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Mitz AR, Boccuto L, Thurm A. Evidence for common mechanisms of pathology between SHANK3 and other genes of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Clin Genet 2024; 105:459-469. [PMID: 38414139 PMCID: PMC11025605 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q13.3 deletion (Phelan-McDermid) syndrome (PMS, OMIM 606232) is a rare genetic condition that impacts neurodevelopment. PMS most commonly results from heterozygous contiguous gene deletions that include the SHANK3 gene or likely pathogenic variants of SHANK3 (PMS-SHANK3 related). Rarely, chromosomal rearrangements that spare SHANK3 share the same general phenotype (PMS-SHANK3 unrelated). Very recent human and model system studies of genes that likely contribute to the PMS phenotype point to overlap in gene functions associated with neurodevelopment, synaptic formation, stress/inflammation and regulation of gene expression. In this review of recent findings, we describe the functional overlaps between SHANK3 and six partner genes of 22q13.3 (PLXNB2, BRD1, CELSR1, PHF21B, SULT4A1, and TCF20), which suggest a model that explains the commonality between PMS-SHANK3 related and PMS-SHANK3 unrelated classes of PMS. These genes are likely not the only contributors to neurodevelopmental impairments in the region, but they are the best documented to date. The review provides evidence for the overlapping and likely synergistic contributions of these genes to the PMS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mitz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- Healthcare Genetics and Genomics Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program, School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Chang YT, Lee YJ, Haque M, Chang HC, Javed S, Lin YC, Cho Y, Abramovitz J, Chin G, Khamis A, Raja R, Murai KK, Huang WH. Comparative analyses of the Smith-Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 in mice and common marmoset monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25589. [PMID: 38289192 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) encodes a transcriptional regulator critical for brain development and function. RAI1 haploinsufficiency in humans causes a syndromic autism spectrum disorder known as Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). The neuroanatomical distribution of RAI1 has not been quantitatively analyzed during the development of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region critical for cognitive function and social behaviors and commonly implicated in autism spectrum disorders, including SMS. Here, we performed comparative analyses to uncover the evolutionarily convergent and divergent expression profiles of RAI1 in major cell types during prefrontal cortex maturation in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) and mice (Mus musculus). We found that while RAI1 in both species is enriched in neurons, the percentage of excitatory neurons that express RAI1 is higher in newborn mice than in newborn marmosets. By contrast, RAI1 shows similar neural distribution in adult marmosets and adult mice. In marmosets, RAI1 is expressed in several primate-specific cell types, including intralaminar astrocytes and MEIS2-expressing prefrontal GABAergic neurons. At the molecular level, we discovered that RAI1 forms a protein complex with transcription factor 20 (TCF20), PHD finger protein 14 (PHF14), and high mobility group 20A (HMG20A) in the marmoset brain. In vitro assays in human cells revealed that TCF20 regulates RAI1 protein abundance. This work demonstrates that RAI1 expression and protein interactions are largely conserved but with some unique expression in primate-specific cells. The results also suggest that altered RAI1 abundance could contribute to disease features in disorders caused by TCF20 dosage imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yu-Ju Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Minza Haque
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hao-Cheng Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sehrish Javed
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yu Cheng Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yoobin Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Abramovitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Chin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Asma Khamis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Reesha Raja
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Huang S, Xu J, Li Y, Mo W, Lin X, Wang Y, Liang F, Bai Y, Huang G, Chen J, Xin J, Ma G. A syndrome featuring developmental disorder of the nervous system induced by a novel mutation in the TCF20 gene, rarely concurrent immune disorders: a case report. Front Genet 2023; 14:1192668. [PMID: 37303953 PMCID: PMC10248432 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1192668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The expression of TCF20 is the most widespread in brain tissue. TCF20 depletion or mutation can affect the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neurons, leading to developmental disorder of the central nervous system and subsequent rare syndrome featuring. Case presentation: Here, we report a 3-year-old boy carrying a novel frameshift mutation in TCF20, c.1839_1872del (p.Met613IlefsTer159), resulting in multisystem disease. In addition to symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorder, a large head circumference, special appearance, overgrowth, abnormal testicular descent. Remarkably, previously infrequently reported symptoms of the immune system such as hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (hyper-IgE), immune thrombocytopenic purpura, cows milk protein allergy, and wheezy bronchitis, were observed. Conclusion: This study broadens the mutation spectrum of the TCF20 and the phenotypic spectrum of TCF20-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Mo
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Xiuwen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Fujian Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Guochun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
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Vitrac A, Leblond CS, Rolland T, Cliquet F, Mathieu A, Maruani A, Delorme R, Schön M, Grabrucker AM, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C, Phelan K, Tabet AC, Bourgeron T. Dissecting the 22q13 region to explore the genetic and phenotypic diversity of patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104732. [PMID: 36822569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
SHANK3-related Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is caused by a loss of the distal part of chromosome 22, including SHANK3, or by a pathological SHANK3 variant. There is an important genetic and phenotypic diversity among patients who can present with developmental delay, language impairments, autism, epilepsy, and other symptoms. SHANK3, encoding a synaptic scaffolding protein, is deleted in the majority of patients with PMS and is considered a major gene involved in the neurological impairments of the patients. However, differences in deletion size can influence clinical features, and in some rare cases, deletions at the 22q13 locus in individuals with SHANK3-unrelated PMS do not encompass SHANK3. These individuals with SHANK3-unrelated PMS still display a PMS-like phenotype. This suggests the participation of other 22q13 genes in the pathogenesis of PMS. Here, we review the biological function and potential implication in PMS symptoms of 110 genes located in the 22q13 region, focusing on 35 genes with evidence for association with neurodevelopmental disorders, including 13 genes for epilepsy and 11 genes for microcephaly and/or macrocephaly. Our review is restricted to the 22q13 region, but future large-scale studies using whole genome sequencing and deep-phenotyping are warranted to develop predictive models of clinical trajectories and to target specific medical and educational care for each individual with PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Vitrac
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mathieu
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Anna Maruani
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute HRI, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Conny van Ravenswaaij-Arts
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Katy Phelan
- Genetics Laboratory, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Fort Myers, FL, 33916, USA
| | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, IUF, 75015, Paris, France.
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Schneeweiss MR, Dale B, Ejaz R. Diagnosis and clinical presentation of two individuals with a rare TCF20 pathogenic variant. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e248995. [PMID: 36593604 PMCID: PMC9730367 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-248995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TCF20-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (TAND) is a rare and phenotypically variable genetic condition. Common features include intellectual disability, neurobehavioural concerns, postnatal tall stature and hypotonia.Two unrelated early adolescent males were referred to genetics for assessment of developmental delay. The first male of Caucasian descent had a history of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), mitral valve prolapse and subtle craniofacial dysmorphisms. The second male of Somali descent had a history of intellectual disability, thick corpus callosum and ASD. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic variant in TCF20 in both individuals. Further testing revealed that the former individual's mother was mosaic for the TCF20 pathogenic variant.We report two individuals with TCF20 pathogenic variants presenting with unique findings, including thick corpus callosum, family history of mosaicism and cardiac anomalies. These examples expand the TAND phenotype, describe associated dysmorphism in a minority group and highlight the importance of rare disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breanne Dale
- Genetics and Metabolics Clinic, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Resham Ejaz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hao Y, Liu Y, Yang J, Li X, Luo F, Geng Q, Li S, Li P, Wu W, Xie J. Prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of Phelan–McDermid syndrome: A report of 21 cases from a medical center and review of the literature. Front Genet 2022; 13:961196. [PMID: 36118903 PMCID: PMC9470928 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.961196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), caused by deletions at 22q13.3 and pathogenic variants in the SHANK3 gene, is a rare developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dysmorphic features, absence of or delayed language, and other features. Methods: Conventional karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and whole exome sequencing (WES) have been used to detect genetic defects causing PMS. We summarized the genetic and clinical findings from prenatal to postnatal stages of detected cases of PMS and mapped potential candidate haploinsufficient genes for deletions of 22q13. This study aimed to summarize the laboratory findings, genetic defects, and genotype–phenotype correlations for Chinese patients with PMS. Results: Seven prenatal cases and fourteen postnatal cases were diagnosed with PMS in our center. Thirteen cases had a deletion ranging in size from 69 to 9.06 Mb at 22q13.2-q13.33, and five cases had a pathogenic variant or an intragenic deletion in the SHANK3 gene. Three familial cases with a parental carrier of a balanced translocation were noted. A review of the literature noted another case series of 29 cases and a report of five cases of PMS in China. Genotype–phenotype correlations confirmed haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene for PMS and suggested other candidate haploinsufficient genes TNFRSFI3C and NFAM1 genes for immunological features and TCF20, SULT4A1, PARVB, SCO2, and UPK3A genes for intellectual impairment and behavioral abnormality, neurological features, macrocephaly/hypotonia, oculopathy, and renal adysplasia, respectively. Conclusion: Indications for prenatal diagnosis of PMS are not specific, and approximately 85% prenatally diagnosed PMS elected termination of pregnancies after genetic counseling. For postnatal cases, 62.5% were caused by a deletion at 22q13 and 37.5% were caused by a pathogenic variant or an intragenic deletion in the SHANK3 gene. Approximately 6.7% of cases with a deletion were familial, and almost all pathogenic variants were de novo. Combined karyotype, CMA, and WES should be performed to increase the diagnostic yield. The identification of other candidate haploinsufficient genes in deletions of 22q13.2-q13.33 could relate to more severe dysmorphic features, neurologic defects, and immune deficiency. These results provided evidence for diagnostic interpretation, genetic counseling, and clinical management for the Chinese cases of PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hao
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingping Li
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuwei Luo
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Geng
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Suli Li
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peining Li
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Weiqing Wu
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqing Wu, ; Jiansheng Xie,
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Medical Genetic Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Reproductive Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Division of Prenatal Diagnosis, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqing Wu, ; Jiansheng Xie,
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