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Huang Y, Cao J, Zhu M, Wang Z, Jin Z, Xiong Z. Nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A double-edged sword. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127796. [PMID: 38870618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The contribution of commensal microbes to human health and disease is unknown. Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) is an opportunistic pathogen and a common colonizer of the human gut. Nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) and enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) are two kinds of B. fragilis. NTBF has been shown to affect the host immune system and interact with gut microbes and pathogenic microbes. Previous studies indicated that certain strains of B. fragilis have the potential to serve as probiotics, based on their observed relationship with the immune system. However, several recent studies have shown detrimental effects on the host when beneficial gut bacteria are found in the digestive system or elsewhere. In some pathological conditions, NTBF may have adverse reactions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of NTBF ecology from the host-microbe perspective, encompassing molecular disease mechanisms analysis, bacteria-bacteria interaction, bacteria-host interaction, and the intricate ecological context of the gut. Our review provides much-needed insights into the precise application of NTBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengpei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ze Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhifan Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Saki N, Hadi H, Keikhaei B, Mirzaei A, Purrahman D. Gut microbiome composition and dysbiosis in immune thrombocytopenia: A review of literature. Blood Rev 2024:101219. [PMID: 38862311 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder characterized by excessive reticuloendothelial platelet destruction and inadequate compensatory platelet production. However, the pathogenesis of ITP is relatively complex, and its exact mechanisms and etiology have not been definitively established. The gut microbiome, namely a diverse community of symbiotic microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal system, affects health through involvement in human metabolism, immune modulation, and maintaining physiological balance. Emerging evidence reveals that the gut microbiome composition differs in patients with ITP compared to healthy individuals, which is related with platelet count, disease duration, and response to treatment. These findings suggest that the microbiome and metabolome profiles of individuals could unveil a new pathway for aiding diagnosis, predicting prognosis, assessing treatment response, and formulating personalized therapeutic approaches for ITP. However, due to controversial reports, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn, and further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Hadi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bijan Keikhaei
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Remesh AT, Viswanathan R. CrAss-Like Phages: From Discovery in Human Fecal Metagenome to Application as a Microbial Source Tracking Marker. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:121-135. [PMID: 38413544 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
CrAss-like phages are a diverse group of bacteriophages genetically similar to the prototypical crAssphage (p-crAssphage), which was discovered in the human gut microbiome through a metagenomics approach. It was identified as a ubiquitous and highly abundant bacteriophage group in the gut microbiome. Initial co-occurrence analysis postulated Bacteroides spp. as the prospective bacterial host. Subsequent studies have confirmed multiple host species under Phylum Bacteroidetes and some Firmicutes. Detection of crAss-like phages in sewage-contaminated environmental water and robust correlation with enteric viruses and bacteria has culminated in their adoption as a microbial source tracking (MST) marker. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR assays have been developed utilizing the conserved genes in the p-crAssphage genome to detect human fecal contamination of different water sources, with high specificity. Numerous investigations have examined the implications of crAss-like phages in diverse disease conditions, including ulcerative colitis, obesity and metabolic syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic eczema, and other autoimmune disorders. These studies have unveiled associations between certain diseases and diminished abundance and diversity of crAss-like phages. This review offers insights into the diverse aspects of research on crAss-like phages, including their discovery, genomic characteristics, structure, taxonomy, isolation, molecular detection, application as an MST marker, and role as a gut microbiome modulator with consequential health implications.
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Vitale AM, Paladino L, Caruso Bavisotto C, Barone R, Rappa F, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Interplay between the Chaperone System and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis: Is Molecular Mimicry the Missing Link between Those Two Factors? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5608. [PMID: 38891798 PMCID: PMC11171487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by self-immune tolerance breakdown and the production of autoantibodies, causing the deposition of immune complexes and triggering inflammation and immune-mediated damage. SLE pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition and a combination of environmental factors. Clinical manifestations are variable, making an early diagnosis challenging. Heat shock proteins (Hsps), belonging to the chaperone system, interact with the immune system, acting as pro-inflammatory factors, autoantigens, as well as immune tolerance promoters. Increased levels of some Hsps and the production of autoantibodies against them are correlated with SLE onset and progression. The production of these autoantibodies has been attributed to molecular mimicry, occurring upon viral and bacterial infections, since they are evolutionary highly conserved. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with the occurrence and severity of SLE. Numerous findings suggest that proteins and metabolites of commensal bacteria can mimic autoantigens, inducing autoimmunity, because of molecular mimicry. Here, we propose that shared epitopes between human Hsps and those of gut commensal bacteria cause the production of anti-Hsp autoantibodies that cross-react with human molecules, contributing to SLE pathogenesis. Thus, the involvement of the chaperone system, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and molecular mimicry in SLE ought to be coordinately studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (C.C.B.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.G.)
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5
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Cang W, Li X, Tang J, Wang Y, Mu D, Wu C, Shi H, Shi L, Wu J, Wu R. Therapeutic Potential of Bacteroides fragilis SNBF-1 as a Next-Generation Probiotic: In Vitro Efficacy in Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Activity. Foods 2024; 13:735. [PMID: 38472847 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of aerotolerant Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) strains as next-generation probiotics (NGPs), focusing on their adaptability in the gastrointestinal environment, safety profile, and probiotic functions. From 23 healthy infant fecal samples, we successfully isolated 56 beneficial B. fragilis strains. Notably, the SNBF-1 strain demonstrated superior cholesterol removal efficiency in HepG2 cells, outshining all other strains by achieving a remarkable reduction in cholesterol by 55.38 ± 2.26%. Comprehensive genotype and phenotype analyses were conducted, including sugar utilization and antibiotic sensitivity tests, leading to the development of an optimized growth medium for SNBF-1. SNBF-1 also demonstrated robust and consistent antioxidant activity, particularly in cell-free extracts, as evidenced by an average oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of 1.061 and a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability of 94.53 ± 7.31%. The regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by SNBF-1 was assessed in the insulin-resistant HepG2 cell line. In enzyme inhibition assays, SNBF-1 showed significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, with rates of 87.04 ± 2.03% and 37.82 ± 1.36%, respectively. Furthermore, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of SNBF-1 enhanced glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, indicating improved cellular energy metabolism. This was consistent with the observation that the CFS of SNBF-1 increased the proliferation of HepG2 cells by 123.77 ± 0.82% compared to that of the control. Overall, this research significantly enhances our understanding of NGPs and their potential therapeutic applications in modulating the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihe Cang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiayi Tang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Delun Mu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chunting Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
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English J, Patrick S, Stewart LD. The potential role of molecular mimicry by the anaerobic microbiome in the aetiology of autoimmune disease. Anaerobe 2023; 80:102721. [PMID: 36940867 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are thought to develop as a consequence of various environmental and genetic factors, each of which contributes to dysfunctional immune responses and/or a breakdown in immunological tolerance towards native structures. Molecular mimicry by microbial components is among the environmental factors thought to promote a breakdown in immune tolerance, particularly through the presence of cross-reactive epitopes shared with the human host. While resident members of the microbiome are essential promoters of human health through immunomodulation, defence against pathogenic colonisation and conversion of dietary fibre into nutritional resources for host tissues, there may be an underappreciated role of these microbes in the aetiology and/or progression of autoimmune disease. An increasing number of molecular mimics are being identified amongst the anaerobic microbiota which structurally resemble endogenous components and, in some cases, for example the human ubiquitin mimic of Bacteroides fragilis and DNA methyltransferase of Roseburia intestinalis, have been associated with promoting antibody profiles characteristic of autoimmune diseases. The persistent exposure of molecular mimics from the microbiota to the human immune system is likely to be involved in autoantibody production that contributes to the pathologies associated with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Here-in, examples of molecular mimics that have been identified among resident members of the human microbiome and their ability to induce autoimmune disease through cross-reactive autoantibody production are discussed. Improved awareness of the molecular mimics that exist among human colonisers will help elucidate the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of immune tolerance that ultimately lead to chronic inflammation and downstream disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie English
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast. 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast. 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK; The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Linda D Stewart
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast. 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
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7
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Characteristics of gut microbiota in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome in Northern China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277270. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes and compares the structure and diversity of gut microbiota in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) in Northern China to healthy individuals to identify clinical features associated with dysbiosis. We included 60 Chinese pSS patients and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. DNA was extracted from stool samples and subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis (V3-V4) for intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, patients were examined for laboratory and serological pSS features. A Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to assess correlations between individual bacteria taxa and clinical characteristics. The alpha-diversity (Chao1 and Shannon Index) and beta-diversity (unweighted UniFrac distances) of the gut microbiota differed significantly between pSS patients and healthy controls. Further analysis showed that several gut opportunistic pathogens (Bacteroides, Megamonas, and Veillonella) were significantly more abundant in pSS patients and positively correlated with their clinical indicators. In contrast, some probiotic genera (Collinsella, unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, Romboutsia, and Dorea) were significantly decreased in pSS patients and negatively correlated with their clinical indicators. Therefore, pSS patients in Northern China showed a dysbiotic intestinal microbiome enriched for potentially pathogenic genera that might be associated with autoimmune disease.
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8
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Liu L, Tian F, Li GY, Xu W, Xia R. The effects and significance of gut microbiota and its metabolites on the regulation of osteoarthritis: Close coordination of gut-bone axis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1012087. [PMID: 36204373 PMCID: PMC9530816 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1012087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative disease of articular cartilage in middle-aged and older individuals, which can result in the joint pain and dysfunction, and even cause the joint deformity or disability. With the enhancing process of global aging, OA has gradually become a major public health problem worldwide. Explaining pathogenesis of OA is critical for the development of new preventive and therapeutic interventions. In recent years, gut microbiota (GM) has been generally regarded as a “multifunctional organ,” which is closely relevant with a variety of immune, metabolic and inflammatory functions. Meanwhile, more and more human and animal researches have indicated the existence of gut-bone axis and suggested that GM and its metabolites are closely involved in the pathogenic process of OA, which might become a potential and promising intervention target. Based on the close coordination of gut-bone axis, this review aims to summarize and discuss the mechanisms of GM and its metabolites influencing OA from the aspects of the intestinal mucosal barrier modulation, intestinal metabolites modulation, immune modulation and strategies for the prevention or treatment of OA based on perspectives of GM and its metabolites, thus providing a profound knowledge and recognition of it.
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9
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Belvoncikova P, Maronek M, Gardlik R. Gut Dysbiosis and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810729. [PMID: 36142642 PMCID: PMC9503867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has recently been reported in a number of clinical states, including neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Yet, it is not completely understood how colonizing microorganisms are implicated in their pathophysiology and molecular pathways. There are a number of suggested mechanisms of how gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers or sustains extraintestinal diseases; however, none of these have been widely accepted as part of the disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have proposed that gut microbiota and its metabolites could play a pivotal role in the modulation of immune system responses and the development of autoimmunity in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a valuable tool for uncovering the role of gut microbiota in the pathological processes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about gut microbiota dysbiosis and the potential of FMT in studying the pathogeneses and therapies of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we discuss the extraintestinal autoimmune pathologies with at least one published or ongoing FMT study in human or animal models.
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Thomas GH. Microbial musings - Summer 2022. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36136400 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, PO Box 373, UK
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11
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Patrick S. A tale of two habitats: Bacteroides fragilis, a lethal pathogen and resident in the human gastrointestinal microbiome. Microbiology (Reading) 2022; 168. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis
is an obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium and a major colonizer of the human large colon where
Bacteroides
is a predominant genus. During the growth of an individual clonal population, an astonishing number of reversible DNA inversion events occur, driving within-strain diversity. Additionally, the
B. fragilis
pan-genome contains a large pool of diverse polysaccharide biosynthesis loci, DNA restriction/modification systems and polysaccharide utilization loci, which generates remarkable between-strain diversity. Diversity clearly contributes to the success of
B. fragilis
within its normal habitat of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and during infection in the extra-intestinal host environment. Within the GI tract,
B. fragilis
is usually symbiotic, for example providing localized nutrients for the gut epithelium, but
B. fragilis
within the GI tract may not always be benign. Metalloprotease toxin production is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.
B. fragilis
is unique amongst bacteria; some strains export a protein >99 % structurally similar to human ubiquitin and antigenically cross-reactive, which suggests a link to autoimmune diseases.
B. fragilis
is not a primary invasive enteric pathogen; however, if colonic contents contaminate the extra-intestinal host environment, it successfully adapts to this new habitat and causes infection; classically peritoneal infection arising from rupture of an inflamed appendix or GI surgery, which if untreated, can progress to bacteraemia and death. In this review selected aspects of
B. fragilis
adaptation to the different habitats of the GI tract and the extra-intestinal host environment are considered, along with the considerable challenges faced when studying this highly variable bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Patrick
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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12
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Zhou H, Beltrán JF, Brito IL. Host-microbiome protein-protein interactions capture disease-relevant pathways. Genome Biol 2022; 23:72. [PMID: 35246229 PMCID: PMC8895870 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host-microbe interactions are crucial for normal physiological and immune system development and are implicated in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite large-scale case-control studies aimed at identifying microbial taxa or genes involved in pathogeneses, the mechanisms linking them to disease have thus far remained elusive. Results To identify potential pathways through which human-associated bacteria impact host health, we leverage publicly-available interspecies protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to find clusters of microbiome-derived proteins with high sequence identity to known human-protein interactors. We observe differential targeting of putative human-interacting bacterial genes in nine independent metagenomic studies, finding evidence that the microbiome broadly targets human proteins involved in immune, oncogenic, apoptotic, and endocrine signaling pathways in relation to IBD, CRC, obesity, and T2D diagnoses. Conclusions This host-centric analysis provides a mechanistic hypothesis-generating platform and extensively adds human functional annotation to commensal bacterial proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02643-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan Felipe Beltrán
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ilana Lauren Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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13
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Becker HEF, Jamin C, Bervoets L, Boleij A, Xu P, Pierik MJ, Stassen FRM, Savelkoul PHM, Penders J, Jonkers DMAE. Higher Prevalence of Bacteroides fragilis in Crohn's Disease Exacerbations and Strain-Dependent Increase of Epithelial Resistance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:598232. [PMID: 34168621 PMCID: PMC8219053 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.598232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis has previously been linked to Crohn's disease (CD) exacerbations, but results are inconsistent and underlying mechanisms unknown. This study investigates the epidemiology of B. fragilis and its virulence factors bft (enterotoxin) and ubiquitin among 181 CD patients and the impact on the intestinal epithelial barrier in vitro. The prevalence of B. fragilis was significantly higher in active (n = 69/88, 78.4%) as compared to remissive (n = 58/93, 62.4%, p = 0.018) CD patients. Moreover, B. fragilis was associated with intestinal strictures. Interestingly, the intestinal barrier function, as examined by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements of Caco-2 monolayers, increased when exposed to secretomes of bft-positive (bft-1 and bft-2 isotype; increased TEER ∼160%, p < 0.001) but not when exposed to bft-negative strains. Whole metagenome sequencing and metabolomics, respectively, identified nine coding sequences and two metabolites that discriminated TEER-increasing from non-TEER-increasing strains. This study revealed a higher B. fragilis prevalence during exacerbation. Surprisingly, bft-positive secretomes increased epithelial resistance, but we excluded Bft as the likely causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E. F. Becker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Casper Jamin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Liene Bervoets
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Pan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marie J. Pierik
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frank R. M. Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul H. M. Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daisy M. A. E. Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
The functional diversity of the mammalian intestinal microbiome far exceeds that of the host organism, and microbial genes contribute substantially to the well-being of the host. However, beneficial gut organisms can also be pathogenic when present in the gut or other locations in the body. Among dominant beneficial bacteria are several species of Bacteroides, which metabolize polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, providing nutrition and vitamins to the host and other intestinal microbial residents. These topics and the specific organismal and molecular interactions that are known to be responsible for the beneficial and detrimental effects of Bacteroides species in humans comprise the focus of this review. The complexity of these interactions will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara,Okara, PunjabPakistan
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, USA
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15
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Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulatory Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1430605. [PMID: 32963490 PMCID: PMC7499318 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1430605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases caused by abnormal immune activation and immune tolerance. Immunomodulatory cells (ICs) play a critical role in the maintenance and homeostasis of normal immune function and in the pathogenesis of RA. The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal microbiota on the mucosal surface that play a fundamental role in the induction, maintenance, and function of the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis can impact both the local and systemic immune systems and further contribute to various diseases, such as RA. The neighbouring intestinal ICs located in distinct intestinal mucosa may be the most likely intermediary by which the gut microbiota can affect the occurrence and development of RA. However, the reciprocal interaction between the components of the gut microbiota and their microbial metabolites with distinct ICs and how this interaction may impact the development of RA are not well studied. Therefore, a better understanding of the gut microbiota, ICs, and their interactions might improve our knowledge of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota contribute to RA and facilitate the further development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we have summarized the roles of the gut microbiota in the immunopathogenesis of RA, especially the interactions between the gut microbiota and ICs, and further discussed the strategies for treating RA by targeting/regulating the gut microbiota.
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16
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Halsey T, Ologun G, Wargo J, Jenq RR. Uncovering the role of the gut microbiota in immune checkpoint blockade therapy: A mini-review. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:13-18. [PMID: 32690139 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the microbiota has been implicated as a key factor associated with both response and toxicity from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Numerous studies have been published that specifically highlight the importance of the microbiome as a distinct influencer of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 activity in cancer patients, but a full understanding of mechanisms behind these interactions has yet to be achieved. With greater insight into how the microbiome can modulate immune checkpoint blockade comes the potential to target the microbiome to improve response rates and minimize toxicities. This mini-review looks at noteworthy studies that have explored the relationship between the microbiome and immune checkpoint blockade response and toxicity in both preclinical and clinical studies, with an emphasis on current hypotheses regarding mechanisms of action and potential microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Halsey
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gabriel Ologun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Departments of Genomic Medicine and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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17
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Yi M, Jiao D, Qin S, Chu Q, Li A, Wu K. Manipulating Gut Microbiota Composition to Enhance the Therapeutic Effect of Cancer Immunotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419876351. [PMID: 31517538 PMCID: PMC7242797 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419876351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a growing set of immunotherapies including immune checkpoint
blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies propelled
the advancement of oncology therapeutics. Accumulating evidence demonstrates
that immunotherapy could eliminate tumors better than traditional chemotherapy
or radiotherapy with lower risk of adverse events in numerous cancer types.
Unfortunately, a substantial proportion of patients eventually acquire
resistance to immunotherapy. By analyzing the differences between
immunotherapy-sensitive and immunotherapy-resistant populations, it was noticed
that the composition of gut microbiota is closely related to treatment effect.
Moreover, in xenograft models, interventional regulation of gut microbiota could
effectively enhance efficacy and relieve resistance during immunotherapy. Thus,
we believe that gut microbiota composition might be helpful to explain the
heterogeneity of treatment effect, and manipulating gut microbiota could be a
promising adjuvant treatment for cancer immunotherapy. In this mini review, we
focus on the latest understanding of the cross-talk between gut microbiota and
host immunity. Moreover, we highlight the role of gut microbiota in cancer
immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibitor and adoptive cell
transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Herbert M, Kharrazian D. Correlation between Antibodies to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Barrier Proteins in Sera Positive for ASCA and ANCA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041381. [PMID: 32085663 PMCID: PMC7073094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intestinal barrier dysfunction are more prone to autoimmunity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gut bacteria have been shown to play a role in systemic inflammation, leading to the opening of the gut and blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to measure antibodies against LPS and barrier proteins in samples positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and compare them with these same antibodies in controls to determine whether a correlation between LPS and barrier proteins could be found. We obtained 94 ASCA- and 94 ANCA-positive blood samples, as well as 188 blood samples from healthy controls. Samples were assessed for antibodies to LPS, zonulin+occludin, S100B, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Results show significant elevation in antibodies in about 30% of ASCA- and ANCA-positive sera and demonstrate positive linear relationships between these antibodies. The findings suggest that individuals positive for ASCA and ANCA have increased odds of developing intestinal and BBB permeability compared to healthy subjects. The levels of LPS antibodies in both ASCA- and ANCA-positive and negative specimens showed from low and moderate to high correlation with antibodies to barrier proteins. This study shows that LPS, by damaging the gut and BBBs, contribute to the extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD. We conclude that IBD patients should be screened for LPS antibodies in an effort to detect or prevent possible barrier damage at the earliest stage possible to abrogate disease symptoms in IBS and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc. 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-657-1077
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA;
| | - Martha Herbert
- Martha Herbert, Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Rm CNY149-2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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19
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Zhou C, Zhao H, Xiao XY, Chen BD, Guo RJ, Wang Q, Chen H, Zhao LD, Zhang CC, Jiao YH, Ju YM, Yang HX, Fei YY, Wang L, Shen M, Li H, Wang XH, Lu X, Yang B, Liu JJ, Li J, Peng LY, Zheng WJ, Zhang CY, Zhou JX, Wu QJ, Yang YJ, Su JM, Shi Q, Wu D, Zhang W, Zhang FC, Jia HJ, Liu DP, Jie ZY, Zhang X. Metagenomic profiling of the pro-inflammatory gut microbiota in ankylosing spondylitis. J Autoimmun 2019; 107:102360. [PMID: 31806420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut dysbiosis has been reported implicated in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common chronic inflammatory disease mainly affects sacroiliac joints and spine. Utilizing deep sequencing on the feces of untreated AS patients, our study aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of AS gut microbiota. METHODS We analyzed the fecal metagenome of 85 untreated AS patients and 62 healthy controls by metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and 23 post-treatment feces of those AS patients were collected for comparison. Comparative analyses among different cohorts including AS, rheumatoid arthritis and Behcet's disease were performed to uncover some common signatures related to inflammatory arthritis. Molecular mimicry of a microbial peptide was also demonstrated by ELISpot assay. RESULTS We identified AS-enriched species including Bacteroides coprophilus, Parabacteroides distasonis, Eubacterium siraeum, Acidaminococcus fermentans and Prevotella copri. Pathway analysis revealed increased oxidative phosphorylation, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and glycosaminoglycan degradation in AS gut microbiota. Microbial signatures of AS gut selected by random forest model showed high distinguishing accuracy. Some common signatures related to autoimmunity, such as Bacteroides fragilis and type III secretion system (T3SS), were also found. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated an increased amount of IFN-γ producing cells triggered by a bacterial peptide of AS-enriched species, mimicking type II collagen. CONCLUSIONS These findings collectively indicate that gut microbiota was perturbed in untreated AS patients with diagnostic potential, and some AS-enriched species might be triggers of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. Additionally, different inflammatory arthritis shared some common microbial signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xin-Yue Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bei-di Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Qi Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Yu-Hao Jiao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Hua-Xia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Huaian No.1 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Xiao-Han Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Anyang District Hospital, Anyang, Henan, 455002, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin-Jing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin-Yi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing-Jun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin-Mei Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qun Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng-Chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - De-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | | | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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