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Zhou QX, Tian SY, Liu XN, Xiang SP, Lin XJ, Tan F, Mou YN. Research progress of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like signaling in Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107283. [PMID: 38955322 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), is prevalent worldwide. The fact should be emphasized that a considerable proportion of individuals infected with T. gondii may remain asymptomatic; nevertheless, the condition can have severe implications for pregnant women or immunocompromised individuals. The current treatment of toxoplasmosis primarily relies on medication; however, traditional anti-toxoplasmosis drugs exhibit significant limitations in terms of efficacy, side effects, and drug resistance. The life cycles of T. gondii are characterized by distinct stages and its body morphology goes through dynamic alterations during the growth cycle that are intricately governed by a wide array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Ubiquitin (Ub) signaling and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) signaling are two crucial post-translational modification pathways within cells, regulating protein function, localization, stability, or interactions by attaching Ub or ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) to target proteins. While these signaling mechanisms share some functional similarities, they have distinct regulatory mechanisms and effects. T. gondii possesses both Ub and Ubls and plays a significant role in regulating the parasite's life cycle and maintaining its morphology through PTMs of substrate proteins. Investigating the role and mechanism of protein ubiquitination in T. gondii will provide valuable insights for preventing and treating toxoplasmosis. This review explores the distinctive characteristics of Ub and Ubl signaling in T. gondii, with the aim of inspiring research ideas for the identification of safer and more effective drug targets against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Tian
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shi-Peng Xiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xue-Jing Lin
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ya-Ni Mou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Schwarzer E, Skorokhod O. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins of Malaria Parasites during the Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6145. [PMID: 38892332 PMCID: PMC11173270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating protein functions, influencing various fundamental processes in eukaryotes. These include, but are not limited to, cell signaling, protein trafficking, the epigenetic control of gene expression, and control of the cell cycle, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and interactions between cells. In this review, we discuss protein PTMs that play a key role in the malaria parasite biology and its pathogenesis. Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and lipoxidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, nitrosylation and glutathionylation, all of which occur in malarial parasites, are reviewed. We provide information regarding the biological significance of these modifications along all phases of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium spp. Importantly, not only the parasite, but also the host and vector protein PTMs are often crucial for parasite growth and development. In addition to metabolic regulations, protein PTMs can result in epitopes that are able to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host or vector. We discuss some existing and prospective results from antimalarial drug discovery trials that target various PTM-related processes in the parasite or host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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3
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Zhu G, Tong N, Zhu Y, Wang L, Wang Q. The crosstalk between SUMOylation and immune system in host-pathogen interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38619159 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2339259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens can not only cause infectious diseases, immune system diseases, and chronic diseases, but also serve as potential triggers or initiators for certain tumors. They directly or indirectly damage human health and are one of the leading causes of global deaths. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification, a type of protein post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs when SUMO groups bond covalently to particular lysine residues on substrate proteins, plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunologic responses, as well as pathogen-host immune system crosstalk. SUMOylation participates in the host's defense against pathogens by regulating immune responses, while numerically vast and taxonomically diverse pathogens have evolved to exploit the cellular SUMO modification system to break through innate defenses. Here, we describe the characteristics and multiple functions of SUMOylation as a pivotal PTM mechanism, the tactics employed by various pathogens to counteract the immune system through targeting host SUMOylation, and the character of the SUMOylation system in the fight between pathogens and the host immune system. We have also included a summary of the potential anti-pathogen SUMO enzyme inhibitors. This review serves as a reference for basic research and clinical practice in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pathogenic microorganism-caused disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangli Zhu
- Guangdong Province Solid Waste Recycling and Heavy Metal Pollution Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Polytechnic of Environment Protection Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ni Tong
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yipeng Zhu
- Guagnzhou NO.6 Middle school, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lize Wang
- General Department, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cornet-Gomez A, Retana Moreira L, Kronenberger T, Osuna A. Extracellular vesicles of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi induce changes in ubiquitin-related processes, cell-signaling pathways and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7618. [PMID: 37165081 PMCID: PMC10171165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease has an acute and a chronic phase in which approximately 30% of the chronic patients suffer from heart disease and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial and involves the virulence of the strains, immunological factors and extracellular vesicles (EV) shed by the parasite which participate in cell-cell communication and evasion of the immune response. In this work, we present a transcriptomic analysis of cells stimulated with EV of the trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi. Results after EV-cell incubation revealed 322 differentially expressed genes (168 were upregulated and 154 were downregulated). In this regard, the overexpression of genes related to ubiquitin-related processes (Ube2C, SUMO1 and SUMO2) is highlighted. Moreover, the expression of Rho-GTPases (RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42) after the interaction was analyzed, revealing a downregulation of the analyzed genes after 4 h of interaction. Finally, a protective role of EV over apoptosis is suggested, as relative values of cells in early and late apoptosis were significantly lower in EV-treated cells, which also showed increased CSNK1G1 expression. These results contribute to a better understanding of the EV-cell interaction and support the role of EV as virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cornet-Gomez
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Okuda K, Silva Costa Franco MM, Yasunaga A, Gazzinelli R, Rabinovitch M, Cherry S, Silverman N. Leishmania amazonensis sabotages host cell SUMOylation for intracellular survival. iScience 2022; 25:104909. [PMID: 36060064 PMCID: PMC9436752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites use elaborate virulence mechanisms to invade and thrive in macrophages. These virulence mechanisms inhibit host cell defense responses and generate a specialized replicative niche, the parasitophorous vacuole. In this work, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila macrophage-like cells to identify the host factors necessary for Leishmania amazonensis infection. This screen identified 52 conserved genes required specifically for parasite entry, including several components of the SUMOylation machinery. Further studies in mammalian macrophages found that L. amazonensis infection inhibited SUMOylation within infected macrophages and this inhibition enhanced parasitophorous vacuole growth and parasite proliferation through modulation of multiple genes especially ATP6V0D2, which in turn affects CD36 expression and cholesterol levels. Together, these data suggest that parasites actively sabotage host SUMOylation and alter host transcription to improve their intracellular niche and enhance their replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendi Okuda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Miriam Maria Silva Costa Franco
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Ari Yasunaga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190, Brazil
| | - Michel Rabinovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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Zheng H, Lu X, Li K, Zhu F, Zhao C, Liu T, Ding Y, Fu Y, Zhang K, Zhou T, Dai J, Wu Y, Xu W. ATG Ubiquitination Is Required for Circumsporozoite Protein to Subvert Host Innate Immunity Against Rodent Malaria Liver Stage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815936. [PMID: 35222391 PMCID: PMC8864237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs) of liver stage malaria parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) are encountered with robust host innate immunity, EEFs can still survive and successfully complete the infection of hepatocytes, and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we showed that sporozoite circumsporozoite protein (CSP) translocated from the parasitophorous vacuole into the hepatocyte cytoplasm significantly mediated the resistance to the killing of EEFs by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Attenuation of IFN-γ-mediated killing of EEFs by CSP was dependent on its ability to reduce the levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in hepatocytes. The ATGs downregulation occurred through its enhanced ubiquitination mediated by E3 ligase NEDD4, an enzyme that was upregulated by CSP when it translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus of hepatocytes via its nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain. Thus, we have revealed an unrecognized role of CSP in subverting host innate immunity and shed new light for a prophylaxis strategy against liver-stage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taoli Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jigang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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7
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Sumam de Oliveira D, Kronenberger T, Palmisano G, Wrenger C, de Souza EE. Targeting SUMOylation in Plasmodium as a Potential Target for Malaria Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685866. [PMID: 34178724 PMCID: PMC8224225 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease that represents a public health problem worldwide. Protozoans of the Plasmodium genus are responsible for causing malaria in humans. Plasmodium species have a complex life cycle that requires post-translational modifications (PTMs) to control cellular activities temporally and spatially and regulate the levels of critical proteins and cellular mechanisms for maintaining an efficient infection and immune evasion. SUMOylation is a PTM formed by the covalent linkage of a small ubiquitin-like modifier protein to the lysine residues on the protein substrate. This PTM is reversible and is triggered by the sequential action of three enzymes: E1-activating, E2-conjugating, and E3 ligase. On the other end, ubiquitin-like-protein-specific proteases in yeast and sentrin-specific proteases in mammals are responsible for processing SUMO peptides and for deconjugating SUMOylated moieties. Further studies are necessary to comprehend the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of SUMO in Plasmodium. The emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites prompts the discovery of new targets and antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action. In this scenario, the conserved biological processes regulated by SUMOylation in the malaria parasites such as gene expression regulation, oxidative stress response, ubiquitylation, and proteasome pathways, suggest PfSUMO as a new potential drug target. This mini-review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanism of action of the PfSUMO during the coordinated multi-step life cycle of Plasmodium and discusses them as attractive new target proteins for the development of parasite-specific inhibitors and therapeutic intervention toward malaria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daffiny Sumam de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Díaz-Hernández M, Javier-Reyna R, Sotto-Ortega I, García-Rivera G, Montaño S, Betanzos A, Zanatta D, Orozco E. Protein Sumoylation Is Crucial for Phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115709. [PMID: 34071922 PMCID: PMC8198320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications provide Entamoeba histolytica proteins the timing and signaling to intervene during different processes, such as phagocytosis. However, SUMOylation has not been studied in E. histolytica yet. Here, we characterized the E. histolytica SUMO gene, its product (EhSUMO), and the relevance of SUMOylation in phagocytosis. Our results indicated that EhSUMO has an extended N-terminus that differentiates SUMO from ubiquitin. It also presents the GG residues at the C-terminus and the ΨKXE/D binding motif, both involved in target protein contact. Additionally, the E. histolytica genome possesses the enzymes belonging to the SUMOylation-deSUMOylation machinery. Confocal microscopy assays disclosed a remarkable EhSUMO membrane activity with convoluted and changing structures in trophozoites during erythrophagocytosis. SUMOylated proteins appeared in pseudopodia, phagocytic channels, and around the adhered and ingested erythrocytes. Docking analysis predicted interaction of EhSUMO with EhADH (an ALIX family protein), and immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays revealed that the association increased during phagocytosis; whereas the EhVps32 (a protein of the ESCRT-III complex)-EhSUMO interaction appeared stronger since basal conditions. In EhSUMO knocked-down trophozoites, the bizarre membranous structures disappeared, and EhSUMO interaction with EhADH and EhVps32 diminished. Our results evidenced the presence of a SUMO gene in E. histolytica and the SUMOylation relevance during phagocytosis. This is supported by bioinformatics screening of many other proteins of E. histolytica involved in phagocytosis, which present putative SUMOylation sites and the ΨKXE/D binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Izaid Sotto-Ortega
- Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Universidad de Santander, 200004 Valledupar, Colombia;
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa 80030, Mexico;
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt), Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Dxinegueela Zanatta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (M.D.-H.); (R.J.-R.); (G.G.-R.); (A.B.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5747-5642
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Nishad R, Mukhi D, Singh AK, Motrapu M, Chintala K, Tammineni P, Pasupulati AK. Growth hormone induces mitotic catastrophe of glomerular podocytes and contributes to proteinuria. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:342. [PMID: 33795655 PMCID: PMC8016968 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes are integral members of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney and are crucial for glomerular permselectivity. These highly differentiated cells are vulnerable to an array of noxious stimuli that prevail in several glomerular diseases. Elevated circulating growth hormone (GH) levels are associated with podocyte injury and proteinuria in diabetes. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which excess GH elicits podocytopathy remains to be elucidated. Previous studies have shown that podocytes express GH receptor (GHR) and induce Notch signaling when exposed to GH. In the present study, we demonstrated that GH induces TGF-β1 signaling and provokes cell cycle reentry of otherwise quiescent podocytes. Though differentiated podocytes reenter the cell cycle in response to GH and TGF-β1, they cannot accomplish cytokinesis, despite karyokinesis. Owing to this aberrant cell cycle event, GH- or TGF-β1-treated cells remain binucleated and undergo mitotic catastrophe. Importantly, inhibition of JAK2, TGFBR1 (TGF-β receptor 1), or Notch prevented cell cycle reentry of podocytes and protected them from mitotic catastrophe associated with cell death. Inhibition of Notch activation prevents GH-dependent podocyte injury and proteinuria. Similarly, attenuation of GHR expression abated Notch activation in podocytes. Kidney biopsy sections from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) show activation of Notch signaling and binucleated podocytes. These data indicate that excess GH induced TGF-β1-dependent Notch1 signaling contributes to the mitotic catastrophe of podocytes. This study highlights the role of aberrant GH signaling in podocytopathy and the potential application of TGF-β1 or Notch inhibitors, as a therapeutic agent for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Manga Motrapu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Kumaraswami Chintala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Prasad Tammineni
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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10
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Farhat S, Florent I, Noel B, Kayal E, Da Silva C, Bigeard E, Alberti A, Labadie K, Corre E, Aury JM, Rombauts S, Wincker P, Guillou L, Porcel BM. Comparative Time-Scale Gene Expression Analysis Highlights the Infection Processes of Two Amoebophrya Strains. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2251. [PMID: 30333799 PMCID: PMC6176090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors that generate, maintain, and constrain host-parasite associations is of major interest to biologists. Although little studied, many extremely virulent micro-eukaryotic parasites infecting microalgae have been reported in the marine plankton. This is the case for Amoebophrya, a diverse and highly widespread group of Syndiniales infecting and potentially controlling dinoflagellate populations. Here, we analyzed the time-scale gene expression of a complete infection cycle of two Amoebophrya strains infecting the same host (the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata), but diverging by their host range (one infecting a single host, the other infecting more than one species). Over two-thirds of genes showed two-fold differences in expression between at least two sampled stages of the Amoebophrya life cycle. Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism as well as signaling pathways involving proteases and transporters were overexpressed during the free-living stage of the parasitoid. Once inside the host, all genes related to transcription and translation pathways were actively expressed, suggesting the rapid and extensive protein translation needed following host-cell invasion. Finally, genes related to cellular division and components of the flagellum organization were overexpressed during the sporont stage. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the biological basis of the host-parasitoid interaction, we screened proteins involved in host-cell recognition, invasion, and protection against host-defense identified in model apicomplexan parasites. Very few of the genes encoding critical components of the parasitic lifestyle of apicomplexans could be unambiguously identified as highly expressed in Amoebophrya. Genes related to the oxidative stress response were identified as highly expressed in both parasitoid strains. Among them, the correlated expression of superoxide dismutase/ascorbate peroxidase in the specialist parasite was consistent with previous studies on Perkinsus marinus defense. However, this defense process could not be identified in the generalist Amoebophrya strain, suggesting the establishment of different strategies for parasite protection related to host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farhat
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Microorganisms, National Museum of Natural History, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Noel
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Ehsan Kayal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Estelle Bigeard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | | | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Betina M Porcel
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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Ubiquitin, SUMO, and NEDD8: Key Targets of Bacterial Pathogens. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:926-940. [PMID: 30107971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of host protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) is used by various pathogens to interfere with host cell functions. Among these modifications, ubiquitin (UBI) and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) constitute key targets because they are regulators of pathways essential for the host cell. In particular, these PTM modifiers control pathways that have been described as crucial for infection such as pathogen entry, replication, propagation, or detection by the host. Although bacterial pathogens lack eucaryotic-like UBI or UBL systems, many of them produce proteins that specifically interfere with these host PTMs during infection. In this review we discuss the different mechanisms used by bacteria to interfere with host UBI and the two UBLs, SUMO and NEDD8.
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