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Edwards NA, Shacham-Silverberg V, Weitz L, Kingma PS, Shen Y, Wells JM, Chung WK, Zorn AM. Developmental basis of trachea-esophageal birth defects. Dev Biol 2021; 477:85-97. [PMID: 34023332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trachea-esophageal defects (TEDs), including esophageal atresia (EA), tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), and laryngeal-tracheoesophageal clefts (LTEC), are a spectrum of life-threatening congenital anomalies in which the trachea and esophagus do not form properly. Up until recently, the developmental basis of these conditions and how the trachea and esophagus arise from a common fetal foregut was poorly understood. However, with significant advances in human genetics, organoids, and animal models, and integrating single cell genomics with high resolution imaging, we are revealing the molecular and cellular mechanisms that orchestrate tracheoesophageal morphogenesis and how disruption in these processes leads to birth defects. Here we review the current understanding of the genetic and developmental basis of TEDs. We suggest future opportunities for integrating developmental mechanisms elucidated from animals and organoids with human genetics and clinical data to gain insight into the genotype-phenotype basis of these heterogeneous birth defects. Finally, we envision how this will enhance diagnosis, improve treatment, and perhaps one day, lead to new tissue replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Edwards
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vered Shacham-Silverberg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leelah Weitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Kingma
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Getachew D, Matsumoto A, Uchimura Y, Udagawa J, Mita N, Ogawa N, Moriyama S, Takami A, Otani H. Global pattern of interkinetic nuclear migration in tracheoesophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo: Interorgan and intraorgan regional differences. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:82-96. [PMID: 33249638 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is an apicobasal (AB) polarity-based regulatory mechanism of proliferation/differentiation in epithelial stem/progenitor cells. We previously documented INM in the endoderm-derived tracheal/esophageal epithelia at embryonic day (E) 11.5 and suggested that INM is involved in the development of both organs. We here investigated interorgan (trachea vs esophagus) and intraorgan regional (ventral vs dorsal) differences in the INM mode in the tracheal and esophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo. We also analyzed convergent extension (CE) and planar cell movement (PCM) in the epithelia based on cell distribution. The pregnant C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine at E11.5 and E12.5 and were sacrificed 1, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours later to obtain the embryos. The distribution of labeled cell nuclei along the AB axis was chronologically analyzed in the total, ventral, and dorsal sides of the epithelia. The percentage distribution of the nuclei population was represented by histogram and the chronological change was analyzed statistically using multidimensional scaling. The interorgan comparison of the INM mode during E11.5-E12.0, but not E12.5-E13.0, showed a significant difference. During E11.5-E12.0 the trachea, but not the esophagus, showed a significant difference between ventral and dorsal sides. During E12.5-E13.0 neither organ showed regional differences. CE appeared to occur in both organs during E11.5-E12.0 while PCM was unclear in both organs. These findings suggest a difference between the trachea and esophagus, and a regional difference in the trachea, not in the esophagus, in the INM mode, which may be related with the later differential organogenesis/histogenesis of these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Getachew
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uchimura
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Mita
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Moriyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akiyasu Takami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Matsue College, Matsue, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Jahan N, Jahan E, Rafiq AM, Matsumoto A, Otani H. Histomorphometric analysis of the epithelial lumen, mesenchyme, smooth muscle cell layers, and mesentery of the mouse developing duodenum in relation with the macroscopic morphogenesis. Anat Sci Int 2021; 96:450-460. [PMID: 33630273 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-021-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Integral analysis of the development of the epithelium, mesenchyme, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) layers, i.e., the inner circular (IC) and outer longitudinal layers, as well as their relation with the mesentery is necessary to understand macroscopic gut development. We here focused on the proximal duodenum with the characteristic "C"-shaped loop and analyzed the duodenum down to the duodenojejunal flexure in C57BL/6J mouse embryos at embryonic days (E) 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 by histomorphometric analysis. We examined the angle of the axis of the epithelial lumen, which was oval at E13.5 against the mesentery, along with the epithelial cell nuclear shape, the adjacent mesenchymal cell density in relation to the epithelial lumen axis, and the development of SMC layers. The luminal axis of the oval epithelial lumen at E13.5 rotated clockwise against the mesentery in the proximal duodenum. The shape of epithelial nuclei was longer and thinner at the long axis but shorter and broader at the short axis, whereas mesenchymal density was significantly lower in the area on the luminal long axis than that on the short axis. The number of SMC layers in the IC at E13.5, E15.5, and E17.5 showed a regional difference in relation to the mesentery, but no regional difference along the long axis of the duodenum. These findings suggest that epithelial lumen winding against the mesentery and the corresponding changes in the epithelial cell shape and surrounding mesenchymal density may be involved in the formation of the "C" loop of the proximal duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Esrat Jahan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ashiq Mahmood Rafiq
- Center for the Promotion of Project Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
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Getachew D, Kaneda R, Saeki Y, Matsumoto A, Otani H. Morphologic changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus during the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in the developing mouse esophagus. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:14-24. [PMID: 32776381 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The apico-basal (AB) polarity of epithelial cells is maintained by organized arrays of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus. We previously reported that mouse embryonic esophageal epithelium exhibits interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), an AB-polarity-based regulatory mechanism of stem-cell proliferation, and suggested that the pseudostratified single columnar epithelium, a hallmark of INM, is converted to stratified squamous epithelium via rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and cell-adhesion apparatus. Here, we chronologically examined morphological changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus in the mouse esophageal epithelium at embryonic day (E) 11.5, E13.5, E14.5, and E15.5, during which epithelial conversion has been suggested to occur. We used phalloidin to examine the apical terminal web (ATW), immunofluorescent anti-zonula occludens protein (ZO-1) antibody to reveal ZO-1, and anti-gamma tubulin antibody to detect primary cilia (PC). At E11.5, a thick ATW, apically oriented ZO-1 and apical PC were observed, indicating a pseudostratified single columnar structure. At E13.5 and E14.5, the phalloidin-staining, ZO-1, and PC distribution patterns were not apically localized, and the epithelial cells appeared to have lost the AB polarity, suggesting conversion of the epithelial structure and cessation of INM. At E15.5, light and transmission electron microscope observations revealed the ATW, ZO-1, PC, and tight junction which were localized into two-1ayers: the apical and subapical layers of the epithelium. These findings suggest that dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus is involved in the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous morphology and is closely related with temporal perturbation of the AB-polarity and cessation of INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Getachew
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saeki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Ferreira MA, Despin-Guitard E, Duarte F, Degond P, Theveneau E. Interkinetic nuclear movements promote apical expansion in pseudostratified epithelia at the expense of apicobasal elongation. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007171. [PMID: 31869321 PMCID: PMC6957215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudostratified epithelia (PSE) are a common type of columnar epithelia found in a wealth of embryonic and adult tissues such as ectodermal placodes, the trachea, the ureter, the gut and the neuroepithelium. PSE are characterized by the choreographed displacement of cells’ nuclei along the apicobasal axis according to phases of their cell cycle. Such movements, called interkinetic movements (INM), have been proposed to influence tissue expansion and shape and suggested as culprit in several congenital diseases such as CAKUT (Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract) and esophageal atresia. INM rely on cytoskeleton dynamics just as adhesion, contractility and mitosis do. Therefore, long term impairment of INM without affecting proliferation and adhesion is currently technically unachievable. Here we bypassed this hurdle by generating a 2D agent-based model of a proliferating PSE and compared its output to the growth of the chick neuroepithelium to assess the interplay between INM and these other important cell processes during growth of a PSE. We found that INM directly generates apical expansion and apical nuclear crowding. In addition, our data strongly suggest that apicobasal elongation of cells is not an emerging property of a proliferative PSE but rather requires a specific elongation program. We then discuss how such program might functionally link INM, tissue growth and differentiation. Pseudostratified epithelia (PSE) are a common type of epithelia characterized by the choreographed displacement of cells’ nuclei along the apicobasal axis during proliferation. These so-called interkinetic movements (INM) were proposed to influence tissue expansion and suggested as culprit in several congenital diseases. INM rely on cytoskeleton dynamics. Therefore, longer term impairment of INM without affecting proliferation and adhesion is currently technically unachievable. We bypassed this hurdle by generating a mathematical model of PSE and compared it to the growth of an epithelium of reference. Our data show that INM drive expansion of the apical domain of the epithelium and suggest that apicobasal elongation of cells is not an emerging property of a proliferative PSE but might rather requires a specific elongation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Ferreira
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangeline Despin-Guitard
- Centre for Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Fernando Duarte
- Centre for Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Pierre Degond
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PD); (ET)
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre for Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
- * E-mail: (PD); (ET)
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