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Blanton LV, San Roman AK, Wood G, Buscetta A, Banks N, Skaletsky H, Godfrey AK, Pham TT, Hughes JF, Brown LG, Kruszka P, Lin AE, Kastner DL, Muenke M, Page DC. Stable and robust Xi and Y transcriptomes drive cell-type-specific autosomal and Xa responses in vivo and in vitro in four human cell types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585578. [PMID: 38562807 PMCID: PMC10983990 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies of human sex chromosome aneuploidy showed that the Xi ("inactive" X) and Y chromosomes broadly modulate autosomal and Xa ("active" X) gene expression in two cell types. We tested these findings in vivo in two additional cell types. Using linear modeling in CD4+ T cells and monocytes from individuals with one to three X chromosomes and zero to two Y chromosomes, we identified 82 sex-chromosomal and 344 autosomal genes whose expression changed significantly with Xi and/or Y dosage in vivo . Changes in sex-chromosomal expression were remarkably constant in vivo and in vitro across all four cell types examined. In contrast, autosomal responses to Xi and/or Y dosage were largely cell-type-specific, with up to 2.6-fold more variation than sex-chromosomal responses. Targets of the X- and Y-encoded transcription factors ZFX and ZFY accounted for a significant fraction of these autosomal responses both in vivo and in vitro . We conclude that the human Xi and Y transcriptomes are surprisingly robust and stable across the four cell types examined, yet they modulate autosomal and Xa genes - and cell function - in a cell-type-specific fashion. These emerging principles offer a foundation for exploring the wide-ranging regulatory roles of the sex chromosomes across the human body.
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Tian L, Yu Y, Mao Z, Xu D, Zhang H, Qiao M, Chen T, Liu W. Genes and Pathways Underpinning Klinefelter Syndrome at Bulk and Single-Cell Levels. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10689-6. [PMID: 38374521 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent genetic anomaly in infertile men. Given its unclear mechanism, we aim to investigate critical genes and pathways in the pathogenesis of KS based on three bulk and one single-cell transcriptome data sets from Gene Expression Omnibus. We merged two data sets (GSE42331 and GSE47584) with human KS whole blood samples. When comparing the control and KS samples, five hub genes, including defensin alpha 4 (DEFA4), bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), intelectin 1 (ITLN1), and Xg Glycoprotein (XG), were identified. Besides, infiltrated degree of certain immune cells such as CD56bright NK cell were positively associated with the expression of ITLN1 and XG. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis identified upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in KS. Gene set enrichment analysis followed by gene set variation analysis confirmed the upregulation of G2M checkpoint and heme metabolism in KS. Thereafter, the GSE200680 data set was used for external validation of the expression variation of hub genes from healthy to KS testicular samples, and each hub gene yielded excellent discriminatory capability for KS without exception. At the single-cell level, the GSE136353 data set was utilized to evaluate intercellular communication between different cell types in KS patient, and strong correlations were detected between macrophages/ dendritic cells/ NK cells and the other cell types. Collectively, we provided hub genes, pathways, immune cell infiltration degree, and cell-cell communication in KS, warranting novel insights into the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Tian
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Mao
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkai Qiao
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250001, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, China.
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Paparella R, Ferraguti G, Fiore M, Menghi M, Micangeli G, Tarani F, Ligotino A, Messina MP, Ceccanti M, Minni A, Barbato C, Lucarelli M, Tarani L, Petrella C. Serum Lipocalin-2 Levels as a Biomarker in Pre- and Post-Pubertal Klinefelter Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2214. [PMID: 38396890 PMCID: PMC10889401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a male genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome, causing endocrine disorders mainly responsible for a high rate of infertility and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Scientific research is interested in identifying new biomarkers that can be predictive or prognostic of alterations strictly connected to KS. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2, also known as NGAL) is a small protein initially identified within neutrophils as a protein related to innate immunity. Serum LCN-2 estimation seems to be a useful tool in predicting the metabolic complications caused by several pathological conditions. However, little is known about its potential role in infertility conditions. The present pilot study aims to investigate the presence of LCN-2 in the serum of a group of pre-pubertal and post-pubertal children affected by KS, compared to healthy controls. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of elevated levels of LCN-2 in the serum of KS patients, compared to controls. This increase was accompanied, in pre-pubertal KS patients, by the loss of correlation with LH and HDL, which instead was present in the healthy individuals. Moreover, in all KS individuals, a positive correlation between LCN-2 and inhibin B serum concentration was found. Despite the limited size of the sample analyzed, our preliminary data encourage further studies to confirm the findings and to extend the study to KS adult patients, to verify the predictive/prognostic value of LCN-2 as new biomarker for metabolic diseases and infertility associated with the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paparella
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Michela Menghi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Ginevra Micangeli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Francesca Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Aurora Ligotino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Marisa Patrizia Messina
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- SITAC, Società Italiana per il Trattamento Dell’alcolismo e le sue Complicanze, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Minni
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy;
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.)
- Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
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Gal-Oz ST, Shay T. Genetics of Sex Differences in Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:1-19. [PMID: 37695423 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Women have a stronger immune response and a higher frequency of most autoimmune diseases than men. While much of the difference between men and women is due to the effect of gonadal hormones, genetic differences play a major role in the difference between the immune response and disease frequencies in women and men. Here, we focus on the immune differences between the sexes that are not downstream of the gonadal hormones. These differences include the gene content of the sex chromosomes, the inactivation of chromosome X in women, the consequences of non-random X inactivation and escape from inactivation, and the states that are uniquely met by the immune system of women-pregnancy, birth, and breast feeding. While these female-specific states are temporary and involve gonadal hormonal changes, they may leave a long-lasting footprint on the health of women, for example, by fetal cells that remain in the mother's body for decades. We also briefly discuss the immune phenotype of congenital sex chromosomal aberrations and experimental models that enable hormonal and the non-hormonal effects of the sex chromosomes to be disentangled. The increasing human life expectancy lengthens the period during which gonadal hormones levels are reduced in both sexes. A better understanding of the non-hormonal effects of sex chromosomes thus becomes more important for improving the life quality during that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani T Gal-Oz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
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Truglia S, Capozzi A, Mancuso S, Manganelli V, Rapino L, Riitano G, Recalchi S, Colafrancesco S, Ceccarelli F, Garofalo T, Alessandri C, Longo A, Misasi R, Conti F, Sorice M. Relationship Between Gender Differences and Clinical Outcome in Patients With the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932181. [PMID: 35860235 PMCID: PMC9289158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), characterized by artherial and/or venous thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity and “antiphospholipid” antibodies (aPLs), is more common in women than in men, with a female to male ratio of about 3.5:1. Only few studies have investigated the clinical differences between male and female patients with APS. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze the differences of clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, at diagnosis, between female and male APS patients and the clinical outcome. We enrolled 191 consecutive APS patients (125 with primary APS, PAPS, and 66 with secondary APS, SAPS) with a female predominant ratio of approximately 3:1 (142 vs 49). The prevalence of PAPS was higher in males than females (p<0.001). The analysis of aPL profile revealed that high IgM anti-cardiolipin (aCL) and high-medium IgG aCL titers were more frequent in males. In thrombotic APS peripheral arterial thrombosis was more common in male than female patients (p=0.049), as well as myocardial infarction (p=0.031). Multivariate analysis to correct for cardiovascular risk factors, high titer of aPLs and triple positivity for aPLs, revealed that the odds ratio for myocardial infarction in male was 3.77. Thus, APS may be considered as a disease in which serological (IgM titer) and clinical profiles are influenced by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Truglia
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mancuso
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Rapino
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Colafrancesco
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Longo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maurizio Sorice,
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6
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Panimolle F, Tiberti C, Spaziani M, Riitano G, Lucania G, Anzuini A, Lenzi A, Gianfrilli D, Sorice M, Radicioni AF. Non-organ-specific autoimmunity in adult 47,XXY Klinefelter patients and higher-grade X-chromosome aneuploidies. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:316-325. [PMID: 33978253 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current literature regarding systemic autoimmune diseases in X-chromosome aneuploidies is scarce and limited to case reports. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of anti-nuclear (ANAs), extractable nuclear (ENA), anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNAs), anti-smooth muscle (ASMAs) and anti-mitochondrial (AMAs) antibodies in a large cohort of adults with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) and rare higher-grade sex chromosome aneuploidies (HGAs) for the first time. Sera from 138 X-chromosome aneuploid patients [124 adult patients with 47,XXY KS and 14 patients with HGA (six children, eight adults)] and 50 age-matched 46,XY controls were recruited from the Sapienza University of Rome (2007-17) and tested for ANAs, ENAs, anti-dsDNAs, ASMAs and AMAs. Non-organ-specific immunoreactivity was found to be significantly higher in patients with 47,XXY KS (14%) than in the controls (2%, p = 0.002). Among all the antibodies investigated, only ANAs were observed significantly more frequently in patients with 47,XXY KS (12.1%) than in the controls (2%, p = 0.004). No anti-dsDNA immunoreactivity was found. Stratifying by testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), non-organ-specific autoantibody frequencies were higher in TRT-naive (p = 0.01) and TRT-treated groups than in controls. No patients with HGA were found positive for the various autoantibodies. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies were significantly present in 47,XXY adult patients. Conversely, HGAs did not appear to be target of non-organ-specific immunoreactivity, suggesting that KS and HGAs should be considered as two distinct conditions. The classification and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases is frequently difficult. To support a correct clinical evaluation of KS disease and to prevent eventual secondary irreversible immune-mediated damages, we highlight the importance of screening for non-organ-specific autoimmunity in Klinefelter's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Panimolle
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiberti
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucania
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Anzuini
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio F Radicioni
- Center of Rare Diseases, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
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