1
|
Zhang Z, Takenaga T, Fehling SK, Igarashi M, Hirokawa T, Muramoto Y, Yamauchi K, Onishi C, Nakano M, Urata S, Groseth A, Strecker T, Noda T. Hexestrol, an estrogen receptor agonist, inhibits Lassa virus entry. J Virol 2024; 98:e0071424. [PMID: 38809021 PMCID: PMC11265444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of human Lassa fever which in severe cases manifests as hemorrhagic fever leading to thousands of deaths annually. However, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available. Recently, we screened approximately 2,500 compounds using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing LASV glycoprotein GP (VSV-LASVGP) and identified a P-glycoprotein inhibitor as a potential LASV entry inhibitor. Here, we show that another identified candidate, hexestrol (HES), an estrogen receptor agonist, is also a LASV entry inhibitor. HES inhibited VSV-LASVGP replication with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.63 µM. Importantly, HES also inhibited authentic LASV replication with IC50 values of 0.31 µM-0.61 µM. Time-of-addition and cell-based membrane fusion assays suggested that HES inhibits the membrane fusion step during virus entry. Alternative estrogen receptor agonists did not inhibit VSV-LASVGP replication, suggesting that the estrogen receptor itself is unlikely to be involved in the antiviral activity of HES. Generation of a HES-resistant mutant revealed that the phenylalanine at amino acid position 446 (F446) of LASVGP, which is located in the transmembrane region, conferred resistance to HES. Although mutation of F446 enhanced the membrane fusion activity of LASVGP, it exhibited reduced VSV-LASVGP replication, most likely due to the instability of the pre-fusion state of LASVGP. Collectively, our results demonstrated that HES is a promising anti-LASV drug that acts by inhibiting the membrane fusion step of LASV entry. This study also highlights the importance of the LASVGP transmembrane region as a target for anti-LASV drugs.IMPORTANCELassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, is the most devastating mammarenavirus with respect to its impact on public health in West Africa. However, no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines are currently available. Here, we identified hexestrol (HES), an estrogen receptor agonist, as the potential antiviral candidate drug. We showed that the estrogen receptor itself is not involved in the antiviral activity. HES directly bound to LASVGP and blocked membrane fusion, thereby inhibiting LASV infection. Through the generation of a HES-resistant virus, we found that phenylalanine at position 446 (F446) within the LASVGP transmembrane region plays a crucial role in the antiviral activity of HES. The mutation at F446 caused reduced virus replication, likely due to the instability of the pre-fusion state of LASVGP. These findings highlight the potential of HES as a promising candidate for the development of antiviral compounds targeting LASV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Takenaga
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Muramoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chiho Onishi
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Allison Groseth
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diot C, Cosentino G, Rameix-Welti MA. Ribonucleoprotein transport in Negative Strand RNA viruses. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e2200059. [PMID: 36192136 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) viruses comprise some of the deadliest human pathogens (Ebola, rabies, influenza A viruses etc.). Developing therapeutic tools relies on a better understanding of their multiplication cycle. For these viruses, the genome replication and transcription activities most-often segregate in membrane-less environments called inclusion bodies (IBs) or viral factories. These "organelles" usually locate far from the cell surface from where new virions are released, and -ssRNA viruses do not encode for transport factors. The efficient trafficking of the genome progeny toward the cell surface is most often ensured by mechanisms co-opting the cellular machineries. In this review, for each -ssRNA viral family, we cover the methods employed to characterize these host-virus interactions, the strategies used by the viruses to promote the virus genome transport, and the current gaps in the literature. Finally, we highlight how Rab11 has emerged as a target of choice for the intracellular transport of -ssRNA virus genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Diot
- Université Paris-Saclay - Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Gina Cosentino
- Université Paris-Saclay - Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay - Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, DMU15, Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tati S, Alisaraie L. Recruitment of dynein and kinesin to viral particles. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22311. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101900rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayi’Mone Tati
- School of Pharmacy Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland Canada
| | - Laleh Alisaraie
- School of Pharmacy Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thankachan JM, Setty SRG. KIF13A—A Key Regulator of Recycling Endosome Dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:877532. [PMID: 35547822 PMCID: PMC9081326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.877532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors of the kinesin superfamily (KIF) are a class of ATP-dependent motor proteins that transport cargo, including vesicles, along the tracks of the microtubule network. Around 45 KIF proteins have been described and are grouped into 14 subfamilies based on the sequence homology and domain organization. These motors facilitate a plethora of cellular functions such as vesicle transport, cell division and reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Current studies suggest that KIF13A, a kinesin-3 family member, associates with recycling endosomes and regulates their membrane dynamics (length and number). KIF13A has been implicated in several processes in many cell types, including cargo transport, recycling endosomal tubule biogenesis, cell polarity, migration and cytokinesis. Here we describe the recent advances in understanding the regulatory aspects of KIF13A motor in controlling the endosomal dynamics in addition to its structure, mechanism of its association to the membranes, regulators of motor activity, cell type-specific cargo/membrane transport, methods to measure its activity and its association with disease. Thus, this review article will provide our current understanding of the cell biological roles of KIF13A in regulating endosomal membrane remodeling.
Collapse
|
5
|
Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070784. [PMID: 32708250 PMCID: PMC7412275 DOI: 10.3390/v12070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Takamatsu Y, Kajikawa J, Muramoto Y, Nakano M, Noda T. Microtubule-dependent transport of arenavirus matrix protein demonstrated using live-cell imaging microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:450-456. [PMID: 31722015 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), belonging to the family Arenaviridae, causes severe haemorrhagic manifestations and is associated with a high mortality rate in humans. Thus, it is classified as a biosafety level (BSL)-4 agent. Since countermeasures for LASV diseases are yet to be developed, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the life cycle of the virus, including its viral and host cellular protein interactions. These underlying molecular mechanisms may serve as the key for developing novel therapeutic options. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a close relative of LASV, is usually asymptomatic and is categorized as a BSL-2 agent. In the present study, we visualized the transport of viral matrix Z protein in LCMV-infected cells using live-cell imaging microscopy. We demonstrated that the transport of Z protein is mediated by polymerized microtubules. Interestingly, the transport of LASV Z protein showed characteristics similar to those of Z protein in LCMV-infected cells. The live-cell imaging system using LCMV provides an attractive surrogate measure for studying arenavirus matrix protein transport in BSL-2 laboratories. In addition, it could be also utilized to analyze the interactions between viral matrix proteins and the cellular cytoskeleton, as well as to evaluate the antiviral compounds that target the transport of viral matrix proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.,Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Junichi Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yukiko Muramoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
[Arenavirus research and antiviral candidate]. Uirusu 2019; 68:51-62. [PMID: 31105135 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arenavirus is a genetic term for viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae and is presented from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which shows almost no pathogenicity to humans, to Lassa virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Lujo virus, Sabia virus, and Guanarito virus, which shows high pathogenicity to humans. These viruses except for LCMV are risk group 4 pathogens specified by World Health Organization. Based on this designation, it is designated as Class I pathogens in Japan. Although there have been no reports excluding one imported case of the Lassa fever patient, it is not surprising whenever imported cases occur in our country. Considering the disease severity and mortality rate, it is an urgent matter to develop vaccines and therapeutic drugs in endemic areas, and maintenances of these are also important in countries other than endemic areas. However, basic research on highly pathogenic arenavirus infections and development of therapeutic drugs are not easily progressed, because handling in highly safe research facilities is indispensable. In this article, we will outline the current knowledge from the recent basic research on arenavirus to the development situation of antivirals against arenaviruses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ziegler CM, Bruce EA, Kelly JA, King BR, Botten JW. The use of novel epitope-tagged arenaviruses reveals that Rab5c-positive endosomal membranes are targeted by the LCMV matrix protein. J Gen Virol 2019; 99:187-193. [PMID: 29393022 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of recombinant New World (Junín; JUNV) and Old World (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; LCMV) mammarenaviruses that encode an HA-tagged matrix protein (Z). These viruses permit the robust affinity purification of Z from infected cells or virions, as well as the detection of Z by immunofluorescent microscopy. Importantly, the HA-tagged viruses grow with wild-type kinetics in a multi-cycle growth assay. Using these viruses, we report a novel description of JUNV Z localization in infected cells, as well as the first description of colocalization between LCMV Z and the GTPase Rab5c. This latter result, when combined with our previous findings that LCMV genome and glycoprotein also colocalize with Rab5c, suggest that LCMV may target Rab5c-positive membranes for preassembly of virus particles prior to budding. The recombinant viruses reported here will provide the field with new tools to better study Z protein functionality and identify key Z protein interactions with host machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Emily A Bruce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jamie A Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Benjamin R King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jason W Botten
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mittler E, Schudt G, Halwe S, Rohde C, Becker S. A Fluorescently Labeled Marburg Virus Glycoprotein as a New Tool to Study Viral Transport and Assembly. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S318-S326. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gordian Schudt
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Siddiqui N, Straube A. Intracellular Cargo Transport by Kinesin-3 Motors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:803-815. [PMID: 28918744 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport along microtubules enables cellular cargoes to efficiently reach the extremities of large, eukaryotic cells. While it would take more than 200 years for a small vesicle to diffuse from the cell body to the growing tip of a one-meter long axon, transport by a kinesin allows delivery in one week. It is clear from this example that the evolution of intracellular transport was tightly linked to the development of complex and macroscopic life forms. The human genome encodes 45 kinesins, 8 of those belonging to the family of kinesin-3 organelle transporters that are known to transport a variety of cargoes towards the plus end of microtubules. However, their mode of action, their tertiary structure, and regulation are controversial. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in our understanding of these fascinating molecular motors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Siddiqui
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pasquato A, Kunz S. Novel drug discovery approaches for treating arenavirus infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:383-93. [PMID: 26882218 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arenaviruses are enveloped negative stranded viruses endemic in Africa, Europe and the Americas. Several arenaviruses cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans and pose serious public health threats. So far, there are no FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutic options are restricted to the off-label use of ribavirin. The major human pathogenic arenaviruses are classified as Category A agents and require biosafety level (BSL)-4 containment. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors cover the recent progress in the development of BSL2 surrogate systems that recapitulate the entire or specific steps of the arenavirus life cycle and are serving as powerful platforms for drug discovery. Furthermore, they highlight the identification of selected novel drugs that target individual steps of arenavirus multiplication describing their discovery, their targets, and mode of action. EXPERT OPINION The lack of effective drugs against arenaviruses is an unmatched challenge in current medical virology. Novel technologies have provided important insights into the basic biology of arenaviruses and the mechanisms underlying virus-host cell interaction. Significant progress of our understanding of how the virus invades the host cell paved the way to develop powerful novel screening platforms. Recent efforts have provided a range of promising drug candidates currently under evaluation for therapeutic intervention in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pasquato
- a Institute of Microbiology , University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- a Institute of Microbiology , University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Urata S, Yasuda J. Cis- and cell-type-dependent trans-requirements for Lassa virus-like particle production. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1626-35. [PMID: 25722347 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) small zinc-finger protein (Z), which contains two L-domain motifs, plays a central role in virus budding. Here, we report that co-expression of glycoprotein (GPC) altered the requirements for cholesterol but not the L-domains and host factor, Tsg101, for Z-induced virus-like particle (VLP) production. In particular, the cholesterol requirement for VLP production was cell-type-dependent. In addition, GPC was found to be important for co-localization of Z with CD63, a late endosomal marker. We also found that the N-terminal region (aa 3-10) of Z was critical for its myristoylation and VLP production. These findings will contribute to our understanding of LASV assembly and budding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Urata
- 1Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- 1Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan 2The Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|