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de Barros LD, Barão KR, Grazia J. Exploring Phylogenetic Relationships of the Mecocephala Group (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Using Continuous and Discrete Characters, with Notes on Taxonomy. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:786-832. [PMID: 38955943 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The Mecocephala group comprises about 50 species, restricted to the Neotropics and with the highest species richness in Neotropical South America. Several species use rice as host plants and their identification is facilitated by the presence of exaggerated head proportions and a unique male genitalic morphology. The taxonomy of the group has been extensively explored, but inferring its monophyly and especially its internal phylogenetic relationships has been challenging. Here, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships for the group assembling the most complete taxonomic sampling to date, analyzing discrete and continuous morphological characters through equal and implied weighted parsimony analyses. The monophyly of the group was recovered, but internal relationships varied slightly according to the dataset tested. Thus, we propose internal arrangements for the group and provide a formal description of the Mecocephala group, diagnoses for each genus, a dichotomous key to identify its genera, and illustrations of the morphological characters and type species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurdiana Dayse de Barros
- Lab of Systematic Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, Campus Do Vale, Federal Univ of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Kim Ribeiro Barão
- Lab of Systematics and Diversity of Arthropods, Penedo Educational Unit, Campus Arapiraca, Federal Univ of Alagoas, Penedo, Brazil
| | - Jocélia Grazia
- Lab of Systematic Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, Campus Do Vale, Federal Univ of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Capretz Batista Da Silva JP, Shimada K, Datovo A. The importance of the appendicular skeleton for the phylogenetic reconstruction of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21585. [PMID: 37059594 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Lamniform sharks are one of the more conspicuous groups of elasmobranchs, including several emblematic taxa as the white shark. Although their monophyly is well supported, the interrelationships of taxa within Lamniformes remains controversial because of the conflict among various previous molecular-based and morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses. In this study, we use 31 characters related to the appendicular skeleton of lamniforms and demonstrate their ability to resolve the systematic interrelationships within this shark order. In particular, the new additional skeletal characters resolve all polytomies that were present in previous morphology-based phylogenetic analyses of lamniforms. Our study demonstrates the strength of incorporating new morphological data for phylogenetic reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Capretz Batista Da Silva
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Kenshu Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, USA
| | - Aléssio Datovo
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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da Silva JPCB, Vaz DFB. Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pelvic articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes). Cladistics 2023; 39:155-197. [PMID: 36856203 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of paired fins is commonly overlooked in morphological studies, particularly the pelvic girdle and fins. Consequently, previous phylogenetic studies incorporating morphological data used few skeletal characters from this complex. In this paper, the phylogenetic significance of pelvic articular characters for elasmobranchs is discussed in light of the morphological variation observed in 130 species, the most comprehensive study exploring the morphology of the pelvic girdle done so far. The 10 morphological characters proposed herein for the pelvic articulation were incorporated into a molecular matrix of NADH2 sequences and submitted to an analysis of maximum parsimony employing extended implied weighting. The most stable tree was selected based on the distortion coefficients, SPR distances (subtree pruning and regrafting) and fit values. Some of the striking synapomorphies recovered within elasmobranchs include the presence of an articular surface for the first enlarged pelvic radial supporting Elasmobranchii and the pelvic articular region for the basipterygium extending from the posterolatral margin of the pelvic girdle over its lateral surface in Echinorhinus + Hexanchiformes. Additionally, the proposed characters and their distributions are discussed considering the relationships recovered and also compared with previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo C B da Silva
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Diego F B Vaz
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02143, USA.,Biorepository Collaboratorium Guam EPSCoR, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, 303 University Dr, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU, 96923, USA
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Pastana MNL, Johnson GD, Datovo A. Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
More than half the ray-finned fishes and about one-quarter of all living vertebrates belong to Percomorphacea. Among its 30 orders, Stromateiformes encompass 77 species in 16 genera and six families. Stromateiform monophyly has never been tested using morphology, and it has been rejected by molecular analyses. This comprehensive revision of Stromateiformes includes all its valid genera of all percomorph families previously aligned with the order. We sampled 207 phenotypic characters in 66 terminal taxa representing 14 orders and 46 acanthopterygian families. This dataset significantly surpasses all previous phenotype-based phylogenies of Stromateiformes, which analysed only a fraction of these characters. Stromateiformes is recovered as monophyletic, supported by eight unequivocal synapomorphies. Amarsipidae is the sister group of all other Stromateiformes (= Stromateoidei). Centrolophidae is paraphyletic, with three of its genera allocated into an early-diverging clade and the other four appearing as successive sister groups to a lineage containing the remaining stromateiforms. All other stromateoid families are monophyletic, with the following cladistic arrangement: (Nomeidae (Stromateidae (Tetragonuridae, Ariommatidae))). Our analysis convincingly refutes recent molecular phylogenetic interpretations that fail to recover a monophyletic Stromateiformes. These findings call into question large-scale conclusions of percomorph relationships and trait evolution based solely on molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo N L Pastana
- Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G David Johnson
- Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aléssio Datovo
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Rio JP, Mannion PD. Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12094. [PMID: 34567843 PMCID: PMC8428266 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
First appearing in the latest Cretaceous, Crocodylia is a clade of semi-aquatic, predatory reptiles, defined by the last common ancestor of extant alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials. Despite large strides in resolving crocodylian interrelationships over the last three decades, several outstanding problems persist in crocodylian systematics. Most notably, there has been persistent discordance between morphological and molecular datasets surrounding the affinities of the extant gharials, Gavialis gangeticus and Tomistoma schlegelii. Whereas molecular data consistently support a sister taxon relationship, in which they are more closely related to crocodylids than to alligatorids, morphological data indicate that Gavialis is the sister taxon to all other extant crocodylians. Here we present a new morphological dataset for Crocodylia based on a critical reappraisal of published crocodylian character data matrices and extensive firsthand observations of a global sample of crocodylians. This comprises the most taxonomically comprehensive crocodylian dataset to date (144 OTUs scored for 330 characters) and includes a new, illustrated character list with modifications to the construction and scoring of characters, and 46 novel characters. Under a maximum parsimony framework, our analyses robustly recover Gavialis as more closely related to Tomistoma than to other extant crocodylians for the first time based on morphology alone. This result is recovered regardless of the weighting strategy and treatment of quantitative characters. However, analyses using continuous characters and extended implied weighting (with high k-values) produced the most resolved, well-supported, and stratigraphically congruent topologies overall. Resolution of the gharial problem reveals that: (1) several gavialoids lack plesiomorphic features that formerly drew them towards the stem of Crocodylia; and (2) more widespread similarities occur between species traditionally divided into tomistomines and gavialoids, with these interpreted here as homology rather than homoplasy. There remains significant temporal incongruence regarding the inferred divergence timing of the extant gharials, indicating that several putative gavialids ('thoracosaurs') are incorrectly placed and require future re-appraisal. New alligatoroid interrelationships include: (1) support for a North American origin of Caimaninae in the latest Cretaceous; (2) the recovery of the early Paleogene South American taxon Eocaiman as a 'basal' alligatoroid; and (3) the paraphyly of the Cenozoic European taxon Diplocynodon. Among crocodyloids, notable results include modifications to the taxonomic content of Mekosuchinae, including biogeographic affinities of this clade with latest Cretaceous-early Paleogene Asian crocodyloids. In light of our new results, we provide a comprehensive review of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Crocodylia, which included multiple instances of transoceanic and continental dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Rio
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Mannion
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ferrari RR, Packer L. Morphological phylogeny and review of the generic classification of Colletinae (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bee subfamily Colletinae includes 542 species, the vast majority of which (518 spp.) belong to Colletes. The generic placement of the remaining 24 species has been controversial, resulting in several classifications being proposed. Despite several recently published molecular phylogenies of Colletinae, it remains unknown (1) what morphological synapomorphies support the recognized genera, (2) in which direction some relevant functional traits (e.g. basitibial plate) have evolved and (3) whether morphology supports the available molecular data. Herein, we provide a morphological phylogeny of Colletinae, which was constructed through parsimony analyses of 186 characters. In total, 50 ingroup species were included representing all major lineages of Colletes (29 spp.), plus all but three of the non-Colletes species of Colletinae (21 spp.). Trees were estimated through equal weights and extended implied weighting. Both provide strong support for the monophyly of Colletinae and indicate that the subfamily is defined by four unique synapomorphies. Our results also confirm recent phylogenetic hypotheses showing that Colletinae can be subdivided into two major clades: one comprising the reciprocally monophyletic Mourecotelles and Xanthocotelles; the other includes Colletes plus Hemicotelles, which are also reciprocally monophyletic. We also provide a fully illustrated key to facilitate generic identification of the Colletinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Ferrari
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology,York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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De Mendoza RS, Gómez RO, Tambussi CP. The lacrimal/ectethmoid region of waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes): Phylogenetic signal and major evolutionary patterns. J Morphol 2020; 281:1486-1500. [PMID: 32936967 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes) constitute an ancient global radiation, and understanding the pattern and timing of their evolution requires a well-corroborated phylogeny including extant species and fossils. Following the molecular advances in avian systematics, however, morphology has often been held as misleading, yet congruence with molecular data has been shown to vary considerably among different skeletal parts. Here, we explore phylogenetic signal in discrete characters of the lacrimal/ectethmoid region of waterfowl, which is highly variable among species and constitutes a rich source of data. We do so by combining cladistic and multivariate approaches, and using phylogenetic comparative methods. We quantitatively recognize three major morphological types among lacrimal bones, and discuss homoplasy and potential synapomorphies of major clades using a molecular backbone tree. Our results clearly indicate that the lacrimal bone carries substantial phylogenetic signal and could be of systematic value at different levels of the phylogeny of waterfowl, feeding the exploration of other regions of the skull with this combined approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S De Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Raúl O Gómez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Tambussi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina
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8
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Gómez RO, Lois-Milevicich J. Phylogenetic signal in the skull of cowbirds (Icteridae) assessed by multivariate and cladistic approaches. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Sepúlveda TA, Gomes LRP, Limeira-de-Oliveira F. Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) of the Northeastern Brazil: new records and an identification key. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Here, we provide a list of seven species collected in the Brazilian states of Ceará, Maranhão and Piauí, housed in the Coleção Zoológica do Maranhão (CZMA), Cerantichir peruana (Hennig, 1937), Glyphidops durus (Cresson, 1926), Glyphidops filosus (Fabricius, 1805), Glyphidops flavifrons (Bigot, 1886), Glyphidops vittatus (Cresson, 1912), Nerius pilifer Fabricius, 1805 and Nerius plurivittatus Bigot, 1886. Representatives of Neriidae are recorded and mapped for the first time in the states of Ceará, Maranhão and Piauí, while the species C. peruana, G. durus, G. flavifrons and G. vittatus represent new records for the Northeast Region of Brazil. A key for the identification and diagnoses of Northeastern Brazilian neriids are provided.
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10
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Sepúlveda TA, de Carvalho CJB, Pereira-Colavite A. Systematics of the Neotropical genus Loxozus (Diptera: Neriidae), with notes on distribution and sexual dimorphism. ZOOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.36.e26928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The monotypic genus Loxozus Enderlein, 1922 is redescribed. After examining the holotypes of Tetanoceracornuta Walker, 1853 and Loxozusclavicornis Enderlein, 1922, we confirm that these species are synonyms and reiterate that the correct name of the nominal species is Loxozuscornutus (Walker, 1853). The male of L.cornutus is described for the first time and notes on the species’ sexual dimorphism and illustrations of the genitalia are provided, together with distribution data, including new records for Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.
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11
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Jones AS, Butler RJ. A new phylogenetic analysis of Phytosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) with the application of continuous and geometric morphometric character coding. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5901. [PMID: 30581656 PMCID: PMC6292387 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosauria is a clade of large, carnivorous, semi-aquatic archosauromorphs which reached its peak diversity and an almost global distribution in the Late Triassic (c. 230-201 Mya). Previous phylogenetic analyses of Phytosauria have either focused primarily on the relationships of specific subclades, or were limited in taxonomic scope, and no taxonomically comprehensive dataset is currently available. We here present the most taxonomically comprehensive cladistic dataset of phytosaurs to date, based on extensive first-hand study, identification of novel characters and synthesis of previous matrices. This results in an almost twofold increase in phylogenetic information scored per taxon over previous analyses. Alongside a traditional discrete character matrix, three variant matrices were analysed in which selected characters were coded using continuous and landmarking methods, to more rigorously explore phytosaur relationships. Based on these four data matrices, four tree topologies were recovered. Relationships among non-leptosuchomorph phytosaurs are largely consistent between these four topologies, whereas those of more derived taxa are more variable. Rutiodon carolinensis consistently forms a sister relationship with Angistorhinus. In three topologies Nicrosaurus nests deeply within a group of traditionally non-Mystriosuchini taxa, leading us to redefine Mystriosuchini by excluding Nicrosaurus as an internal specifier. Two distinct patterns of relationships within Mystriosuchini are present in the four topologies, distinguished largely by the variable position of Mystriosuchus. In two topologies Mystriosuchus forms the most basal clade in Mystriosuchini, whilst in the others it occupies a highly derived position within the Machaeroprosopus clade. 'Redondasaurus' is consistently recovered as monophyletic; however, it also nests within the Machaeroprosopus clade. The greatest impact on tree topology was associated with the incorporation of continuous data into our matrices, with landmark characters exerting a relatively modest influence. All topologies correlated significantly with stratigraphic range estimates. Topological variability in our results highlights clades in which further investigation may better elucidate phytosaur relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J. Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Elgorriaga A, Escapa IH, Rothwell GW, Tomescu AMF, Rubén Cúneo N. Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1286-1303. [PMID: 30025163 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Equisetum is the sole living representative of Sphenopsida, a clade with impressive species richness, a long fossil history dating back to the Devonian, and obscure relationships with other living pteridophytes. Based on molecular data, the crown group age of Equisetum is mid-Paleogene, although fossils with possible crown synapomorphies appear in the Triassic. The most widely circulated hypothesis states that the lineage of Equisetum derives from calamitaceans, but no comprehensive phylogenetic studies support the claim. Using a combined approach, we provide a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Equisetales, with special emphasis on the origin of genus Equisetum. METHODS We performed parsimony phylogenetic analyses to address relationships of 43 equisetalean species (15 extant, 28 extinct) using a combination of morphological and molecular characters. KEY RESULTS We recovered Equisetaceae + Neocalamites as sister to Calamitaceae + a clade of Angaran and Gondwanan horsetails, with the four groups forming a clade that is sister to Archaeocalamitaceae. The estimated age for the Equisetum crown group is mid-Mesozoic. CONCLUSIONS Modern horsetails are not nested within calamitaceans; instead, both groups have explored independent evolutionary trajectories since the Carboniferous. Diverse fossil taxon sampling helps to shed light on the position and relationships of equisetalean lineages, of which only a tiny remnant is present within the extant flora. Understanding these relationships and early character configurations of ancient plant clades as Equisetales provide useful tests of hypotheses about overall phylogenetic relationships of euphyllophytes and foundations for future tests of molecular dates with paleontological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Elgorriaga
- CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, 9100, Argentina
| | - Ignacio H Escapa
- CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, 9100, Argentina
| | - Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - N Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, 9100, Argentina
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Magalhaes ILF, Ramírez MJ. Relationships and phylogenetic revision of Filistatinella spiders (Araneae : Filistatidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/is16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Filistatids represent an antique lineage of araneomorph spiders which are most diverse in arid and semiarid regions of the globe. Phylogenetic relationships among its genera are still largely unexplored, and previous studies disagree on the position of the North American Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie, 1936, which could either be the sister group of all other Prithinae, or deeply nested in the subfamily. We present a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphological data, which supports the position of Filistatinella at the base of Prithinae. We also argue that the central Asian Pholcoides Roewer, 1960, hitherto considered incertae sedis in the subfamily, represents the putative sister group of Filistatinella. The latter genus is revised, and we describe its fine morphology in detail using optical and scanning electron microscopy. We redescribe the three previously known species, F. crassipalpis (Gertsch, 1935), F. domestica Desales-Lara, 2012 and F. palaciosi Jiménez & Palacios-Cardiel, 2012. Seven new species are named: F. kahloae, sp. nov. and F. chilindrina, sp. nov. from Mexico; F. pistrix, sp. nov., F. tohono, sp. nov., F. howdyall, sp. nov. and F. hermosa, sp. nov. from south-western USA; and F. spatulata, sp. nov. from the border between the two countries. The phylogenetic relationships among these 10 species are assessed, revealing the monophyly of the genus.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:71820858-545C-43EC-98E1-F9BF490AA3F1
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14
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Mondragón AFV, Gironza NSC. Morphology and development rate of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886) (Diptera, Neriidae) under natural conditions. Zookeys 2016; 603:141-59. [PMID: 27551201 PMCID: PMC4978005 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.603.7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 116 Neriidae species known to date, 113 species have not been studied in their immature stages. Here, we examine the development of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886), which has one of the broadest distributions of Neriidae in southern North America, Central America, and South America; offering excellent opportunities for biological studies. A population of this species was monitored over a five month period. The following characteristics were tracked for a population located on the University of Valle campus in Cali, Colombia: oviposition duration, number of eggs per egg mass and lifespan of each immature stage (egg, larva, and puparium) under natural conditions (in situ). The external morphology of the egg, larva, and puparium were described; their stages lasted 58 (± 4) hours, 10 (± 1) days and 13 (± 1) days, respectively. The lapse of time for each larval instar was statistically supported by using Tukey comparisons and cluster analysis of hypopharyngeal sclerite length and mandibular area. In addition, it was also sustained throughout the morphological study of structural changes in mouth hook, and anterior and posterior spiracles. Finally, the presence of the labial and epipharyngeal sclerites are reported as new characters of Nerioidea. Natural history data are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Soraya Carrejo Gironza
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
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15
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Goloboff PA, Catalano SA. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 2016; 32:221-238. [PMID: 34727670 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 841] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Version 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Goloboff
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Santiago A Catalano
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
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Monckton SK. A revision of Chilicola (Heteroediscelis), a subgenus of xeromelissine bees (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) endemic to Chile: taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography, with descriptions of eight new species. Zookeys 2016; 591:1-144. [PMID: 27408541 PMCID: PMC4926649 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.591.7731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bee subgenus Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) Toro & Moldenke, 1979 (Hymenoptera, Colletidae, Xeromelissinae) is revised. The subgenus is considered endemic to Chile and occurs across a broad range of habitats. Eight new species are described: Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) charizard Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) curvapeligrosa Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) guanicoe Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) katherinae Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) lickana Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) mayu Monckton, sp. n., Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) packeri Monckton, sp. n., and Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) randolphi Monckton, sp. n. One of the existing species, Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) valparaiso Toro & Moldenke, 1979, syn. n., is treated as a junior synonym of Chilicola (Heteroediscelis) mantagua Toro & Moldenke, 1979, and the nine remaining valid species are redescribed. Thoroughly illustrated keys to species for males and females are provided, along with habitus images, images of male terminalia, distribution maps for each species, and a map of relevant Chilean biogeographic regions. Results of phylogenetic analyses are presented, based upon 74 morphological characters and on CO1 barcode sequences, analyzed both separately and as a combined dataset. Monophyly of the subgenus is supported, and groupings within the subgenus are discussed in light of a biogeographic analysis of their species distributions (spatial analysis of vicariance), whereby divergence between taxa is found to occur primarily via north-south disjunctions.
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Mongiardino Koch N, Soto IM, Ramírez MJ. Overcoming problems with the use of ratios as continuous characters for phylogenetic analyses. ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Mongiardino Koch
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Ecología; Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET/UBA); Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428 EHA); Capital Federal Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ignacio M. Soto
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Ecología; Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET/UBA); Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428 EHA); Capital Federal Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales - CONICET; Ángel Gallardo 490 (C1405 DJR) Capital Federal Buenos Aires Argentina
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