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Dulz S, Schwering C, Wildner J, Spartalis C, Schuettauf F, Bartsch U, Wibbeler E, Nickel M, Spitzer MS, Atiskova Y, Schulz A. Ongoing retinal degeneration despite intraventricular enzyme replacement therapy with cerliponase alfa in late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2 disease). Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1478-1483. [PMID: 35772852 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-321260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) is a neurodegenerative, blinding lysosomal storage disorder. The purpose of the current study was to characterise the progression of CLN2-associated retinal degeneration in patients under intraventricular enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with cerliponase alfa. METHODS We analysed visual function, retinal morphology and neuropaediatric data using preferential looking test (PLT), Weill Cornell Batten Scale (WCBS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and the Hamburg Motor-Language late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) Scale (M-L scale). RESULTS Fifty-six eyes of 28 patients had baseline PLT, WCBS and OCT. 15 patients underwent serial examinations, resulting in a total of 132 OCT scans and WCBS results, 66 Hamburg M-L scores and 49 PLT results during a mean follow-up time of 18.2 months (range 5-40). A negative correlation (r=-0.69, p<0.001) was found between central retinal thickness (CRT) values and age at examination with a maximal annual decrease of 23 µm between 56 and 80 months of age. A significant correlation was observed between PLT results and the age at examination (r=0.46, p=0.001), the WCBS scores (r=0.62; p<0.001) and CRT values (r=-0.64; p<0.001). The M-L score correlated with the ocular measurements (CRT: r=0.58, p<0.001; WCBS r=-0.64, p<0.001; PLT score: r=-0.57, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Despite intraventricular ERT, retinal degeneration progressed in patients with CLN2 and was particularly pronounced between 56 and 80 months of age. Retina-directed therapies should therefore be initiated before or as early as possible during the phase of rapid retinal degeneration. PLT and WCBS were identified as valuable outcome measures to monitor disease progression. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04613089.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dulz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schwering
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wildner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Spartalis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schuettauf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Wibbeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Nickel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stephan Spitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yevgeniya Atiskova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Priluck AZ, Breazzano MP. Novel MFSD8 mutation causing non-syndromic asymmetric adult-onset macular dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:186-190. [PMID: 35801630 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2092758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MFSD8 mutations can cause type 7 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a systemic disorder that includes vision loss; however, such mutations can also cause isolated retinal dystrophy with vision loss without systemic signs or symptoms as first identified in 2015. This report details a previously unreported combination of compound heterozygous variants in the MFSD8 gene causing a non-syndromic, bilateral central macular dystrophy presenting in adulthood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a case of MFSD8-associated retinal dystrophy with multimodal imaging and a review of relevant literature. RESULTS A 57-year-old female presented for subacute, unilateral blurriness in her right eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/250 and 20/50 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Fundus examination and multimodal imaging revealed blunted foveal reflexes and optical gap with subfoveal ellipsoid zone loss in both eyes, right greater than left. Full field electroretinography results were within normal limits while the Arden ratio on electro-oculography was abnormal in both eyes, right more so than left. Genetic testing revealed apparently causative compound heterozygous mutations in the MFSD8 gene: c.154G>A, p.(Gly52Arg) and c.1006G>C, p.(Gluc336Gln). Visual acuity over one year of follow-up has remained stable. CONCLUSIONS To authors' knowledge, this report is first description of this combination of mutations in the MFSD8 gene leading to non-syndromic adult-onset macular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Z Priluck
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Breazzano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Retina-Vitreous Surgeons of Central New York, Liverpool, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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3
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Poncet AF, Grunewald O, Vaclavik V, Meunier I, Drumare I, Pelletier V, Bocquet B, Todorova MG, Le Moing AG, Devos A, Schorderet DF, Jobic F, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Dollfus H, Smirnov VM, Dhaenens CM. Contribution of Whole-Genome Sequencing and Transcript Analysis to Decipher Retinal Diseases Associated with MFSD8 Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084294. [PMID: 35457110 PMCID: PMC9032189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic gene defects in MFSD8 are not only a cause of the late-infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, but also of rare isolated retinal degeneration. We report clinical and genetic data of seven patients compound heterozygous or homozygous for variants in MFSD8, issued from a French cohort with inherited retinal degeneration, and two additional patients retrieved from a Swiss cohort. Next-generation sequencing of large panels combined with whole-genome sequencing allowed for the identification of twelve variants from which seven were novel. Among them were one deep intronic variant c.998+1669A>G, one large deletion encompassing exon 9 and 10, and a silent change c.750A>G. Transcript analysis performed on patients’ lymphoblastoid cell lines revealed the creation of a donor splice site by c.998+1669A>G, resulting in a 140 bp pseudoexon insertion in intron 10. Variant c.750A>G produced exon 8 skipping. In silico and in cellulo studies of these variants allowed us to assign the pathogenic effect, and showed that the combination of at least one severe variant with a moderate one leads to isolated retinal dystrophy, whereas the combination in trans of two severe variants is responsible for early onset severe retinal dystrophy in the context of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F. Poncet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.F.P.); (O.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Olivier Grunewald
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.F.P.); (O.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Veronika Vaclavik
- University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Cantonal Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital, Sensgene Care Network, ERN-EYE Network, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (I.M.); (B.B.)
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Drumare
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (I.D.); (S.D.-D.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Valérie Pelletier
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologiques, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.P.); (H.D.)
| | - Béatrice Bocquet
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital, Sensgene Care Network, ERN-EYE Network, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (I.M.); (B.B.)
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Margarita G. Todorova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Le Moing
- Department of Child Neurology, Amiens-Picardy University Hospital, F-80000 Amiens, France;
| | - Aurore Devos
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.F.P.); (O.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel F. Schorderet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne and Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Florence Jobic
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Oncogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, F-80000 Amiens, France;
| | - Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (I.D.); (S.D.-D.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologiques, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.P.); (H.D.)
| | - Vasily M. Smirnov
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (I.D.); (S.D.-D.); (V.M.S.)
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.F.P.); (O.G.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-320444953
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Simonati A, Williams RE. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: The Multifaceted Approach to the Clinical Issues, an Overview. Front Neurol 2022; 13:811686. [PMID: 35359645 PMCID: PMC8961688 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this review is to summarize the current state-of-art in the field of childhood Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders. These are genetic diseases associated with the formation of toxic endo-lysosomal storage. Following a brief historical review of the evolution of NCL definition, a clinically-oriented approach is used describing how the early symptoms and signs affecting motor, visual, cognitive domains, and including seizures, may lead clinicians to a rapid molecular diagnosis, avoiding the long diagnostic odyssey commonly observed. We go on to focus on recent advances in NCL research and summarize contributions to knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying NCL. We describe the large variety of experimental models which have aided this research, as well as the most recent technological developments which have shed light on the main mechanisms involved in the cellular pathology, such as apoptosis and autophagy. The search for innovative therapies is described. Translation of experimental data into therapeutic approaches is being established for several of the NCLs, and one drug is now commercially available. Lastly, we show the importance of palliative care and symptomatic treatments which are still the main therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Simonati
- Departments of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics, and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, AOUI-VR, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Simonati
| | - Ruth E. Williams
- Department of Children's Neuroscience, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Ruth E. Williams
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Velde HM, Reurink J, Held S, Li CHZ, Yzer S, Oostrik J, Weeda J, Haer-Wigman L, Yntema HG, Roosing S, Pauleikhoff L, Lange C, Whelan L, Dockery A, Zhu J, Keegan DJ, Farrar GJ, Kremer H, Lanting CP, Damme M, Pennings RJE. Usher syndrome type IV: clinically and molecularly confirmed by novel ARSG variants. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1723-1738. [PMID: 35226187 PMCID: PMC9556359 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUsher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessively inherited disease characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with or without vestibular dysfunction. It is highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically. Recently, variants in the arylsulfatase G (ARSG) gene have been reported to underlie USH type IV. This distinct type of USH is characterized by late-onset RP with predominantly pericentral and macular changes, and late onset SNHL without vestibular dysfunction. In this study, we describe the USH type IV phenotype in three unrelated subjects. We identified three novel pathogenic variants, two novel likely pathogenic variants, and one previously described pathogenic variant in ARSG. Functional experiments indicated a loss of sulfatase activity of the mutant proteins. Our findings confirm that ARSG variants cause the newly defined USH type IV and support the proposed extension of the phenotypic USH classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M. Velde
- Hearing and Genes, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Reurink
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Held
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catherina H. Z. Li
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Yzer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oostrik
- Hearing and Genes, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Weeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G. Yntema
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurenz Pauleikhoff
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Whelan
- The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian Dockery
- The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Next Generation Sequencing Laboratory, Pathology Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julia Zhu
- Mater Clinical Ophthalmic Genetics Unit, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J. Keegan
- Mater Clinical Ophthalmic Genetics Unit, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G. Jane Farrar
- The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Hearing and Genes, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis P. Lanting
- Hearing and Genes, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Damme
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald J. E. Pennings
- Hearing and Genes, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Atiskova Y, Kohlschütter A, Spitzer MS, Dulz S. [Ophthalmological manifestations of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) : NCL as diseases of brain and retina-the role of ophthalmologists]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:113-118. [PMID: 33315139 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are hereditary lysosomal storage diseases, which lead to a progressive neurodegeneration of the brain and retina. Visual loss can be the initial symptom but can also occur later in the course of the disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to provide ophthalmologists with an overview of the characteristic ocular alterations and the general disease course of the 13 currently known various forms of NCL. MATERIAL AND METHODS The findings from predominantly clinical articles are reviewed and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Retinal degeneration plays a crucial role in this group of neurodegenerative diseases. In several forms visual decline is the initial clinical symptom in affected patients. Therefore, the ophthalmologist is the first medical expert consulted. An early diagnosis is crucial for the future personal and family planning but is also important regarding upcoming therapeutic strategies, which might be much more effective in patients with early stage disease. When the presence of retinal degeneration due to an NCL disease is suspected an immediate genetic diagnostic confirmation and collaboration with neuropediatricians is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Atiskova
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - Alfried Kohlschütter
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Martin Stephan Spitzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Simon Dulz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
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Bauwens M, Storch S, Weisschuh N, Ceuterick‐de Groote C, De Rycke R, Guillemyn B, De Jaegere S, Coppieters F, Van Coster R, Leroy BP, De Baere E. Functional characterization of novel MFSD8 pathogenic variants anticipates neurological involvement in juvenile isolated maculopathy. Clin Genet 2020; 97:426-436. [PMID: 31721179 PMCID: PMC7064892 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic MFSD8 variants are an established cause of severe late-infantile subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (v-LINCL), a severe lysosomal storage disorder, but have also been associated with nonsyndromic adult-onset maculopathy. Here, we functionally characterized two novel MFSD8 variants found in a child with juvenile isolated maculopathy, in order to establish a refined prognosis. ABCA4 locus resequencing was followed by the analysis of other inherited retinal disease genes by whole exome sequencing (WES). Minigene assays and cDNA sequencing were used to assess the effect of a novel MFSD8 splice variant. MFSD8 expression was quantified with qPCR and overexpression studies were analyzed by immunoblotting. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on a skin biopsy and ophthalmological and neurological re-examinations were conducted. WES revealed two novel MFSD8 variants: c.[590del];[439+3A>C] p.[Gly197Valfs*2];[Ile67Glufs*3]. Characterization of the c.439+3A>C variant via splice assays showed exon-skipping (p.Ile67Glufs*3), while overexpression studies of the corresponding protein indicated expression of a truncated polypeptide. In addition, a significantly reduced MFSD8 RNA expression was noted in patient's lymphocytes. TEM of a skin biopsy revealed typical v-LINCL lipopigment inclusions while neurological imaging of the proband displayed subtle cerebellar atrophy. Functional characterization demonstrated the pathogenicity of two novel MFSD8 variants, found in a child with an initial diagnosis of juvenile isolated maculopathy but likely evolving to v-LINCL with a protracted disease course. Our study allowed a refined neurological prognosis in the proband and expands the natural history of MFSD8-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Storch
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic ResearchUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | | | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging CoreGhentBelgium
| | | | - Sarah De Jaegere
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | | | - Rudy Van Coster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and MetabolismGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Bart P. Leroy
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of OphthalmologyGhent University and Ghent University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Division of Ophthalmology and Center for Cellular & Molecular TherapeuticsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
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Response to the paper "unraveling functional Neurology: an overview of all published documents by FR Carrick, including a critical review of research articles on its effect or benefit." by marine Demortier and Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde. Chiropr Man Therap 2020; 28:10. [PMID: 32003761 PMCID: PMC6986038 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-020-0298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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