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Klein K, Rübenacker S, Schaefer SM, Kihm LP, Schwenger V, Macher-Goeppinger S, Schemmer P, Süsald C, Zeier M, Morath C, Becker LE. Tissue Expression of Aquaporin 2 Is Correlated to Urine Output and Allograft Function in Sensitized Kidney Transplant Patients. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:2629-2636. [PMID: 27788793 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt and water disturbances often occur during acute kidney allograft dysfunction that contribute to graft failure, but this condition has been poorly investigated in the alloreactivity setting. We evaluated the tissue expression of aquaporins (AQP1 and AQP2) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENAC) in kidney biopsy specimens from sensitized kidney transplant recipients. METHODS Eighty-six biopsy specimens from 33 sensitized patients were divided into 3 groups according to clinical context: time-zero (n = 9), protocol (n = 9), and indication (n = 68). The indication biopsy specimens were further divided into 3 subgroups according to the presence of acute tubular necrosis or rejection. Normal kidney tissue samples (n = 6) served as the control specimens. Immmunohistochemical expression of AQP1, AQP2, and ENAC was determined by using image analyzing software. RESULTS Significantly lower AQP1 expression was observed in the time-zero and indication biopsy specimens with rejection compared with control specimens (P = .03 and P = .04, respectively). AQP2 expression was significantly lower in patients with an indication biopsy specimen compared with control and protocol biopsy specimens (P = .05 and P = .005). For ENAC, a lower expression was noted in the indication biopsy specimens compared with the control specimens (P = .04). Both AQP1 and AQP2 tissue expressions were significantly correlated to urine output (r = 0.45 and r = 0.32; P = .001 and P = .02), and AQP2 was correlated with the glomerular filtration rate estimated by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation at biopsy (r = 0.23; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings partially confirm previous experimental data showing downregulation of AQP1 expression after ischemia/reperfusion injury and during rejection. AQP2 downregulation seems to be rejection-independent, occurring during deteriorating or poor kidney graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Klein
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Rübenacker
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L P Kihm
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Schwenger
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - P Schemmer
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Süsald
- Department of Transplant Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zeier
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Morath
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L E Becker
- Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Xu XJ, Shou XJ, Li J, Jia MX, Zhang JS, Guo Y, Wei QY, Zhang XT, Han SP, Zhang R, Han JS. Mothers of autistic children: lower plasma levels of oxytocin and Arg-vasopressin and a higher level of testosterone. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74849. [PMID: 24086383 PMCID: PMC3783493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder,thought to be caused by a combination of genetic heritability and environmental risk factors. Some autistic-like traits have been reported in mothers of autistic children. We hypothesized that dysregulation of oxytocin (OXT), Arg-vasopressin (AVP) and sex hormones, found in autistic children, may also exist in their mothers. METHODS We determined plasma levels of OXT (40 in autism vs. 26 in control group), AVP (40 vs. 17) and sex hormones (61 vs. 47) in mothers of autistic and normal children by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively and investigated their relationships with the children's autistic behavior scores (Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)). RESULTS Significantly lower plasma concentrations of OXT (p<0.001) and AVP (p<0.001), as well as a higher level of plasma testosterone (p<0.05), were found in mothers of autistic children vs. those of control. The children's autistic behavior scores were negatively associated with maternal plasma levels of OXT and AVP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dysregulation of OXT, AVP and/or testosterone systems exist in mothers of autistic children, which may impact children's susceptibility to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Xu
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shou
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Jia
- Mental Health Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Shui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of ophthalmology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yun Wei
- Beijing Yangguang Youyi Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Song-Ping Han
- HANS International Incorporated, Belle Mead, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Sheng Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
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