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Cronemberger S, Albuquerque ALB, Silva ACSE, Zanini JLSS, da Silva AHG, Barbosa LF, da Cunha Rubião F, de Lima FL, Casimiro RF, Martins MP, Diniz-Filho A, Bastos-Rodrigues L, Friedman E, De Marco L. Bilateral Peters' anomaly, aniridia and Wilms tumour (WAGR syndrome) in monozygotic twins. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:1420-1425. [PMID: 38363039 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study reports the bilateral association of Peters' anomaly and congenital aniridia in monozygotic twins subsequently diagnosed with Wilms tumour (WAGR syndrome). METHODS Two monozygotic female twins were referred at age 2 months with bilateral corneal opacity. A diagnosis of Peters' anomaly associated to aniridia was made in both eyes of both twins. Physical examination and ultrasonography were carried out at 12 months of age to explore the possibility of WAGR-related anomalies, specifically Wilms tumour. DNA were isolated and subjected to whole exome sequencing. RESULTS Peters' anomaly associated to aniridia in both eyes as well as bilateral Wilms tumour in both children were diagnosed. Exome analyses showed a large heterozygous deletion encompassing 6 648 473 bp in chromosome 11p13, using Integrative Genomics Viewer and AnnotSV software. CONCLUSION WAGR syndrome is a rare contiguous gene deletion syndrome with a greater risk of developing Wilms tumour associated with Peters' anomaly and congenital aniridia. However, co-occurrence of both anomalies was rarely reported in twins, and never in both eyes of monozygotic twins. Here, we report the bilateral association of Peters' anomaly and congenital aniridia in monozygotic twins with WAGR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna L B Albuquerque
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Barbosa
- Hospital São Geraldo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe L de Lima
- Hospital São Geraldo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto Diniz-Filho
- Hospital São Geraldo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Eitan Friedman
- The Preventive Personalized Medicine Center, Assuta Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Luiz De Marco
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Zucco J, Baldan F, Allegri L, Bregant E, Passon N, Franzoni A, D'Elia AV, Faletra F, Damante G, Mio C. A bird's eye view on the use of whole exome sequencing in rare congenital ophthalmic diseases. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:271-282. [PMID: 38459225 PMCID: PMC11126393 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity in congenital ocular diseases, especially in anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), have created challenges for proper diagnosis and classification of diseases. Over the last decade, genomic research has indeed boosted our understanding in the molecular basis of ASD and genes associated with both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance have been described with a wide range of expressivity. Here we describe the molecular characterization of a cohort of 162 patients displaying isolated or syndromic congenital ocular dysgenesis. Samples were analyzed with diverse techniques, such as direct sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and whole exome sequencing (WES), over 20 years. Our data reiterate the notion that PAX6 alterations are primarily associated with ASD, mostly aniridia, since the majority of the cohort (66.7%) has a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in the PAX6 locus. Unexpectedly, a high fraction of positive samples (20.3%) displayed deletions involving the 11p13 locus, either partially/totally involving PAX6 coding region or abolishing its critical regulatory region, underlying its significance. Most importantly, the use of WES has allowed us to both assess variants in known ASD genes (i.e., CYP1B1, ITPR1, MAB21L1, PXDN, and PITX2) and to identify rarer phenotypes (i.e., MIDAS, oculogastrointestinal-neurodevelopmental syndrome and Jacobsen syndrome). Our data clearly suggest that WES allows expanding the analytical portfolio of ocular dysgenesis, both isolated and syndromic, and that is pivotal for the differential diagnosis of those conditions in which there may be phenotypic overlaps and in general in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Zucco
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Allegri
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Bregant
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Nadia Passon
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandra Franzoni
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Angela Valentina D'Elia
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Catia Mio
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Chesneau B, Calvas P, Cassagne M, Varenne F, Rozet JM, Bonneville F, Chassaing N, Fournié P, Fares-Taie L, Plaisancié J. ITPR1: The missing gene in miosis-ataxia syndrome? Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63655. [PMID: 38711238 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The association of early-onset non-progressive ataxia and miosis is an extremely rare phenotypic entity occasionally reported in the literature. To date, only one family (two siblings and their mother) has benefited from a genetic diagnosis by the identification of a missense heterozygous variant (p.Arg36Cys) in the ITPR1 gene. This gene encodes the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, an intracellular channel that mediates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Deleterious variants in this gene are known to be associated with two types of spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA15 and SCA29, and with Gillespie syndrome that is associated with ataxia, partial iris hypoplasia, and intellectual disability. In this work, we describe a novel individual carrying a heterozygous missense variant (p.Arg36Pro) at the same position in the N-terminal suppressor domain of ITPR1 as the family previously reported, with the same phenotype associating early-onset non-progressive ataxia and miosis. This second report confirms the implication of ITPR1 in the miosis-ataxia syndrome and therefore broadens the clinical spectrum of the gene. Moreover, the high specificity of the phenotype makes it a recognizable syndrome of genetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Chesneau
- Laboratoire de Référence (LBMR) des anomalies malformatives de l'œil, Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CARGO, site constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CARGO, site constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fanny Varenne
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CARGO, site constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Ophtalmologique, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Bonneville
- Département de Neuroradiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Laboratoire de Référence (LBMR) des anomalies malformatives de l'œil, Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CARGO, site constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Fournié
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucas Fares-Taie
- Laboratoire de Génétique Ophtalmologique, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Julie Plaisancié
- Laboratoire de Référence (LBMR) des anomalies malformatives de l'œil, Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CARGO, site constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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4
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Akbar W, Ullah A, Haider N, Suleman S, Khan FU, Shah AA, Sikandar MA, Basit S, Ahmad W. Identification of novel homozygous variants in FOXE3 and AP4M1 underlying congenital syndromic anophthalmia and microphthalmia. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3601. [PMID: 37758467 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are severe developmental ocular disorders that affect the size of the ocular globe and can be unilateral or bilateral. The disease is found in syndromic as well as non-syndromic forms. It is genetically caused by chromosomal aberrations, copy number variations and single gene mutations, along with non-genetic factors such as viral infections, deficiency of vitamin A and an exposure to alcohol or drugs during pregnancy. To date, more than 30 genes having different modes of inheritance patterns are identified as causing anophthalmia and microphthalmia. METHODS In the present study, a clinical and genetic analysis was performed of six patients with anophthalmia and microphthalmia and/or additional phenotypes of intellectual disability, developmental delay and cerebral palsy from a large consanguineous Pakistani family. Whole exome sequencing followed by data analysis for variants prioritization and validation through Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the disease causing variant(s). American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines were applied to classify clinical interpretation of the prioritized variants. RESULTS Clinical investigations revealed that the affected individuals are afflicted with anophthalmia. Three of the patients showed additional phenotype of intellectual disability, developmental delays and other neurological symptoms. Whole exome sequencing of the DNA samples of the affected members in the family identified a novel homozygous stop gain mutation (NM_012186: c.106G>T: p.Glu36*) in Forkhead Box E3 (FOXE3) gene shared by all affected individuals. Moreover, patients segregating additional phenotypes of spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, hearing loss and microcephaly showed an additional homozygous sequence variant (NM_004722: c.953G>A: p.Arg318Gln) in AP4M1. Sanger sequencing validated the correct segregation of the identified variants in the affected family. ACMG guidelines predicted the variants to be pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS We have investigated first case of syndromic anophthalmia caused by variants in the FOXE3 and AP4M1. The present findings are helpful for understanding pathological role of the mutations of the genes in syndromic forms of anophthalmia. Furthermore, the study signifies searching for the identification of second variant in families with patients exhibiting variable phenotypes. In addition, the findings will help clinical geneticists, genetic counselors and the affected family with respect to prenatal testing, family planning and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warda Akbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nighat Haider
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sufyan Suleman
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fati Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sulman Basit
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Khasnavis A, Fernandes M. Peters anomaly: An overview. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:434-442. [PMID: 38249502 PMCID: PMC10798386 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-23-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peters anomaly (PA) is a rare, often bilateral, congenital corneal opacity, usually with a sporadic inheritance pattern, characterized by corneal opacities and irido-corneal or lenticular-corneal adhesions with a defect in the Descemet's membrane, occurring due to anterior segment dysgenesis during fetal development. Due to other ocular and systemic comorbidities, a team comprising pediatric cornea, glaucoma, and strabismus specialists in addition to a pediatrician and geneticist is necessary for the appropriate management of these children. Since the outcome of pediatric penetrating keratoplasty is variable and has a higher chance of failure when accompanied by additional procedures, such as lensectomy and vitrectomy, minimally invasive alternatives are increasingly being offered to these patients. Of note is the recently reported novel procedure: selective endothelialectomy for PA, which avoids the need for a corneal transplant and results in gradual clearing of the corneal opacity over time. In this overview, we aimed to describe the etiology, classification, pathophysiology, histopathology, clinical features, and management of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Khasnavis
- Academy for Eye Care Education, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Merle Fernandes
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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6
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Yokota C, Hirooka K, Okada N, Kiuchi Y. Risk and Prognostic Factors for Glaucoma Associated with Peters Anomaly. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6238. [PMID: 37834882 PMCID: PMC10573105 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma secondary to Peters anomaly is an important factor affecting visual prognosis, but there are few reports on the condition. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of glaucoma associated with Peters anomaly and glaucoma surgery outcomes. This retrospective study included 31 eyes of 20 patients with Peters anomaly. Peters anomaly was classified into three stages: Stage 1, with a posterior corneal defect only; Stage 2, a corneal defect with iridocorneal adhesion; and Stage 3, a corneal defect with lens abnormalities. The associations between glaucoma and anterior segment dysgenesis severity, visual prognosis, and glaucoma surgery outcomes were analyzed. Sixteen eyes of ten patients developed glaucoma. Stage 1 Peters anomaly had no glaucoma, 52% of Stage 2 had glaucoma, and 75% of Stage 3 had glaucoma. Of the 16 eyes with glaucoma, 11 underwent surgery. Eight of these eleven eyes achieved intraocular pressure (IOP) control. Five of the nine eyes that underwent trabeculotomy (TLO) succeeded, and none had corneal staphyloma. Three of the four eyes for which TLO was ineffective had corneal staphyloma (p = 0.0331). Patients with Peters anomaly are more likely to develop glaucoma as anterior segment dysgenesis progresses, and the effect of TLO is limited if corneal staphyloma is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yokota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.H.); (N.O.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federation of National Public Service and Affiliated Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Yoshijima Hospital, Hiroshima 730-0822, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.H.); (N.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Naoki Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.H.); (N.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yoshiaki Kiuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.H.); (N.O.); (Y.K.)
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7
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Kuang L, Zhang M, Wang T, Huang T, Li J, Gan R, Yu M, Cao W, Yan X. The molecular genetics of anterior segment dysgenesis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109603. [PMID: 37495069 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis is a severe developmental eye disorder that leads to blindness in children. The exact mechanisms underlying this condition remain elusive. Recently, an increasing amount of studies have focused on genes and signal transduction pathways that affect anterior segment dysgenesis;these factors include transcription factors, developmental regulators, extracellular matrix genes, membrane-related proteins, cytoskeleton proteins and other associated genes. To date, dozens of gene variants have been found to cause anterior segment dysgenesis. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments. With a broader and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying anterior segment development in the future, gene editing technology and stem cell technology may be new treatments for anterior segment dysgenesis. Further studies on the mechanisms of how different genes influence the onset and progression of anterior segment dysgenesis are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Kuang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Jin Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Run Gan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen Eye Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Wenchao Cao
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen Eye Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaohe Yan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China.
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8
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Santorini M, Chesneau B, Koskas-Boublil P, Metge F, Caputo G, Chassaing N, Martin G, Plaisancié J. First implication of MIP in bilateral microphthalmia with persistent fetal vasculature. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1373-1377. [PMID: 36734406 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a rare malformative ocular disorder resulting from the failure of the hyaloid vasculature to regress. The severity of the visual impairment is depending on the underlying eye defects, ranging from discreet hyaloid remnants to severe ocular anomalies. Although PFV is generally unilateral, sporadic and idiopathic, a genetic cause has been described in some individuals, especially those presenting with a bilateral and/or syndromic form of PFV. The genes occasionally described in PFV are most often responsible for a wide spectrum of ocular phenotypes such as ATOH7 or NDP, a gene also known to be involved in Norrie disease, a X-linked vitreoretinopathy with extra-ocular features. We describe here a patient with an ocular phenotype consisting in non-syndromic bilateral PFV with cataract and microphthalmia, in whom a recurrent heterozygous de novo MIP disease-causing variant was detected after using a dedicated 119-ocular genes panel approach. Defects in the MIP gene are classically associated with dominant non-syndromic congenital cataract without other ocular malformative features. Thus, this case highlights the value of exploring individuals with PFV, even those with non-syndromic forms. It also broadens the phenotypic spectrum of the MIP gene, adding new insights into the gene networks underlying PFV pathophysiology, that remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Santorini
- Ophthalmology Department, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.,Ophthalmology Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Bertrand Chesneau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,National Reference Centre for the Rare Ophthalmological Disorders (CARGO), Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Florence Metge
- Ophthalmology Department, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Georges Caputo
- Ophthalmology Department, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Department of Medical Genetics, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,National Reference Centre for the Rare Ophthalmological Disorders (CARGO), Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Martin
- Ophthalmology Department, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Julie Plaisancié
- Department of Medical Genetics, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,National Reference Centre for the Rare Ophthalmological Disorders (CARGO), Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Inserm 1214 ToNIC, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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