating their physiological activity through their respective nuclear receptors when the tumors relapse. Unfortunately, at some stage, both breast and prostate cancers become resistant to pharmacological treatments that aim to block their receptors, estrogen (ER) or androgen (AR) receptors, respectively. So far, antiestrogens and antiandrogens used in clinics have been designed based on their structural analogies with natural hormones, 17-β estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. Plants are a potential source of drug discovery and the development of new pharmacological compounds. The aim of this review article is to highlight the recent advances in the pharmacological modulation of androgen or estrogen levels, and their activity through their cognate nuclear receptors in prostate or breast cancer and the effects of some plants extracts.
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