Unraveling the evolutionary history of the snakefly family Inocelliidae (Insecta: Raphidioptera) through integrative phylogenetics

Inocellia (Amurinocellia) calida (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) was first observed as a predator of Monochamussaltuarius (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in China, the vector of Bursaphelenchusxylophilus (Aphelenchida, Aphelenchoididae)

Monochamussaltuarius Gebler (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) serves as the primary carrier of Bursaphelenchusxylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) (Aphelenchida, Aphelenchoididae) in the middle-temperate zone of China. Pine wilt disease caused by B.xylophilus leads to serious losses to pine forestry around the world. It is necessary to study the biological control of M.saltuarius to effectively prevent the further spread of B.xylophilus. To explore the insect resources that act as natural enemies of M.saltuarius, investigations were conducted on natural enemy insects by splitting Pinuskoraiensis Siebold & Zucc (Pinales, Pinaceae) damaged by M.saltuarius and dissecting their trunks in Yingpan Village, Fushun County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province, China, in 2023. A larva of Inocellia (Amurinocellia) calida (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck) (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) was discovered in the trunk of an infested P.koraiensis. Additionally, the feeding habits of I.calida were preliminarily examined under indoor conditions and a description of its morphological characteristics was provided. When placed in an indoor environment, the I.calida larva began pupating after a period of 21 days, during which time it consumed and attacked a total of 23 M.saltuarius larvae. Ultimately, after a pupal period of ten days, the I.calida larva emerged successfully as an adult. This discovery marks the first recorded presence of I.calida in Liaoning Province and the first documentation of I.calida in China, serving as a natural predatory enemy of M.saltuarius.