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Xu Z, Yu J, Chen Y. Hub genes and associated drugs for multiple myeloma with 1q21+: identified by bioinformatic analysis. Hematology 2024; 29:2323890. [PMID: 38433435 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2323890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
While 1q21+ was common genetic alteration and found to have adverse effect on prognosis, the underlying genes remain unclear. Identification of related genes may provide additional help for rational intervention. The microarray dataset GSE2658 associated with MM was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to annotate their functions. The hub genes were derived from the combined results of up-regulated DEGs and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of hub genes were plotted to evaluate correlation with 1q21+. Survival analysis and drug-gene interaction of hub genes were performed separately to find the prognostic value and potential targeted drugs. A total of 55 DEGs were identified. GO and KEGG pathway analyses suggested that the DEGs were related to several pathways of cell proliferation. NVL, IL6R, DUSP23 were proven to be highly correlated with 1q21+ and have adverse effects on prognosis. IL6R, DUSP23 were matched to known interaction-drug. This study revealed potential roles of hub genes in the pathogenesis and progression of MM with 1q21+, further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Hematology, ZhongShan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieni Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Chen
- Department of Hematology, ZhongShan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Li H, Xiong J, Du Y, Huang Y, Zhao J. Dual-Specificity Phosphatases and Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 8:13-25. [PMID: 35224004 DOI: 10.1159/000520142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) belong to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases, which can dephosphorylate both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues. During the past decades, DUSPs have been implicated in various physiological and pathological activities. Besides mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as the main substrates, other protein and nonprotein substrates can also be dephosphorylated by DUSPs. Aberrant regulations of DUSPs have been found in various diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, and kidney diseases, suggesting the involvement of DUSPs in the pathogenesis of diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we summarize the general characteristics of DUSPs and the research progress made in the field of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and lupus nephritis. As the main biochemical function of DUSPs is to dephosphorylate MAPKs activity, decreased DUSPs are found in kidney disease models, whereas forced DUSPs expression reverses the disease presentation, which was proved by using transgenic or gene knockout model. KEY MESSAGES Mounting evidence demonstrates that DUSPs have essential physiological and pathological functions in kidney disease. Fully understanding the functions and mechanisms of DUSPs in kidney disease contributes to their clinical application in translation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Ghabeshi S, Najafi A, Zamani B, Soltani M, Arero AG, Izadi S, Piroozmand A. Evaluation of molecular apoptosis signaling pathways and its correlation with EBV viral load in SLE patients using systems biology approach. Hum Antibodies 2021; 30:37-46. [PMID: 34864653 DOI: 10.3233/hab-211505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence supports that SLE could be related to apoptotic cells and EBV infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the transcriptional signature of EBV infection in SLE patients for survey of the molecular apoptosis signaling pathways. METHODS The PBMCs gene expression profiles of healthy control and SLE patients were obtained from GEO. Functional annotation and signaling pathway enrichment were carried out using DAVID, KEGG. To validate bioinformatics analysis the changes in genes expression of some of obtained genes, Real time PCR was performed on PBMCs from 28 SLE patients and 18 controls. RESULTS We found that mean viral load was 6013 ± 390.1 copy/μg DNA from PBMCs in all patients. QRT-PCR results showed that the expression of the DUSP1 and LAMP3 genes which had most changes in the logFC among 4 candidate genes, increased significantly in comparison with control. The consistent expression of LMP2 as viral latency gene involve in apoptosis signaling pathways was detected in SLE patients with EBV viral load and some controls. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that some cellular genes may have an important role in pathogenesis of SLE through apoptosis signaling pathways. Beside, EBV infection as an environmental risk factor for SLE may affect the dysfunction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad Ghabeshi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batol Zamani
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amanuel Godana Arero
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Izadi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Marion MC, Ramos PS, Bachali P, Labonte AC, Zimmerman KD, Ainsworth HC, Heuer SE, Robl RD, Catalina MD, Kelly JA, Howard TD, Lipsky PE, Grammer AC, Langefeld CD. Nucleic Acid-Sensing and Interferon-Inducible Pathways Show Differential Methylation in MZ Twins Discordant for Lupus and Overexpression in Independent Lupus Samples: Implications for Pathogenic Mechanism and Drug Targeting. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121898. [PMID: 34946847 PMCID: PMC8701117 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, autoimmune inflammatory disease with genomic and non-genomic contributions to risk. We hypothesize that epigenetic factors are a significant contributor to SLE risk and may be informative for identifying pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. To test this hypothesis while controlling for genetic background, we performed an epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in genomic DNA from whole blood in three pairs of female monozygotic (MZ) twins of European ancestry, discordant for SLE. Results were replicated on the same array in four cell types from a set of four Danish female MZ twin pairs discordant for SLE. Genes implicated by the epigenetic analyses were then evaluated in 10 independent SLE gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). There were 59 differentially methylated loci between unaffected and affected MZ twins in whole blood, including 11 novel loci. All but two of these loci were hypomethylated in the SLE twins relative to the unaffected twins. The genes harboring these hypomethylated loci exhibited increased expression in multiple independent datasets of SLE patients. This pattern was largely consistent regardless of disease activity, cell type, or renal tissue type. The genes proximal to CpGs exhibiting differential methylation (DM) in the SLE-discordant MZ twins and exhibiting differential expression (DE) in independent SLE GEO cohorts (DM-DE genes) clustered into two pathways: the nucleic acid-sensing pathway and the type I interferon pathway. The DM-DE genes were also informatically queried for potential gene–drug interactions, yielding a list of 41 drugs including a known SLE therapy. The DM-DE genes delineate two important biologic pathways that are not only reflective of the heterogeneity of SLE but may also correlate with distinct IFN responses that depend on the source, type, and location of nucleic acid molecules and the activated receptors in individual patients. Cell- and tissue-specific analyses will be critical to the understanding of genetic factors dysregulating the nucleic acid-sensing and IFN pathways and whether these factors could be appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C. Marion
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.C.M.); (H.C.A.)
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Paula S. Ramos
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Prathyusha Bachali
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Adam C. Labonte
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Kip D. Zimmerman
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Hannah C. Ainsworth
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.C.M.); (H.C.A.)
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Sarah E. Heuer
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
- The Jackson Laboratory, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Robert D. Robl
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Michelle D. Catalina
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Amrie C. Grammer
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC and RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; (P.B.); (A.C.L.); (S.E.H.); (R.D.R.); (M.D.C.); (P.E.L.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.C.M.); (H.C.A.)
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Correspondence:
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The MAPK dual specific phosphatase (DUSP) proteins: A versatile wrestler in T cell functionality. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107906. [PMID: 34198238 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The functional state of T cells is diverse and under dynamic control for adapting to the changes of microenvironment. Reversible protein phosphorylation represents an important post-translational modification that not only involves in the immediate early response of T cells, but also affects their functionality in the long run. Perturbation of global phosphorylation profile and/or phosphorylation of specific signaling nodes result in aberrant T cell activity. Dual specific phosphatases (DUSPs), which target MAPKs and beyond, have increasingly been emerged as a versatile regulator in T cell biology. Herein in this mini review, we sought to summarize and discuss the impact of DUSP proteins on the regulation of effector T cell activity, T cell polarization, regulatory T cell development and T cell senescence/exhaustion. Given the distinctive engagement of each DUSP member under various disease settings such as chronic infection, autoimmune disorders, cancer and age-related diseases, DUSP proteins likely hold the promise to become a druggable target other than the existing therapeutics that are predominantly by manipulating protein kinase activity.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activate the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway and Enhance DNA Methylation via DNMT1 in PBMC from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4174082. [PMID: 33282947 PMCID: PMC7685810 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4174082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The defective MEK/ERK signaling pathway and downstream hypomethylation pattern of lymphocytes are crucial for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role that the mesenchymal stem cells play in the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and DNA methylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SLE patients remains unknown. In this study, we found that the MEK/ERK signaling pathway of PBMC from SLE patients was activated after the coculture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) compared with that from the control group. In addition, the expression level of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) increased while the levels of CD70, integrin, alpha L (ITGAL), selectin-l, and IL-13 were reduced in PBMC from SLE patients. However, no obvious effect of BM-MSC on PBMC from healthy controls was observed. These findings revealed that BM-MSC might downregulate the expression of methylation-sensitive genes and then suppress the autoactivated PBMC via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. And it may be one of the mechanisms that BM-MSC ameliorated SLE.
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Hurtado C, Acevedo Sáenz LY, Vásquez Trespalacios EM, Urrego R, Jenks S, Sanz I, Vásquez G. DNA methylation changes on immune cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:114-121. [PMID: 32019373 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1722108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation as a process that regulates gene expression is crucial in immune cells biology. Global and gene specific methylation changes have been described in autoimmunity, especially in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. These changes not only contribute to the understanding of the disease, but also some have been proposed as diagnostic or disease activity biomarkers. The present review compiles the most recent discoveries on this field on each type of immune cells, including specific changes in signalling pathways, genes of interest and its possible applications on diagnosis or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hurtado
- School of Graduate Studies and School of Medicine, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Urrego
- Group INCA-CES, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Scott Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Chuang HC, Tan TH. MAP4K Family Kinases and DUSP Family Phosphatases in T-Cell Signaling and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111433. [PMID: 31766293 PMCID: PMC6912701 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is a severe autoimmune disease. In the past 60 years, only one new therapeutic agent with limited efficacy has been approved for SLE treatment; therefore, the development of early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SLE is desirable. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases (MAP4Ks) and dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are regulators of MAP kinases. Several MAP4Ks and DUSPs are involved in T-cell signaling and autoimmune responses. HPK1 (MAP4K1), DUSP22 (JKAP), and DUSP14 are negative regulators of T-cell activation. Consistently, HPK1 and DUSP22 are downregulated in the T cells of human SLE patients. In contrast, MAP4K3 (GLK) is a positive regulator of T-cell signaling and T-cell-mediated immune responses. MAP4K3 overexpression-induced RORγt–AhR complex specifically controls interleukin 17A (IL-17A) production in T cells, leading to autoimmune responses. Consistently, MAP4K3 and the RORγt–AhR complex are overexpressed in the T cells of human SLE patients, as are DUSP4 and DUSP23. In addition, DUSPs are also involved in either human autoimmune diseases (DUSP2, DUSP7, DUSP10, and DUSP12) or T-cell activation (DUSP1, DUSP5, and DUSP14). In this review, we summarize the MAP4Ks and DUSPs that are potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Arneth B. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and DNA Degradation and Elimination Defects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1697. [PMID: 31440232 PMCID: PMC6692764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the production of autoantibodies specific for components of the cell nucleus and that causes damage to body tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of SLE remains unclear, with numerous studies pointing to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A critical stage in SLE development is cell necrosis, in which undegraded chromatin and nucleoproteins are released into the blood, resulting in circulating cell-free DNA and serum nucleoproteins that trigger anti-dsDNA autoantibody production. This systematic literature review aimed to examine whether SLE stems from a DNA degradation and elimination defect. Materials and Methods: An advanced literature search was conducted in PubMed using the following keywords: [(“SLE” OR “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus” OR “Lupus”)] AND [(“DNA” OR “DNA Degradation”)] AND [(“Defect Elimination”)]. More articles were obtained from the references of the identified articles and basic Google searches. Twenty-five peer-reviewed articles published within the past 10 years (2007–2018) were included for review. Results: The findings of each study are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Discussion and Conclusion: The etiopathogenesis of SLE remains controversial, which limits therapeutic inventions for this disease. However, SLE is a DNA degradation and elimination disorder caused by uncleared histones and nuclear material that leak into the extracellular space and form cell-free DNA, triggering an immune response that destroys tissues and organs. Under normal conditions, apoptosis allows DNA and other nuclear material to be efficiently cleared through degradation and additional complex mechanisms such that this material does not trigger the immune system to produce nuclear autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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12
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Gene Expression Profiles of Human Phosphotyrosine Phosphatases Consequent to Th1 Polarisation and Effector Function. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8701042. [PMID: 28393080 PMCID: PMC5368384 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8701042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute a complex family of enzymes that control the balance of intracellular phosphorylation levels to allow cell responses while avoiding the development of diseases. Despite the relevance of CD4 T cell polarisation and effector function in human autoimmune diseases, the expression profile of PTPs during T helper polarisation and restimulation at inflammatory sites has not been assessed. Here, a systematic analysis of the expression profile of PTPs has been carried out during Th1-polarising conditions and upon PKC activation and intracellular raise of Ca2+ in effector cells. Changes in gene expression levels suggest a previously nonnoted regulatory role of several PTPs in Th1 polarisation and effector function. A substantial change in the spatial compartmentalisation of ERK during T cell responses is proposed based on changes in the dose of cytoplasmic and nuclear MAPK phosphatases. Our study also suggests a regulatory role of autoimmune-related PTPs in controlling T helper polarisation in humans. We expect that those PTPs that regulate T helper polarisation will constitute potential targets for intervening CD4 T cell immune responses in order to generate new therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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