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Maxwell G, Souzeau E. Childhood glaucoma: Implications for genetic counselling. Clin Genet 2024; 106:545-563. [PMID: 39206700 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Childhood glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders defined by an age of onset from birth to 18 years. These vision-threatening disorders require early diagnosis, timely treatment, and lifelong management to maintain vision and minimise irreversible blindness. The genetics of childhood glaucoma is complex with both phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. The purpose of this review is to summarise the different types of childhood glaucoma and their genetic architecture to aid in the genetic counselling process with patients and their families. We provide an overview of associated syndromes and discuss implications for genetic counselling, including genetic testing strategies, cascade genetic testing, and reproductive options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgina Maxwell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Nishadham V, Santhoshkumar R, Nashi S, Vengalil S, Bardhan M, Polavarapu K, Sanka SB, Anjanappa RM, Kulanthaivelu K, Saini J, Chickabasaviah YT, Nalini A. A Novel Mutation in Frabin (FGD4) Causing a Mild Phenotype of CMT4H in an Indian Patient. J Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 11:221-232. [PMID: 38108359 PMCID: PMC10789318 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4H(CMT4H) is an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of CMT caused by FGD4/FRABIN mutations. CMT4H is characterized by early onset and slowly progressing motor and sensory deficits in the distal extremities, along with foot deformities. We describe a patient with CMT4H who presented with rapidly progressing flaccid quadriparesis during the postpartum period, which improved significantly with steroid therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography demonstrated considerable nerve thickening with increased cross-sectional area in the peripheral nerves. A nerve biopsy revealed significant demyelination and myelin outfolding. This is the first report of an Indian patient with a novel homozygous nonsense c.1672C>T (p.Arg558Ter) mutation in the FGD4 gene, expanding the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Nishadham
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saraswati Nashi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seena Vengalil
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mainak Bardhan
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sai Bhargava Sanka
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Murthy Anjanappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik Kulanthaivelu
- Department of Neurointerventional and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neurointerventional and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yasha T. Chickabasaviah
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Xue J, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Lin J, Li Y, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Demyelination of the Optic Nerve: An Underlying Factor in Glaucoma? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:701322. [PMID: 34795572 PMCID: PMC8593209 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.701322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by typical neuronal degeneration and axonal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination occurs when myelin or oligodendrocytes experience damage. Pathological changes in demyelination contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and worsen clinical symptoms during disease progression. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the optic nerve. Since it is not yet well understood, we hypothesized that demyelination could play a significant role in glaucoma. Therefore, this study started with the morphological and functional manifestations of demyelination in the CNS. Then, we discussed the main mechanisms of demyelination in terms of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and immuno-inflammatory responses. Finally, we summarized the existing research on the relationship between optic nerve demyelination and glaucoma, aiming to inspire effective treatment plans for glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Mattei AM, Smailys JD, Hepworth EMW, Hinton SD. The Roles of Pseudophosphatases in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136924. [PMID: 34203203 PMCID: PMC8269279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudophosphatases, atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, have emerged as bona fide signaling regulators within the past two decades. Their roles as regulators have led to a renaissance of the pseudophosphatase and pseudoenyme fields, catapulting interest from a mere curiosity to intriguing and relevant proteins to investigate. Pseudophosphatases make up approximately fourteen percent of the phosphatase family, and are conserved throughout evolution. Pseudophosphatases, along with pseudokinases, are important players in physiology and pathophysiology. These atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein tyrosine kinase superfamily, respectively, are rendered catalytically inactive through mutations within their catalytic active signature motif and/or other important domains required for catalysis. This new interest in the pursuit of the relevant functions of these proteins has resulted in an elucidation of their roles in signaling cascades and diseases. There is a rapid accumulation of knowledge of diseases linked to their dysregulation, such as neuropathies and various cancers. This review analyzes the involvement of pseudophosphatases in diseases, highlighting the function of various role(s) of pseudophosphatases involvement in pathologies, and thus providing a platform to strongly consider them as key therapeutic drug targets.
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Tiago T, Hummel B, Morelli FF, Basile V, Vinet J, Galli V, Mediani L, Antoniani F, Pomella S, Cassandri M, Garone MG, Silvestri B, Cimino M, Cenacchi G, Costa R, Mouly V, Poser I, Yeger-Lotem E, Rosa A, Alberti S, Rota R, Ben-Zvi A, Sawarkar R, Carra S. Small heat-shock protein HSPB3 promotes myogenesis by regulating the lamin B receptor. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:452. [PMID: 33958580 PMCID: PMC8102500 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the critical events that regulates muscle cell differentiation is the replacement of the lamin B receptor (LBR)-tether with the lamin A/C (LMNA)-tether to remodel transcription and induce differentiation-specific genes. Here, we report that localization and activity of the LBR-tether are crucially dependent on the muscle-specific chaperone HSPB3 and that depletion of HSPB3 prevents muscle cell differentiation. We further show that HSPB3 binds to LBR in the nucleoplasm and maintains it in a dynamic state, thus promoting the transcription of myogenic genes, including the genes to remodel the extracellular matrix. Remarkably, HSPB3 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce the differentiation of two human muscle cell lines, LHCNM2 cells, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We also show that mutant R116P-HSPB3 from a myopathy patient with chromatin alterations and muscle fiber disorganization, forms nuclear aggregates that immobilize LBR. We find that R116P-HSPB3 is unable to induce myoblast differentiation and instead activates the unfolded protein response. We propose that HSPB3 is a specialized chaperone engaged in muscle cell differentiation and that dysfunctional HSPB3 causes neuromuscular disease by deregulating LBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tiago
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Hummel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Federica F Morelli
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Basile
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Galli
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Mediani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoniani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Pomella
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Garone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Silvestri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cimino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, IRCCS St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Costa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, IRCCS St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Dewpoint Therapeutics GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Esti Yeger-Lotem
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Alberti
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Anat Ben-Zvi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ritwick Sawarkar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Research Council (MRC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Serena Carra
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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6
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Granger N, Luján Feliu-Pascual A, Spicer C, Ricketts S, Hitti R, Forman O, Hersheson J, Houlden H. Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B2 demyelinating neuropathy in miniature Schnauzer dogs caused by a novel splicing SBF2 (MTMR13) genetic variant: a new spontaneous clinical model. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7983. [PMID: 31772832 PMCID: PMC6875392 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common neuromuscular disorder in humans affecting 40 out of 100,000 individuals. In 2008, we described the clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings of a demyelinating motor and sensory neuropathy in Miniature Schnauzer dogs, with a suspected autosomal recessive mode of inheritance based on pedigree analysis. The discovery of additional cases has followed this work and led to a genome-wide association mapping approach to search for the underlying genetic cause of the disease. Methods For genome wide association screening, genomic DNA samples from affected and unaffected dogs were genotyped using the Illumina CanineHD SNP genotyping array. SBF2 and its variant were sequenced using primers and PCRs. RNA was extracted from muscle of an unaffected and an affected dog and RT-PCR performed. Immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein was performed on peripheral nerve section specimens. Results The genome-wide association study gave an indicative signal on canine chromosome 21. Although the signal was not of genome-wide significance due to the small number of cases, the SBF2 (also known as MTMR13) gene within the region of shared case homozygosity was a strong positional candidate, as 22 genetic variants in the gene have been associated with demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in humans. Sequencing of SBF2 in cases revealed a splice donor site genetic variant, resulting in cryptic splicing and predicted early termination of the protein based on RNA sequencing results. Conclusions This study reports the first genetic variant in Miniature Schnauzer dogs responsible for the occurrence of a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy with abnormally folded myelin. This discovery establishes a genotype/phenotype correlation in affected Miniature Schnauzers that can be used for the diagnosis of these dogs. It further supports the dog as a natural model of a human disease; in this instance, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. It opens avenues to search the biological mechanisms responsible for the disease and to test new therapies in a non-rodent large animal model. In particular, recent gene editing methods that led to the restoration of dystrophin expression in a canine model of muscular dystrophy could be applied to other canine models such as this before translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granger
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Bristol Veterinary Specialists, CVS Referrals, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Spicer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Ricketts
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekkah Hitti
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Forman
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Hersheson
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Pareyson D, Stojkovic T, Reilly MM, Leonard-Louis S, Laurà M, Blake J, Parman Y, Battaloglu E, Tazir M, Bellatache M, Bonello-Palot N, Lévy N, Sacconi S, Guimarães-Costa R, Attarian S, Latour P, Solé G, Megarbane A, Horvath R, Ricci G, Choi BO, Schenone A, Gemelli C, Geroldi A, Sabatelli M, Luigetti M, Santoro L, Manganelli F, Quattrone A, Valentino P, Murakami T, Scherer SS, Dankwa L, Shy ME, Bacon CJ, Herrmann DN, Zambon A, Tramacere I, Pisciotta C, Magri S, Previtali SC, Bolino A. A multicenter retrospective study of charcot-marie-tooth disease type 4B (CMT4B) associated with mutations in myotubularin-related proteins (MTMRs). Ann Neurol 2019; 86:55-67. [PMID: 31070812 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 4B1 and 4B2 (CMT4B1/B2) are characterized by recessive inheritance, early onset, severe course, slowed nerve conduction, and myelin outfoldings. CMT4B3 shows a more heterogeneous phenotype. All are associated with myotubularin-related protein (MTMR) mutations. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective study to better characterize CMT4B. METHODS We collected clinical and genetic data from CMT4B subjects in 18 centers using a predefined minimal data set including Medical Research Council (MRC) scores of nine muscle pairs and CMT Neuropathy Score. RESULTS There were 50 patients, 21 of whom never reported before, carrying 44 mutations, of which 21 were novel and six representing novel disease associations of known rare variants. CMT4B1 patients had significantly more-severe disease than CMT4B2, with earlier onset, more-frequent motor milestones delay, wheelchair use, and respiratory involvement as well as worse MRC scores and motor CMT Examination Score components despite younger age at examination. Vocal cord involvement was common in both subtypes, whereas glaucoma occurred in CMT4B2 only. Nerve conduction velocities were similarly slowed in both subtypes. Regression analyses showed that disease severity is significantly associated with age in CMT4B1. Slopes are steeper for CMT4B1, indicating faster disease progression. Almost none of the mutations in the MTMR2 and MTMR13 genes, responsible for CMT4B1 and B2, respectively, influence the correlation between disease severity and age, in agreement with the hypothesis of a complete loss of function of MTMR2/13 proteins for such mutations. INTERPRETATION This is the largest CMT4B series ever reported, demonstrating that CMT4B1 is significantly more severe than CMT4B2, and allowing an estimate of prognosis. ANN NEUROL 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Leonard-Louis
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Matilde Laurà
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blake
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Yesim Parman
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Dep. Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Battaloglu
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meriem Tazir
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurosciences Service de Neurologie, CHU, Alger, Algeria
| | - Mounia Bellatache
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurosciences Service de Neurologie, CHU, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nathalie Bonello-Palot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.2, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, U1251, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.2, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, U1251, Marseille, France
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Service Système Nerveux Périphérique, Muscle et SLA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Raquel Guimarães-Costa
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Sharham Attarian
- Reference center for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- Center of Biology and Pathology Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Hospices Civils, Lyon, France
| | - Guilhem Solé
- Reference center for neuromuscular disorders AOC (Atlantique Occitanie Caraibes), CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - André Megarbane
- Institut Jérôme Lejeune, Paris, France.,INOVIE, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and MATERNAL Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gemelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and MATERNAL Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Geroldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and MATERNAL Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. Centro Clinico Nemo Adulti Rome, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Rome, Italy.,UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Department of Neurology, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Valentino
- Department of Neurology, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lois Dankwa
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA
| | - Chelsea J Bacon
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA
| | | | - Alberto Zambon
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Department of Research and Clinical Development, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pisciotta
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Magri
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano C Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bolino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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