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Műzes G, Sipos F. Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis: Their Relationship under the Umbrella of Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041130. [PMID: 37189748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and autophagy share a functional relationship. Both innate and adaptive immune responses involve autophagy and, depending on the disease’s origin and pathophysiology, it may have a detrimental or positive role on autoimmune disorders. As a “double-edged sword” in tumors, autophagy can either facilitate or impede tumor growth. The autophagy regulatory network that influences tumor progression and treatment resistance is dependent on cell and tissue types and tumor stages. The connection between autoimmunity and carcinogenesis has not been sufficiently explored in past studies. As a crucial mechanism between the two phenomena, autophagy may play a substantial role, though the specifics remain unclear. Several autophagy modifiers have demonstrated beneficial effects in models of autoimmune disease, emphasizing their therapeutic potential as treatments for autoimmune disorders. The function of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and immune cells is the subject of intensive study. The objective of this review is to investigate the role of autophagy in the simultaneous genesis of autoimmunity and malignancy, shedding light on both sides of the issue. We believe our work will assist in the organization of current understanding in the field and promote additional research on this urgent and crucial topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Műzes
- Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sipos
- Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
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Yousef RN, Ramadan A, Awadallah E, Alnaggar AR, Khalil NM, E.Behiry M, Ali A, El Dine HG. Pro-apoptotic Bax mRNA expression: A novel predictor for systemic lupus erythematosus disease flare-up. Arch Rheumatol 2023; 38:129-137. [DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2023.9448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to better understand the expression of pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their relationship with the disease activity.
Patients and methods: Between June 2019 and January 2021, a total of 60 female patients with SLE (median age 29 years; IQR, 25.0-32.0) and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy female controls (median age: 30 years; IQR, 24.0-32.0) were included. The Bax and Bad messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results: The expression of Bax and Bad was significantly lower in SLE group than the control group. The median value of mRNA expression of Bax and Bad was 0.72 and 0.84, respectively versus 0.76 and 0.89 in the control group. The median value of (Bax*Bad)/β-actin index was 17.8 in the SLE group and 19.64 in the control group. The expression of both Bax, Bad and (Bax*Bad)/β-actin index had a good significant diagnostic utility (area under the curve [AUC]= 0.64, 0.70, and 0.65, respectively). The Bax mRNA expression showed a significant upregulation with disease flare-up. The efficacy of Bax mRNA expression in predicting SLE flare-up was good (AUC= 73%). In the regression model, the probability of flare-up reached 100%, with increasing Bax/β-actin as well, and the likelihood of flare-up increased 10,314 times with every unit increase of Bax/β-actin mRNA expression.
Conclusion: Deregulation of the mRNA expression of Bax may have a role in the susceptibility to SLE and may be associated with disease flare. A better understanding of the expression of these pro-apoptotic molecules may carry a great potential for the development of specific effective therapies.
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Mariottini A, Muraro PA, Lünemann JD. Antibody-mediated cell depletion therapies in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953649. [PMID: 36172350 PMCID: PMC9511140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of disease-modifying therapies including monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been extremely successful over the past decades. Most of the mAb-based therapies approved for MS deplete immune cell subsets and act through activation of cellular Fc-gamma receptors expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes and phagocytes, resulting in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or by initiation of complement-mediated cytotoxicity. The therapeutic goal is to eliminate pathogenic immune cell components and to potentially foster the reconstitution of a new and healthy immune system. Ab-mediated immune cell depletion therapies include the CD52-targeting mAb alemtuzumab, CD20-specific therapeutics, and new Ab-based treatments which are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials. Here, we review recent developments in effector mechanisms and clinical applications of Ab-based cell depletion therapies, compare their immunological and clinical effects with the prototypic immune reconstitution treatment strategy, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and discuss their potential to restore immunological tolerance and to achieve durable remission in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mariottini
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Muraro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan D. Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan D. Lünemann,
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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1553-1569. [PMID: 35902484 PMCID: PMC9333355 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 1995, the use of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHSCT), which was previously used to treat hematological tumors, was introduced for severe autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). AHSCT has proven its safety over the past few years due to technical advances and careful patient selection in transplant centers. While most studies have reported that AHSCT led to decreased Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, some patients reported increased EDSS scores following the procedure. Given the contradictory results, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and safety of AHSCT. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in March 2022 using a predefined search strategy. We included cohort studies, clinical trials, case-control studies, and case series that investigated the efficacy or safety of AHSCT in patients with MS. PICO in the present study was defined as follows: problem or study population (P): patients with MS; intervention (I): AHSCT; comparison (C): none; outcome (O): efficacy and safety. RESULTS After a two-step review process, 50 studies with a total of 4831 patients with MS were included in our study. Our analysis showed a significant decrease in EDSS score after treatment (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.48, 95% CI -0.75, -0.22). Moreover, the annualized relapse rate was also significantly reduced after AHSCT compared to the pretreatment period (SMD: -1.58, 95% CI -2.34, -0.78). The pooled estimate of progression-free survival after treatment was 73% (95% CI 69%, 77). Furthermore, 81% of patients with MS who received AHSCT remained relapse-free (95% CI 76%, 86%). Investigating event-free survival, which reflects the absence of any disease-related event, showed a pooled estimate of 63% (95% CI 54%, 73%). Also, the MRI activity-free survival was 89% (95% CI 84%) among included studies with low heterogeneity. New MRI lesions seem to appear in nearly 8% of patients who underwent AHSCT (95% CI 4%, 12%). Our meta-analysis showed that 68% of patients with MS experience no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) after AHSCT (95% CI 59%, 77). The overall survival after transplantation was 94% (95% CI 91%, 96%). In addition, 4% of patients died from transplant-related causes (95% CI 2%, 6%). CONCLUSION Current data encourages a broader application of AHSCT for treating patients with MS while still considering proper patient selection and transplant methods. In addition, with increasing knowledge and expertise in the field of stem-cell therapy, AHSCT has become a safer treatment approach for MS.
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Sakowska J, Arcimowicz Ł, Jankowiak M, Papak I, Markiewicz A, Dziubek K, Kurkowiak M, Kote S, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Połom K, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Trzonkowski P. Autoimmunity and Cancer-Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793234. [PMID: 35634292 PMCID: PMC9140757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease results from the immune response against self-antigens, while cancer develops when the immune system does not respond to malignant cells. Thus, for years, autoimmunity and cancer have been considered as two separate fields of research that do not have a lot in common. However, the discovery of immune checkpoints and the development of anti-cancer drugs targeting PD-1 (programmed cell death receptor 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4) pathways proved that studying autoimmune diseases can be extremely helpful in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, autoimmunity and cancer seem to be just two sides of the same coin. In the current review, we broadly discuss how various regulatory cell populations, effector molecules, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors contribute to the loss of self-tolerance in autoimmunity or tolerance induction to cancer. With the current paper, we also aim to convince the readers that the pathways involved in cancer and autoimmune disease development consist of similar molecular players working in opposite directions. Therefore, a deep understanding of the two sides of immune tolerance is crucial for the proper designing of novel and selective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Arcimowicz
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Jankowiak
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ines Papak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dziubek
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sachin Kote
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Karol Połom
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 gene and MicroRNA-484: A possible interplay in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103502. [PMID: 35030371 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulated apoptosis might be implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF1) mRNA and its potential regulator miR-484 in relapsing remitting MS patients (RRMS) and to investigate their role as potential disease biomarkers. METHODS After Bioinformatic analysis was conducted and revealed miR-484 involvement in the regulation of APAF-1 gene expression. Reverse Transcription-quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of APAF-1 and miR-484 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 34 RRMS patients recruited from the MS clinic of kasr al ainy hospital- faculty of medicine-Egypt and 34 healthy controls. RESULTS APAF-1 mRNA was significantly downregulated in patients whereas miR-484 expression was upregulated compared to controls (p < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of APAF-1 and miR-484 to diagnose MS was (85.3%, 76.5%) and (88.2% and 86.7%) respectively. CONCLUSION APAF-1 and miR-484 could play a role as potential MS diagnostic biomarkers. However, absence of a control group of patients with other inflammatory diseases in our study warrants further research to corroborate our findings.
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González LM, Ospina LN, Sperling LE, Chaparro O, Cucarián JD. Therapeutic Effects of Physical Exercise and the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Response in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:621-632. [PMID: 34886779 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211209155333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that lead to high levels of disability and severe physical and cognitive disturbances. Conventional therapies are not enough to control the neuroinflammatory process in MS and are not able to inhibit ongoing damage to the CNS. Thus, the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-S) has been postulated as a potential therapy that could mitigate symptoms and disease progression. We considered that its combination with physical exercise (EX) could induce superior effects and increase the MSC-S effectiveness in this condition. Recent studies have revealed that both EX and MSC-S share similar mechanisms of action that mitigate auto-reactive T cell infiltration, regulate the local inflammatory response, modulate the proinflammatory profile of glial cells, and reduce neuronal damage. Clinical and experimental studies have reported that these treatments in an isolated way also improve myelination, regeneration, promote the release of neurotrophic factors, and increase the recruitment of endogenous stem cells. Together, these effects reduce disease progression and improve patient functionality. Despite these results, the combination of these methods has not yet been studied in MS. In this review, we focus on molecular elements and cellular responses induced by these treatments in a separate way, showing their beneficial effects in the control of symptoms and disease progression in MS, as well as indicating their contribution in clinical fields. In addition, we propose the combined use of EX and MSC-S as a strategy to boost their reparative and immunomodulatory effects in this condition, combining their benefits on synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, remyelination, and neuroinflammatory response. The findings here reported are based on the scientific evidence and our professional experience that will bring significant progress to regenerative medicine to deal with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María González
- Physiotherapy Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario AK 24 #63c-69, Bogotá. Colombia
| | - Laura Natalia Ospina
- Physiotherapy Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario AK 24 #63c-69, Bogotá. Colombia
| | - Laura Elena Sperling
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Fundamental Health Science Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Prédio Anexo - Floresta, Porto Alegre. Brazil
| | - Orlando Chaparro
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ak 30 #45-03, Bogotá. Colombia
| | - Jaison Daniel Cucarián
- Physiotherapy Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario AK 24 #63c-69, Bogotá. Colombia
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Mohammadi R, Aryan A, Omrani MD, Ghaderian SMH, Fazeli Z. Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT): An Evolving Treatment Avenue in Multiple Sclerosis. Biologics 2021; 15:53-59. [PMID: 33688164 PMCID: PMC7936693 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s267277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is considered as the novel approach to improve multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)-resistance. The results obtained from different studies indicate that AHSCT increases the life quality of MS patients. Several factors are known to be influenced on the successful rate of AHSCT in patients with MS. The individuals aged <40 years with a short duration of MS disease have been demonstrated to show a better response to AHSCT administration. Furthermore, this treatment approach was more effective in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients than progressive MS (PMS). Different clinical trials revealed that AHSCT with a low density conditioning regimen could be suggested as a suitable candidate approach in the management of MS. Several molecular and cellular mechanisms are known to be involved in the resetting of the immune system following the AHSCT infusion in MS patients. These mechanisms play a role in the depletion of auto-reactive lymphocytes and immune system renewal. In the present review, we discuss different clinical and molecular aspects of AHSCT application in the alleviation of MS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihane Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alisam Aryan
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Fazeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li H, Sun Y, Chen R. Constructing and validating a diagnostic nomogram for multiple sclerosis via bioinformatic analysis. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:127. [PMID: 33680693 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers and construct a diagnostic prediction model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Microarray datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were downloaded. Weighted gene coexpression analysis (WGCNA) was used to search for hub modules and biomarkers related to MS. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used to roughly define their biological functions and pathways. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the diagnostic biomarkers and construct a nomogram. The calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to judge the diagnostic predictive ability. In addition, cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm was used to calculate the proportion of 22 kinds of immune cells. GSE41850 was used as the training set, and GSE17048 was used as the test set. WGCNA revealed one hub module containing 165 hub genes. Most of their biological functions and pathways are related to cell metabolism and immune cell activation. The diagnostic nomogram contained ARPC5, ROD1, UBQLN2, ZNF281, ABCA1 and FAS. The ROC curve and the calibration curve of the training set and test set confirmed that the nomogram had great prediction ability. In addition, monocytes and M0 macrophages were significantly different between MS patients and healthy people. The expression of ARPC5, ZNF281 and ABCA1 is correlated with M0 macrophages. The nomogram provides new insights and contributes to the accurate diagnosis of MS. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02675-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Hejiang People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Hejiang People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hejiang People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
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Cai Y, Huang D, Ma W, Wang M, Qin Q, Jiang Z, Liu M. Histone deacetylase 9 inhibition upregulates microRNA-92a to repress the progression of intracranial aneurysm via silencing Bcl-2-like protein 11. J Drug Target 2021; 29:761-770. [PMID: 33480300 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1878365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been revealed to be involved in cerebrovascular diseases, while the role of HDAC9 in intracranial aneurysm (IA) remains seldom studied. We aim to explore the role of the HDAC9/microRNA-92a (miR-92a)/Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) axis in IA progression. METHODS Expression of HDAC9, miR-92a and BCL2L11 in IA tissues was assessed. IA rat models were established by ligation of left renal artery and common carotid artery, and the rats were respectively injected with relative plasmid vectors and/or oligonucleotides. The blood pressure was measured to estimate the IA degree, and the pathological changes were observed. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected, and the levels of inflammatory factors were evaluated. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins, HDAC9, miR-92a and BCL2L11 was assessed. RESULTS HDAC9 and BCL2L11 were upregulated while miR-92a was downregulated in IA clinical samples and rat models. HDAC9 inhibition or miR-92a elevation improved pathological changes and repressed apoptosis and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and inflammatory factors in vascular tissues from IA rats. Oppositely, HDAC9 overexpression or miR-92a reduction had contrary effects. miR-92a downregulation reversed the effect of silenced HDAC9 on IA rats. CONCLUSION HDAC9 inhibition upregulates miR-92a to repress the progression of IA via silencing BCL2L11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjia Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qilin Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongzhong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010021. [PMID: 33379309 PMCID: PMC7823468 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory and neurodegenerative chronic disease that involves the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). The pathogenesis involves the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity, resulting in the invasion of lymphocytes into the CNS with consequent tissue damage. The MS etiology is probably a combination of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. It has been proposed that T lymphocytes have a main role in the onset and propagation of MS, leading to the inflammation of white matter and myelin sheath destruction. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress exert a role in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis and are involved in the apoptosis resistance of immune cells with the consequent development of autoimmune diseases. The defective apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes in patients with MS, allows these cells to perpetuate, within the CNS, a continuous cycle of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the involvement in MS of cAMP pathway, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and their interaction in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis. In addition, we discuss a series of nutraceutical compounds that could influence these aspects.
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12
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Yan J, McCombe PA, Pender MP, Greer JM. Reduced IκB-α Protein Levels in Peripheral Blood Cells of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A Possible Cause of Constitutive NF-κB Activation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082534. [PMID: 32781504 PMCID: PMC7465818 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling pathways are dysregulated in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral blood cells in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the cause of this is unknown. We have recently reported that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with MS have increased constitutive activation and translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB to the nucleus compared to healthy subjects. NF-κB can be activated through either canonical or non-canonical pathways. In the canonical pathway, activation of NF-κB is normally negatively regulated by the inhibitor IκB. We therefore hypothesized that the increased activation of NF-κB could be caused by reduced IκB-α in the cells of patients with MS, possibly due to increased activity of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which regulates IκB-α. Alternatively, changes to the activity of key molecules in the non-canonical pathway, such as IKKα, could also lead to increased NF-κB activation. We therefore used Western blotting to detect IκB-α levels and ELISA to investigate NF-κB DNA binding activity and phosphorylation of IKKα and IKKβ in samples from PBMC of MS patients and controls. The level of full-length IκB-α protein in the cytosolic fraction of PBMC of MS patients was significantly reduced compared to healthy subjects, with significantly more evidence of multiple low molecular weight putative degradation products of IκB-α present in MS patients compared to healthy subjects. Conversely, the level of NF-κB DNA binding activity was increased in whole cell lysates from MS patients. Both IKKα and IKKβ showed increased overall activity in MS compared to healthy subjects, although not all of the MS patients showed increased activity compared to the healthy subjects, suggesting that there may be several different mechanisms underlying the constitutive activation of NF-κB in MS. Taken together, these findings suggest that there may be multiple points at which the NF-κB pathway is dysregulated in MS and that decreased levels of the full-length IκB-α protein are a major component in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (J.Y.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Pamela A. McCombe
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (J.Y.); (P.A.M.)
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD 4066, Australia
| | - Michael P. Pender
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Judith M. Greer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (J.Y.); (P.A.M.)
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD 4066, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(61)-07-3346-6018
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Song Q, Zhao F, Yao J, Dai H, Hu L, Yu S. Protective effect of microRNA-134-3p on multiple sclerosis through inhibiting PRSS57 and promotion of CD34 + cell proliferation in rats. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4347-4363. [PMID: 32619071 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) have been extensively studied for their involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the involvement of miR-134-3p on MS. The MS rat model was established, and positive expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) was detected using the immunohistochemical method while the expression of miR-134-3p and serine protease 57 (PRSS57) was determined by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Second, the miR-134-3p overexpression or short hairpin RNA against PRSS57 was introduced into the CD34+ cells to investigate the levels of proliferation and apoptosis-related genes by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, analysis of the targeting relations of miR-134-3p and PRSS57 was conducted using online software and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Furthermore, neuronal functions, inflammatory response, proliferation, and apoptosis of CD34+ cells were assayed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. IL-17 and PRSS57 expression increased while miR-134-3p expression decreased in the spinal cord from MS rats. miR-134-3p could target PRSS57. miR-134-3p overexpression or PRSS57 silencing enhanced mitochondrial activity of neurons, mitochondrial membrane potential content, CD34+ cell proliferation, while decreasing Cyt C content, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. Collectively, overexpression of miR-134-3p promotes CD34+ cell proliferation via inhibition of PRSS57 in MS, which may serve as a promising target for MS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Song
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Fengli Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Jingfan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Dai
- Department of Neurology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Han X, Kuang T, Ren Y, Lu Z, Liao Q, Chen W. Haspin knockdown can inhibit progression and development of pancreatic cancer in vitro and vivo. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111605. [PMID: 31493385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies and it is the eighth most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of GSG2 (HASPIN) in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS GSG2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue samples, and by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Giemsa staining was used for analyzing colony formation. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were determined using Fluorescence activated Cells Sorting. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were applied for examining cell migration. The molecular mechanism was investigated by human apoptosis antibody array. Tumor-bearing animal model was constructed to verify the effects of GSG2 on pancreatic cancer in vivo. RESULTS GSG2 expression was upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and human pancreatic cancer cell lines: PANC-1 and SW1990. Higher expression of GSG2 in tumor samples was associated with poorer prognosis. GSG2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, metastasis and promoted cell apoptosis, which was also verified in vivo. In addition, GSG2 knockdown blocked the cell cycle in G2. It was also found that downregulation of GSG2 inhibited Bcl-2, Bcl-w, cIAP, HSP60 and Livin expression as well as promoted IGFBP-6 expression. CONCLUSION This study revealed that GSG2 upregulation was associated with pancreatic cancer progression. GSG2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and migration, blocked cell cycle at G2 phase, and induced cell apoptosis. Therefore, GSG2 might serve as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer therapy and a market for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tiantao Kuang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Ren
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhufeng Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingwu Liao
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Anesthesia, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China.
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15
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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16
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Arruda LCM, Lima-Júnior JR, Clave E, Moraes DA, Douay C, Fournier I, Moins-Teisserenc H, Covas DT, Simões BP, Farge D, Toubert A, Malmegrim KCR, Oliveira MC. Homeostatic proliferation leads to telomere attrition and increased PD-1 expression after autologous hematopoietic SCT for systemic sclerosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1319-1327. [PMID: 29670207 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the months that follow autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), lymphopenia drives homeostatic proliferation, leading to oligoclonal expansion of residual cells. Here we evaluated how replicative senescent and exhausted cells associated with clinical outcomes of 25 systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients who underwent AHSCT. Patients were clinically monitored for skin (modified Rodnan's skin score, mRSS) and internal organ involvement and had blood samples collected before and semiannually, until 3 years post-AHSCT, for quantification of telomere length, CD8+CD28- and PD-1+ cells, and serum cytokines. Patients were retrospectively classified as responders (n = 19) and non-responders (n = 6), according to clinical outcomes. At 6 months post-AHSCT, mRSS decreased (P < 0.001) and the pulmonary function stabilized, when compared with pre-transplant measures. In parallel, inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) levels and telomere lengths decreased, whereas PD-1 expression on T-cells and the number of CD8+CD28- cells expressing CD57 and FoxP3 increased. After AHSCT, responder patients presented higher PD-1 expression on T- (P < 0.05) and B- (P < 0.01) cells, and lower TGF-β, IL-6, G-CSF (P < 0.01), and IL-1β, IL-17A, MIP-1α, and IL-12 (P < 0.05) levels than non-responders. Homeostatic proliferation after AHSCT results in transient telomere attrition and increased numbers of senescent and exhausted cells. High PD-1 expression is associated with better clinical outcomes after AHSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C M Arruda
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João R Lima-Júnior
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Bioscience Appliedto Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Clave
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniela A Moraes
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Corinne Douay
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moins-Teisserenc
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dimas T Covas
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Belinda P Simões
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dominique Farge
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Unité Clinique de Médecine Interne, Maladies Autoimmunes et Pathologie Vasculaire, UF 04 AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Denis Diderot University (Paris 7), Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERM UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis-APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kelen C R Malmegrim
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Oliveira
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Massey JC, Sutton IJ, Ma DDF, Moore JJ. Regenerating Immunotolerance in Multiple Sclerosis with Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Front Immunol 2018; 9:410. [PMID: 29593711 PMCID: PMC5857574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system where evidence implicates an aberrant adaptive immune response in the accrual of neurological disability. The inflammatory phase of the disease responds to immunomodulation to varying degrees of efficacy; however, no therapy has been proven to arrest progression of disability. Recently, more intensive therapies, including immunoablation with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), have been offered as a treatment option to retard inflammatory disease, prior to patients becoming irreversibly disabled. Empirical clinical observations support the notion that the immune reconstitution (IR) that occurs following AHSCT is associated with a sustained therapeutic benefit; however, neither the pathogenesis of MS nor the mechanism by which AHSCT results in a therapeutic benefit has been clearly delineated. Although the antigenic target of the aberrant immune response in MS is not defined, accumulated data suggest that IR following AHSCT results in an immunotolerant state through deletion of pathogenic clones by a combination of direct ablation and induction of a lymphopenic state driving replicative senescence and clonal attrition. Restoration of immunoregulation is evidenced by changes in regulatory T cell populations following AHSCT and normalization of genetic signatures of immune homeostasis. Furthermore, some evidence exists that AHSCT may induce a rebooting of thymic function and regeneration of a diversified naïve T cell repertoire equipped to appropriately modulate the immune system in response to future antigenic challenge. In this review, we discuss the immunological mechanisms of IR therapies, focusing on AHSCT, as a means of recalibrating the dysfunctional immune response observed in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Massey
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian J Sutton
- Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David D F Ma
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Moore
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Harris KM, Lu T, Lim N, Turka LA. Challenges and Opportunities for Biomarkers of Clinical Response to AHSCT in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:100. [PMID: 29456529 PMCID: PMC5801415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity represents a broad category of diseases that involve a variety of organ targets and distinct autoantigens. For patients with autoimmune diseases who fail to respond to approved disease-modifying treatments, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) after high-dose immunosuppressive therapy provides an alternative strategy. Although more than 100 studies have been published on AHSCT efficacy in autoimmunity, the mechanisms that confer long-term disease remission as opposed to continued deterioration or disease reactivation remain to be determined. In a phase II clinical trial, high-dose immunosuppressive therapy combined with autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell transplant in treatment-resistant, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) resulted in 69.2% of participants achieving long-term remission through 60 months follow-up. Flow cytometry data from the 24 transplanted participants in the high-dose immunosuppression and autologous stem cell transplantation for poor prognosis multiple sclerosis (HALT-MS) trial are presented to illustrate immune reconstitution out to 36 months in patients with aggressive RRMS treated with AHSCT and to highlight experimental challenges inherent in identifying biomarkers for relapse and long-term remission through 60 months follow-up. AHSCT induced changes in numbers of CD4 T cells and in the composition of CD4 and CD8 T cells that persisted through 36 months in participants who maintained disease remission through 60 months. However, changes in T cell phenotypes studied were unable to clearly discriminate durable remission from disease reactivation after AHSCT, possibly due to the small sample size, limited phenotypes evaluated in this real-time assay, and other limitations of the HALT-MS study population. Strategies and future opportunities for identifying biomarkers of clinical outcome to AHSCT in autoimmunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tingting Lu
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Noha Lim
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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