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Gardam B, Gargett T, Brown MP, Ebert LM. Targeting the dendritic cell-T cell axis to develop effective immunotherapies for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261257. [PMID: 37928547 PMCID: PMC10623138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive primary brain tumor that has seen few advances in treatments for over 20 years. In response to this desperate clinical need, multiple immunotherapy strategies are under development, including CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell vaccines, although these approaches are yet to yield significant clinical benefit. Potential reasons for the lack of success so far include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier, and systemic changes to the immune system driven by both the tumor and its treatment. Furthermore, while T cells are essential effector cells for tumor control, dendritic cells play an equally important role in T cell activation, and emerging evidence suggests the dendritic cell compartment may be deeply compromised in glioblastoma patients. In this review, we describe the immunotherapy approaches currently under development for glioblastoma and the challenges faced, with a particular emphasis on the critical role of the dendritic cell-T cell axis. We suggest a number of strategies that could be used to boost dendritic cell number and function and propose that the use of these in combination with T cell-targeting strategies could lead to successful tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gardam
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and South Australia (SA) Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and South Australia (SA) Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and South Australia (SA) Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and South Australia (SA) Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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2
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Hu X, Jiang C, Gao Y, Xue X. Human dendritic cell subsets in the glioblastoma-associated microenvironment. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578147. [PMID: 37643497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of glioma (Grade IV). The presence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) has been associated with improved outcomes in patients with GBM, and it is believed that the activation of CTLs by dendritic cells may play a critical role in controlling the growth of GBM. DCs are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-GBM immunity. DCs can subsequently differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), conventional DC1 (cDC1), conventional (cDC2), and monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) depending on environmental exposure. The different subsets of DCs exhibit varying functional capabilities in antigen presentation and T cell activation in producing an antitumor response. In this review, we focus on recent studies describing the phenotypic and functional characteristics of DC subsets in humans and their respective antitumor immunity and immunotolerance roles in the GBM-associated microenvironment. The critical components of crosstalk between DC subsets that contribute significantly to GBM-specific immune responses are also highlighted in this review with reference to the latest literature. Since DCs could be prime targets for therapeutic intervention, it is worth summarizing the relevance of DC subsets with respect to GBM-associated immunologic tolerance and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Xingkui Xue
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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3
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Rosso DA, Rosato M, Iturrizaga J, González N, Shiromizu CM, Keitelman IA, Coronel JV, Gómez FD, Amaral MM, Rabadan AT, Salamone GV, Jancic CC. Glioblastoma cells potentiate the induction of the Th1-like profile in phosphoantigen-stimulated γδ T lymphocytes. J Neurooncol 2021; 153:403-415. [PMID: 34125375 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE γδ T lymphocytes are non-conventional T cells that participate in protective immunity and tumor surveillance. In healthy humans, the main subset of circulating γδ T cells express the TCRVγ9Vδ2. This subset responds to non-peptide prenyl-pyrophosphate antigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP). This unique feature of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells makes them a candidate for anti-tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we investigated the response of HMBPP-activated Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. METHODS Human purified γδ T cells were stimulated with HMBPP (1 µM) and incubated with GBM cells (U251, U373 and primary GBM cultures) or their conditioned medium. After overnight incubation, expression of CD69 and perforin was evaluated by flow cytometry and cytokines production by ELISA. As well, we performed a meta-analysis of transcriptomic data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS HMBPP-stimulated γδ T cells cultured with GBM or its conditioned medium increased CD69, intracellular perforin, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic data showed that GBM patients display better overall survival when mRNA TRGV9, the Vγ9 chain-encoding gene, was expressed in high levels. Moreover, its expression was higher in low-grade GBM compared to GBM. Interestingly, there was an association between γδ T cell infiltrates and TNF-α expression in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION GBM cells enhanced Th1-like profile differentiation in phosphoantigen-stimulated γδ T cells. Our results reinforce data that have demonstrated the implication of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the control of GBM, and this knowledge is fundamental to the development of immunotherapeutic protocols to treat GBM based on γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rosso
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela Rosato
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Iturrizaga
- División Neurocirugía, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nazareno González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED) - Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina M Shiromizu
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene A Keitelman
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan V Coronel
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando D Gómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra T Rabadan
- División Neurocirugía, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina C Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental - CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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George CN, Canuas-Landero V, Theodoulou E, Muthana M, Wilson C, Ottewell P. Oestrogen and zoledronic acid driven changes to the bone and immune environments: Potential mechanisms underlying the differential anti-tumour effects of zoledronic acid in pre- and post-menopausal conditions. J Bone Oncol 2020; 25:100317. [PMID: 32995253 PMCID: PMC7516134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Late stage breast cancer commonly metastasises to bone and patient survival averages 2-3 years following diagnosis of bone involvement. One of the most successful treatments for bone metastases is the bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZOL). ZOL has been used in the advanced setting for many years where it has been shown to reduce skeletal complications associated with bone metastasis. More recently, several large adjuvant clinical trials have demonstrated that administration of ZOL can prevent recurrence and improve survival when given in early breast cancer. However, these promising effects were only observed in post-menopausal women with confirmed low concentrations of circulating ovarian hormones. In this review we focus on potential interactions between the ovarian hormone, oestrogen, and ZOL to establish credible hypotheses that could explain why anti-tumour effects are specific to post-menopausal women. Specifically, we discuss the molecular and immune cell driven mechanisms by which ZOL and oestrogen affect the tumour microenvironment to inhibit/induce tumour growth and how oestrogen can interact with zoledronic acid to inhibit its anti-tumour actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. George
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Canuas-Landero
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Elizavet Theodoulou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Ottewell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Hou X, Chen J, Zhang Q, Fan Y, Xiang C, Zhou G, Cao F, Yao S. Interaction network of immune-associated genes affecting the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:61. [PMID: 33365061 PMCID: PMC7716634 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common malignant tumor type of the nervous system. The purpose of the present study was to establish a regulatory network of immune-associated genes affecting the prognosis of patients with GBM. The GSE4290, GSE50161 and GSE2223 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were screened to identify common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs). A functional enrichment analysis indicated that the co-DEGs were mainly enriched in cell communication, regulation of enzyme activity, immune response, nervous system, cytokine signaling in immune system and the AKT signaling pathway. The co-DEGs accumulated in immune response were then further investigated. For this, the intersection of those co-DEGs and currently known immune-regulatory genes was obtained and a differential expression analysis of these overlapping immune-associated genes was performed. A risk model was established using immune-regulatory genes that affect the prognosis of patients with GBM. The risk score was significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with GBM and had a significant independent predictive value. The risk model had high accuracy in predicting the prognosis of patients with GBM [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.764], which was higher than that of a previously reported model of prognosis-associated biomarkers (AUC=0.667). Furthermore, an interaction network was constructed by using immune-regulatory genes and transcription factors affecting the prognosis of patients with GBM and the University of California Santa Cruz database was used to perform a preliminary analysis of the transcription factors and immune genes of interest. The interaction network of immune-regulatory genes constructed in the present study enhances the current understanding of mechanisms associated with poor prognosis of patients with GBM. The risk score model established in the present study may be used to evaluate the prognosis of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Hou
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yinchun Fan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Chengming Xiang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Guiyin Zhou
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Kang X, Zheng Y, Hong W, Chen X, Li H, Huang B, Huang Z, Tang H, Geng W. Recent Advances in Immune Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:544563. [PMID: 33193310 PMCID: PMC7609403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.544563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of astrocytoma with short survival and a high recurrence rate and remains a global problem. Currently, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other comprehensive treatments are the main treatment modalities, but patients still have a poor prognosis mainly due to the infiltrative growth of GBM and the protective effect of the blood–brain barrier on tumor cells. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a good option for GBM. In the immune system, different cells play varying roles in the treatment of GBM, so understanding the roles played by various immune cells in treating GBM and considering how to combine these effects to maximize the efficacy of these cells is important for the selection of comprehensive and optimal treatment plans and improving GBM prognosis. Therefore, this study reviews the latest research progress on the role of various types of immune cells in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Zheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiting Li
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baojun Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenyang Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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