Joint study of the associations of HLA‐B and the transmembrane short tandem repeat polymorphism of MICA protein with alopecia areata shows independent associations of both with the disease

Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Genetic Variants and Immunodeficiency Disorders Associated with Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss that occurs on a spectrum from patchy loss of hair on the scalp, to complete hair loss. Histology features can vary, but increased abundance of telogen hair and miniaturized hair follicles are classic hallmarks [Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:397-403]. Additionally, lymphocytic infiltration of the hair bulb is a commonly observed histology feature of AA which underscores how the disease is an autoimmune-mediated one that results from immune-mediated attack of the hair follicle. In a healthy individual, the hair follicle is one of the body's immune-privileged sites, but the breakdown of this immune privilege is thought to be an important driver in AA disease development. Diagnosis of AA is usually based on phenotypic manifestations in conjunction with biopsies which can help conclude whether the hair loss is autoimmune based. However, varied manifestation of disease both clinically and histologically makes diagnosis criteria more ambiguous and early identification of disease harder to achieve. A better understanding of genes that are associated with increased AA risk may help elucidate potential gene targets for future therapeutics.

Alopecia Areata: Burden of Disease, Approach to Treatment, and Current Unmet Needs

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss disorder with variations in distribution, duration, and severity. The disease is chronic and often follows an unpredictable course, frequently leading to stress and anxiety for those who suffer from it. Throughout the years more knowledge has been gained regarding pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, impact on quality of life, as well as treatment strategies for alopecia areata. However, challenges in treating and alleviating the burden of disease remain. In this article, we discuss updates regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of alopecia areata and highlight unmet needs of the condition, including a review of limitations of current treatments, accessibility to management strategies, and the need for disease awareness and advocacy.