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Her Y, Lee TK, Sim H, Lee JC, Kim DW, Choi SY, Hong JK, Lee JW, Kim JD, Won MH, Kim SS. Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:100. [PMID: 35088884 PMCID: PMC8822878 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean maritime pine bark (Pinus thunbergii) has been used as an alternative medicine due to its beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory effects. To date, the anti-inflammatory and hair growth-promoting effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract have remained elusive. Therefore, in the present study, Pinus thunbergii bark was extracted with pure water (100°C) and the extract was examined to determine its polyphenol and flavonoid content. C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the effects of the extract to promote hair growth. The extract (1, 2 and 4%) was topically applied onto shaved dorsal skin and hair growth was observed for 17 days. A significant increase in hair growth was observed with 2 and 4% extract. Based on this finding, the optimal dose of the extract for effective hair growth promotion was determined to be 2%. The mechanisms of hair growth promotion were investigated via immunohistochemical analysis of changes in inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the hair follicles following treatment with 2% extract. The treatment reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines, while it enhanced the levels of IL-4 and IL-13, which are anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the hair follicles. In addition, elevated insulin-like growth factor I and vascular epidermal growth factor were detected in hair follicles following treatment. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the extract of Pinus thunbergii bark may be utilized for hair loss prevention and/or hair growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Her
- Department of Dermatology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kee Hong
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
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Sugita K, Kabashima K. Tight junctions in the development of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:749-762. [PMID: 32108379 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0120-230r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments related to asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis (AD), eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a particular focus on tight junctions (TJs) and their role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases. Lung, skin, and intestinal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that interact with environmental factors and immune cells. Therefore, together with the cellular immune system, the epithelium performs a pivotal role as the first line physical barrier against external antigens. Paracellular space is almost exclusively sealed by TJs and is maintained by complex protein-protein interactions. Thus, TJ dysfunction increases paracellular permeability, resulting in enhanced flux across TJs. Epithelial TJ dysfunction also causes immune cell activation and contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic lung, skin, and intestinal inflammation. Characterization of TJ protein alteration is one of the key factors for enhancing our understanding of allergic diseases as well as IBDs. Furthermore, TJ-based epithelial disturbance can promote immune cell behaviors, such as those in dendritic cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), thereby offering new insights into TJ-based targets. The purpose of this review is to illustrate how TJ dysfunction can lead to the disruption of the immune homeostasis in barrier tissues and subsequent inflammation. This review also highlights the various TJ barrier dysfunctions across different organ sites, which would help to develop future drugs to target allergic diseases and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Sugita
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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