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Aljuboori Z. Thoracic ganglioneuroma with extension into the epidural space. Br J Neurosurg 2024; 38:948-949. [PMID: 34448647 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1969336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A patient in their 30s presented with chronic right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, and constipation. Her clinical exam was unremarkable, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen which showed a large right-sided thoracic mass with extension into the thoracic spinal canal. A needle biopsy revealed a diagnosis of ganglioneuroma, the patient then underwent a combined approach for excision the tumor. Ganglioneuroma is a neuroblastic tumor of a neural crest origin, it originates from paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia of the posterior mediastinum or retroperitoneum. They usually extend through neuroforamina to involve the epidural space and surgical excision can be curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Aljuboori
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Aydin Goker ET, Yalçın B, Karnak İ, Orhan D, Haliloglu M, Ekinci S, Oguz B, Aydin B, Kurucu N, Varan A, Kutluk T. Ganglioneuromas in Childhood: Hacettepe Experience With 70 Cases. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:483-487. [PMID: 37858397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are rare benign peripheral neuroblastic tumors (PNTs). We shared our institutional experience with childhood GNs. METHODS Records of the children with PNTs between January 1995 and December 2021 were reviewed, and cases with histopathological diagnoses of GN were identified. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, and histopathological findings, image-defined risk factors (IDRFs), procedures, and overall outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Of 668 cases with PNTs, 70 (10.4%) had GNs. The median age was 7.4 years (range, 2.6-15.7 years) (girls/boys, 41/29). Common presenting complaints were abdominal pain and cough; 33/70 cases (47.1%) were diagnosed incidentally. Primary tumors were in the abdomen in 41/70, the thorax in 25/70, the neck in 3 cases, and the pelvis in one. The median tumor size was 6.5 cm (range, 1.4-17). Fifty cases (71.4%) were staged as INRG-L1; 20 cases with IDRFs (15 single, five >1) were staged as INRG-L2. Complete and partial tumor resections were performed in 58/70 and 6/70 cases, while 6 had no resection. The overall complication rate was 17.1% (11/64). At a median follow-up of 9 years, five were lost to follow-up; 65 were alive. One patient with gross residue underwent total resection due to progression 13 years after the surgery, and one in the unresected group was lost to follow-up. Ten other cases without a complete resection experienced no tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Ganglioneuromas are benign PNTs, and most are free of IDRFs. Even without complete resection, long-term outcomes are excellent. Guidelines should be devised considering the high surgical complication rates and benign course of GNs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Case series, IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilgehan Yalçın
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Karnak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Department of Pediatric and Perinatal Pathology Research, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mithat Haliloglu
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saniye Ekinci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berna Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burca Aydin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Kurucu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Varan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tezer Kutluk
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Tellez-Zarate M, Meza-Hernandez J, Jimenez-Fuentes E. Neuroganglioma in the posterior mediastinum: an incidental discovery. J Surg Case Rep 2024; 2024:rjae156. [PMID: 38495045 PMCID: PMC10942810 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganglioneuroma, a rare benign neuroblastic tumor, typically arises in the posterior mediastinum, but it can be found in the anterior mediastinum and thymus. Predominantly affecting the young, these asymptomatic tumors are often discovered incidentally through imaging. In our reported case, a 44-year-old woman post-hysterectomy with persistent jaundice was diagnosed with a neuroganglioma in the right posterior mediastinum via a computed tomography (CT) scan. Thoracotomy and resection revealed a 10-cm neuroganglioma untangled from mediastinal planes. Post-surgery, chylothorax emerged, which was managed through a 5-day fasting approach. Thoracic neurogangliomas, rare and often asymptomatic, demand meticulous diagnosis, emphasizing imaging and histopathology, with postoperative vigilance for complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Tellez-Zarate
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Javier Meza-Hernandez
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgardo Jimenez-Fuentes
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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4
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Prabaharan H, Chandrasekaran S, Shetty N, Nayak K P. Benign paraspinal ganglioneuroma with paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e256846. [PMID: 38417946 PMCID: PMC10900366 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is a rare immune-mediated movement disorder occurring as a paraneoplastic manifestation of neuroblastic tumours (NTs), especially neuroblastoma in infancy. Ganglioneuroma (GN), the benign tumour in the spectrum, is rarely associated with OMAS. We report the case of a child in her second year of life presenting with acute onset of progressive paraplegia and OMAS. MRI showed diffuse and infiltrating left paraspinal mass from T3-T9 levels with differentials of neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination of the excised tumour showed maturing GN. The OMAS was managed with intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids. In the 6-month follow-up, the child has a residual motor weakness with myelomalacia in neuroimaging. The case report substantiates the occurrence of OMAS as paraneoplastic manifestation in NTs, including benign, in children younger than 2 years with a female predilection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Prabaharan
- Pediatrics, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Niharika Shetty
- Pediatrics, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Nayak K
- Pediatrics, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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5
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Perez Pachon ME, Horton R, Rumer KK. Appendiceal ganglioneuroma incidentally found during resection of recurrent rectal cancer: case report and review of the literature. J Surg Case Rep 2024; 2024:rjae019. [PMID: 38370592 PMCID: PMC10873856 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganglioneuromas (GN) are benign neuroblastic tumors that arise from neural crest cells. Since they present with nonspecific symptoms, diagnosis is often incidental. We are reporting a case of an adult appendiceal GN incidentally found during rectal cancer surgery. A 42-year-old male was diagnosed with recurrent rectal cancer after experiencing urinary difficulties and buttock pain. A multiple-stage pelvic exenteration was carried out after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Prophylactic appendectomy was done during the course of surgery, and pathology reported an appendix with GN at the distal tip. GN are often found incidentally and rarely cause appendicitis. Depending on their location and size, they might become symptomatic. While there is some controversy on whether surgery is the treatment of choice for all GN, diagnosis is rarely apparent preoperatively, and all appendiceal masses should be resected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio E Perez Pachon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Rachel Horton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Kristen K Rumer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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6
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Lin Z, Feng Z. Preoperative differentiation of mediastinum and retroperitoneum ganglioneuroma from schwannoma with clinical data and enhanced CT: developing a multivariable prediction model. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:e925-e933. [PMID: 37833142 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To develop a multivariable prediction model for preoperative differentiation of ganglioneuroma (GN) from schwannoma in mediastinum and retroperitoneum based on clinical data and enhanced computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective diagnostic study. Patients diagnosed with mediastinum or retroperitoneal GN or schwannoma at Zhongshan Hospital between July 2006 and March 2022 were divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort at a ratio of 7:3. Clinical information and CT features were collected. Histopathology was the reference standard for diagnosis. The model was developed using binary logistic regression. The predictive performance of the model was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS A total of 105 patients (47 men and 58 women; mean age of 41 ± 15 years) were enrolled. There were significant differences in symptoms (p=0.006), location (p=0.008), ratio of the craniocaudal diameter (CC) to the major axis on axial images (CC/M; p=0.025), ratio of the CC to the diameter on axial images (CC/D; p<0.001), density homogeneity (p=0.001), enhancement homogeneity (p<0.001), enhancement degree (p<0.001), venous phase CT attenuation value (V; p=0.011), and blood vessels changes (p=0.045) between GN and schwannoma. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and accuracy in the validation cohort were 0.841 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.672, 1.000) and 0.839 (95% CI: 0.674, 0.929), respectively. Calibration curves and DCA showed that the model was beneficial for patients. CONCLUSION The multivariable prediction model exhibited good predictive performance and may facilitate preoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lin
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361004, China
| | - Z Feng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361004, China.
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El Hosseny Sadek EM, Bashawieh S, Almasabi M, Najjar A, Najmi B, Al Zomia AS. A Sizeable Adrenal Ganglioneuroma: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e44611. [PMID: 37795053 PMCID: PMC10547230 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal ganglioneuromas are mostly asymptomatic, although they may manifest with compressive local effects. We present a 27-year-old man with no medical history who was referred to the surgical oncology clinic due to the incidental finding of a left adrenal mass. The initial computed tomography (CT) abdomen revealed a large mass causing displacement of adjacent organs. A CT-guided biopsy was inconclusive, and further evaluation with an NM endo-adrenal (MIBG) medullary scan pointed to a possible diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Laboratory tests showed normal levels of urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine. The patient's history revealed chronic abdominal pain, with no symptoms of hypertension, headache, palpitations, or sweating. Subsequently, the patient underwent a left adrenalectomy without complications. This case underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach in managing adrenal masses, particularly when dealing with non-specific symptoms, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abrar Najjar
- Surgical Oncology, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, SAU
| | - Banan Najmi
- Surgical Oncology, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, SAU
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8
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Zhuang H, Ruan Z, Xu C. A giant lobular thoracic ganglioneuroma cause skeletal erosion: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33891. [PMID: 37335670 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Ganglioneuroma (GN) is a rare tumor that originates from neural crest cells and can manifest in any location along the sympathetic chain. It typically exhibits a circular or oval shape and does not invade the surrounding tissue destructively and the enormous lobular appearance and erosion of adjacent skeletal tissues are extremely infrequent among GN. PATIENT CONCERNS A 15-year-old girl presented to our thoracic surgery clinic with a large intrathoracic mass that was incidentally discovered on a chest X-ray. Further imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lobular profile and an aggressive growth pattern of the tumor, which destroyed the vertebral and rib bones. A tissue sample obtained by needle biopsy was subjected to histopathological analysis, which confirmed the diagnosis of a GN. DIAGNOSIS Thoracic (posterior mediastinal) GN and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. INTERVENTIONS After thoracoscopic exploration, a thoracotomy was performed to excise the mass. OUTCOMES The patient recovered well after surgery, had no major complications, and was discharged without any issues. Further follow-up is necessary to clarify the medium to long-term outcome. LESSONS Based on existing reports, thoracic GN rarely erodes adjacent bone tissue. By examining previously reported cases, we speculate that the lobular morphology of the tumor may be linked to the more aggressive biological behavior of GN. We also discovered that female patients may be more susceptible to bone erosion. However, further research and additional cases are required to confirm these potential associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhuang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, China
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9
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Nayab A, Malik MH, Madhavan AA, Glockner J, Collins DA, Wenger DE. Incidental diagnosis of presacral ganglioneuroma in a patient with hematuria. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:1324-1328. [PMID: 36704366 PMCID: PMC9870923 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioneuromas are benign neuroblastic tumors seen most in pediatric population. The most common locations are mediastinal, retroperitoneal and adrenal regions. Ganglioneuromas rarely occur in presacral space. We present one such case of an incidentally diagnosed presacral ganglioneuroma in an asymptomatic 71-year-old male who initially presented with hematuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Nayab
- Corresponding author at: Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, 200 1st St SW Rochester MN 55905.
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10
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Deng H, Habib A, Andrews EG, Zhang X, McCarthy DJ, Wei Z, Dhupar R, Choudry MH, Zinn PO. Combined exploratory laparotomy, transpsoas, and thoracic approach to resection of a giant spinal ganglioneuroma: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2023; 5:CASE22453. [PMID: 36624632 PMCID: PMC9830412 DOI: 10.3171/case22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglioneuromas are rare peripheral nervous system tumors of neural crest origin. Most are often asymptomatic and incidentally found, but large tumors can cause mass effect. Herein, the authors report a case of a giant ganglioneuroma that arose from the lumbar foramina into the retroperitoneal and thoracic cavities. OBSERVATIONS A 62-year-old female presented with low back pain, left lower extremity swelling, and increased sensation of an abdominal mass. Surgical treatment options were reviewed with the patient and coordinated care was planned by surgical oncological specialists. The patient opted for multistage exploratory laparotomy for abdominal mobilization, diaphragm resection, and en bloc resection with neuromonitoring. After surgery, the patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms. LESSONS A combined surgical exposure involving gastrointestinal, thoracic, and neurological surgeons can be important in the safe resection of ganglioneuromas that span multiple body cavities. Hence, a thorough preoperative assessment could help plan surgery accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Edward G. Andrews
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David J. McCarthy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhishuo Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - M. Haroon Choudry
- Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascal O. Zinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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11
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Farma JM, Porpiglia AS, Vo ET. Benign Neurogenic Tumors. Surg Clin North Am 2022; 102:679-693. [PMID: 35952696 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic tumors arise from cells of the nervous system. These tumors can be found anywhere along the distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and are categorized based on cell of origin: ganglion cell, paraganglion cell, and nerve sheath cells. Ganglion cell-derived tumors include neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and ganglioneuromas. Paraganglion cell-derived tumors include paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Nerve sheath cell-derived tumors include schwannomas (neurilemmomas), neurofibromas, and neurofibromatosis. Most of these are benign; however, they can cause local compressive symptoms. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, if clinically indicated. Nonetheless, a thorough preoperative workup is essential, especially for catecholamine-secreting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Farma
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Andrea S Porpiglia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Elaine T Vo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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12
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Nüßle S, Lagrèze WA, Werner M, Urbach H, Reich M, Auw-Hädrich C. Comparison of two Schwann Cell-Containing Orbital Tumors: Schwannoma and Ganglioneuroma. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:894-898. [PMID: 35858600 DOI: 10.1055/a-1806-2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Orbital tumors comprise a variety of diseases, although tumors of the peripheral nerves are rare. Of these, schwannoma is considered the most common entity, consisting histopathologically almost exclusively of Schwann cells. Another benign tumor containing Schwann cells is ganglioneuroma. Here, ganglion cells are histopathologically apparent in addition to the Schwann cell-containing stroma. Ganglioneuroma belongs to the group of neuroblastic tumors and can occur anywhere in the pathway of sympathetic ganglion cells. In this report, we present the disease courses as well as the findings of two patients with different orbital tumors. In both cases, the diagnosis was only confirmed by histopathological examination. The first patient had a schwannoma with cystic degeneration and the second patient had a ganglioneuroma, both tumor entities which occur only rarely in the orbit. Commonalities and differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüßle
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Martin Werner
- Institut für klinische Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Horst Urbach
- Klinik für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Michael Reich
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland
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13
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Aryan M, Mejbel H, Weber F. A Most Unusual Polyposis. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:e14-e16. [PMID: 34302840 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aryan
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Haider Mejbel
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Frederick Weber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Sandru F, Dumitrascu MC, Petca A, Carsote M, Petca RC, Oproiu AM, Ghemigian A. Adrenal ganglioneuroma: Prognostic factors (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1338. [PMID: 34630692 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioneuroma, a rare neural crest-derived tumor, exhibits a benign profile in contrast to other neuroblastic tumors (neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma). Ganglioneuromas can be found anywhere autonomic ganglia are located, mostly abdominal/pelvic sites followed by the adrenal glands (one-third of cases), mediastinum/thorax and cervical area. Affecting especially children more than 10 years of age, Ganglioneuroma is either asymptomatic or may cause local compressive effects; rarely inducing nonspecific abdominal complains or arterial hypertension related to oversecretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine. Despite a good prognosis, adrenalectomy is necessary in order to rule out a malignancy. Open procedure represents the standard therapeutic option; alternatively, centers with large laparoscopic pediatric experience and good stratification protocols have reported successful procedures. High uptake of I123-MIBG is associated with a more severe outcome in cases with increased mitotic index. In neuroblastic tumors, neuron-specific enolase >33 ng/ml, age at diagnosis <49 months, and blood vessel invasion indicate a poor prognosis. Concurrent extra-adrenal/adrenal ganglioneuroma is associated with a more severe prognosis; post-surgical complications are more frequent in non-adrenal vs. adrenal ganglioneuroma. Exceptionally, immune-mediated paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes have been reported: anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. ROHHAD syndrome is the underlying cause in 40-56% of cases of neuroendocrine tumors including ganglioneuroma; 70% of tumors are diagnosed within the first 24 months after hypothalamic obesity onset, associated with a severe prognosis due to hypoventilation, sleep apnea, and dysautonomia. Recently, the PKB/AKT/mTOR/S6 pathway was identified as a tumorigenic pathway in pediatric ganglioneuroma, not in neuroblastoma; mTOR inhibitors are a potential option for pre-operatory tumor shrinkage. Pediatric adrenal ganglioneuroma has a good prognosis if adequately treated; its recognition requires adrenalectomy. Further development of specific biomarkers is needed. In the present article, we aimed to introduce a review of the literature involving adrenal ganglioneuroma based on a practical, multidisciplinary perspective of prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Elias' Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Elias' Emergency Hospital, 022461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Endocrinology, 'C. I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Theodor Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Oproiu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Ghemigian
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Endocrinology, 'C. I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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Dages KN, Kohlenberg JD, Young WF, Murad MH, Prokop L, Rivera M, Dy B, Foster T, Lyden M, McKenzie T, Thompson G, Bancos I. Presentation and outcomes of adrenal ganglioneuromas: A cohort study and a systematic review of literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 95:47-57. [PMID: 33721367 PMCID: PMC8178203 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and outcomes of patients with adrenal ganglioneuromas (AGNs). DESIGN Single-centre retrospective cohort study (1 January 1995 to 31 December 2019) and systematic review of literature (1 January 1980 to 19 November 2019). PATIENTS Diagnosed with histologically confirmed AGN. MEASUREMENTS Baseline clinical, imaging and biochemical characteristics, recurrence rates and mortality. Subgroup analysis was performed on tumours with histologic elements of ganglioneuroma and pheochromocytoma (ie composite tumours). RESULTS The cohort study included 45 patients with AGN, 20 (44%) of which had composite tumours. Compared to pure AGN, patients with composite tumour were older (median age, 62.5 vs. 35 years, p < .001), had smaller tumours (median size, 3.9 vs. 5.7 cm, p = .016) and were discovered incidentally less frequently (65% vs. 84%, p = .009). No recurrences or ganglioneuroma-specific mortality occurred during follow-up (range, 0-266 months). The systematic review included 14 additional studies and 421 patients. The mean age of diagnosis was 39 years, and 47% were women. AGNs were discovered incidentally in 72% of patients, were predominantly unilateral (99%) and had a mean diameter of 5.8 cm and an unenhanced computed tomography (CT) attenuation of -118 to 49 Hounsfield units (HU). On imaging, 69% of AGNs were homogenous, 41% demonstrated calcifications, and 40% were lobulated. CONCLUSIONS AGNs are rare benign tumours that present with variable imaging features including large size, unenhanced CT attenuation >20 HU, calcifications and lobulated shape. Imaging characteristics can assist in establishing a diagnosis and avoiding an unnecessary adrenalectomy. The association of pheochromocytomas with AGNs is frequent. Diagnosis should include biochemical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley N. Dages
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacob D. Kohlenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William F. Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammad Hassan Murad
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Center for the Science of Healthcare Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Larry Prokop
- Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Rivera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Benzon Dy
- Division of Breast, Endocrine, Metabolic and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Trenton Foster
- Division of Breast, Endocrine, Metabolic and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Melanie Lyden
- Division of Breast, Endocrine, Metabolic and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Travis McKenzie
- Division of Breast, Endocrine, Metabolic and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffrey Thompson
- Division of Breast, Endocrine, Metabolic and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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