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Zhang Q, Dai J, Lin Y, Li M. Isobavachalcone alleviates ischemic stroke by suppressing HDAC1 expression and improving M2 polarization. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110944. [PMID: 38604377 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular condition. Isobavachalcone (ISO) has been documented to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect across a variety of diseases; however, its protective impact on ischemic stroke remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the influence of ISO in both transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO/R) rat models and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) cell models. We observed that pretreatment with 50 mg/kg ISO diminished the volume of brain infarction, reduced brain edema, and ameliorated neurological deficits in rats. A reduction in Nissl bodies was noted in the tMCAO/R group, which was reversed following treatment with 50 mg/kg ISO. TUNEL/NeuN double staining revealed a decrease in TUNEL-positive cells in tMCAO/R rats treated with ISO. Furthermore, ISO treatment suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX, while elevating the expression of BCL-2 in tMCAO/R rats. The levels of CD86 and iNOS were elevated in tMCAO/R rats; conversely, ISO treatment enhanced the expression of CD206 and Arg-1. Additionally, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β was elevated in tMCAO/R rats, whereas ISO treatment counteracted this effect. ISO treatment also increased the expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in the ischemic penumbra of tMCAO/R rats. It was found that ISO treatment hindered microglial M1 polarization and favored M2 polarization. Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is the downstream target protein of ISO, with ISO treatment resulting in decreased HDAC1 expression in both tMCAO/R rats and OGD/R-induced cells. Overexpression of HDAC1 was shown to promote microglial M1 polarization and inhibit M2 polarization in OGD/R+ISO cells. Overall, ISO treatment mitigated brain damage following ischemic stroke by promoting M2 polarization and attenuated ischemic injury by repressing HDAC1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Junting Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
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Wu J, Mao S, Wu X, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Zhu F. Jasminoidin reduces ischemic stroke injury by regulating microglia polarization via PASK-EEF1A1 axis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14354. [PMID: 37743322 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Jasminoidin (JAS) can alleviate ischemic stroke (IS) injury, but its molecular mechanism remains undefined. The polarization of microglia affects IS process. This research is powered to probe whether the molecular mechanism of JAS for IS treatment is coupled with microglia polarization. IS modeling in mice was accomplished by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and model mice were injected with 25 and 50 mg/mL JAS, followed by determination of infarct volume, brain water content, and histological changes in mouse brains. The microglia modeling was performed by 1-h oxygen-glucose deprivation and 24-h reoxygenation. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced microglia were treated with JAS and transfected with Per-Arnt-Sim kinase (PASK)-overexpressing plasmid, subsequent to which cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were determined. The mRNA or protein expressions of examined genes in microglia and brain tissues were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. MCAO-induced massive infarction, edema, and injury in mouse brain tissues, upregulated interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), FcγRIIB (CD32), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), PASK, p-eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (EEF1A1), and p-EEF1A1/EEF1A1 levels, but downregulated mannose receptor 1 (CD206), arginase-1 (Arg-1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and EEF1A1 expressions, which was reversed by JAS. OGD/R treatment decreased microglial viability as well as expressions of CD206, Arg-1, IL-10, and EEF1A1, yet increased cytotoxicity and levels of IL-1β, CD32, TNF-α, PASK, p-EEF1A1, and p-EEF1A1/EEF1A1, which was reversed by JAS. PASK overexpression reversed the effects of JAS on microglia. JAS reduces IS injury by regulating microglia polarization via PASK-EEF1A1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhan Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Mao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
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Mao Y, Qu Y, Wang Q. Cryptotanshinone reduces neurotoxicity induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involving modulation of microglial polarization. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:209-220. [PMID: 34219678 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diterpenoid cryptotanshinone (CTS) has wide biological functions, including inhibition of tumor growth, inflammation and apoptosis. The present study aimed to explore the possible effect of CTS on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and murine microglia BV2 cells were challenged by Oxygen/glucose deprivation, to mimic I/R and ischemic/hypoxic and reperfusion (H/R) injury, respectively. CTS was administered 0.5 h (10 mg/kg) after the onset of MCAO or 2 h (20μM) post OGD. Infarct volume and neurological deficit were measured. Immunofluorescence, qPCR, and western blot, were performed to detect the expression of cytokines, apoptotic marker, and M1/M2 phenotype-specific genes. Flow cytometry was applied for M1/M2 subpopulation or Annexin V/PI apoptosis assessment. RESULTS CTS significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, neurologic deficit scores, pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), apoptotic protein expression (cleaved caspase-3) of mice after tMCAO challenge. Furthermore, CTS attenuated CD16+ M1-type and elevated CD206+ M2-type microglia in vivo or in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the neuroprotective effect of CTS in the I/R or H/R context are explained modulation of microglial polarization, suggesting therapeutic potential for cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Mao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
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Davis C, Savitz SI, Satani N. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Repairing the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040767. [PMID: 33807314 PMCID: PMC8065444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease and one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During the early phase after ischemic stroke, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits increased permeability and disruption, leading to an influx of immune cells and inflammatory molecules that exacerbate the damage to the brain tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated as a promising therapy to improve the recovery after ischemic stroke. The therapeutic effects imparted by MSCs are mostly paracrine. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicles released by these MSCs have been studied as possible carriers of information to the brain. This review focuses on the potential of MSC derived EVs to repair the components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) controlling the BBB, in order to promote overall recovery from stroke. Here, we review the techniques for increasing the effectiveness of MSC-based therapeutics, such as improved homing capabilities, bioengineering protein expression, modified culture conditions, and customizing the contents of EVs. Combining multiple techniques targeting NVU repair may provide the basis for improved future stroke treatment paradigms.
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang L, Shen J. Neurovascular Unit: A critical role in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:7-16. [PMID: 33389780 PMCID: PMC7804897 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), a common cerebrovascular disease, results from a sudden blockage of a blood vessel in the brain, thereby restricting blood supply to the area in question, and making a significantly negative impact on human health. Unfortunately, current treatments, that are mainly based on a recanalization of occluded blood vessels, are insufficient or inaccessible to many stroke patients. Recently, the profound influence of the neurovascular unit (NVU) on recanalization and the prognosis of IS have become better understood; in‐depth studies of the NVU have also provided novel approaches for IS treatment. In this article, we review the intimate connections between the changes in the NVU and IS outcomes, and discuss possible new management strategies having practical significance to IS. We discuss the concept of the NVU, as well as its roles in IS blood‐brain barrier regulation, cell preservation, inflammatory immune response, and neurovascular repair. Besides, we also summarize the influence of noncoding RNAs in NVU, and IS therapies targeting the NVU. We conclude that both the pathophysiological and neurovascular repair processes of IS are strongly associated with the homeostatic state of the NVU and that further research into therapies directed at the NVU could expand the range of treatments available for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bruch GE, Fernandes LF, Bassi BL, Alves MTR, Pereira IO, Frézard F, Massensini AR. Liposomes for drug delivery in stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:246-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cui M, Ge H, Zeng H, Yan H, Zhang L, Feng H, Chen Y. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Promotes Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:568-584. [PMID: 30832493 PMCID: PMC7103604 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719834870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a physical treatment applied
during recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). With in vivo and in vitro assays,
the present study sought to investigate how rTMS influences neural stem cells (NSCs) after
ICH and the possible mechanism. Following a collagenase-induced ICH, adult male C57BL/6 J
mice were subjected to rTMS treatment every 24 h for 5 days using the following
parameters: frequency, 10 Hz; duration, 2 s; wait time, 5.5 s; 960 trains (500 µV/div, 5
ms/div, default setting). Brain water content and neurobehavioral score were assessed at
days 1, 3, and 5 after ICH. The proliferation and differentiation of NSCs were observed
using immunofluorescence staining for Nestin, Ki-67, DCX, and GFAP on day 3 after ICH, and
rTMS treatment with the same parameters was applied to NSCs in vitro. We found that rTMS
significantly reduced brain edema and alleviated neural functional deficits. The mice that
underwent ICH recovered faster after rTMS treatment, with apparent proliferation and
neuronal differentiation of NSCs and attenuation of glial differentiation and GFAP
aggregation. Accordingly, proliferation and neuronal differentiation of isolated NSCs were
promoted, while glial differentiation was reduced. In addition, microarray analysis,
western blotting assays, and calcium imaging were applied to initially investigate the
potential mechanism. Bioinformatics showed that the positive effect of rTMS on NSCs after
ICH was largely related to the MAPK signaling pathway, which might be a potential hub
signaling pathway under the complex effect exerted by rTMS. The results of the microarray
data analysis also revealed that Ca2+ might be the connection between physical
treatment and the MAPK signaling pathway. These predictions were further identified by
western blotting analysis and calcium imaging. Taken together, our findings showed that
rTMS after ICH exhibited a restorative effect by enhancing the proliferation and neuronal
differentiation of NSCs, potentially through the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchu Cui
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Han Zeng
- 2 College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Yan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- 3 College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hua Feng
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Wang X, Xuan W, Zhu ZY, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhu L, Fu DY, Yang LQ, Li PY, Yu WF. The evolving role of neuro-immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1100-1114. [PMID: 30350341 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world's leading cause of disability with limited brain repair treatments which effectively improve long-term neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory responses persist into the late repair phase of stroke and participate in all brain repair elements, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, remyelination and axonal sprouting, shedding new light on post-stroke brain recovery. Resident brain glial cells, such as astrocytes not only contribute to neuroinflammation after stroke, but also secrete a wide range of trophic factors that can promote post-stroke brain repair. Alternatively, activated microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils in the innate immune system, traditionally considered as major damaging factors after stroke, have been suggested to be extensively involved in brain repair after stroke. The adaptive immune system may also have its bright side during the late regenerative phase, affecting the immune suppressive regulatory T cells and B cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in the evolving role of neuroinflammation in multiple post-stroke brain repair mechanisms and poses unanswered questions that may generate new directions for future research and give rise to novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Xingnaojing Injection Protects against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via PI3K/Akt-Mediated eNOS Phosphorylation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2361046. [PMID: 30158991 PMCID: PMC6106974 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2361046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xingnaojing (XNJ) injection, derived from traditional Chinese medicine formulation, has a protective effect against stroke, but the underlying mechanism is unclear, which severely limited its clinical application. This research aims to elucidate the role and mechanism of XNJ in reducing cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats received 2 h cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion of 24 h and were intraperitoneally given 5, 10, or 15 ml/kg XNJ 24 h before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion, respectively. TTC staining, HE staining, and neurological score were implied to evaluate the effectiveness of XNJ. The protein expressions of PI3K/Akt and eNOS signaling were measured. Experiments were further performed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) to investigate the protective mechanisms of XNJ. HBMECs were subjected to 3 h oxygen and glucose deprivation following 24 h of reoxygenation (OGD) to mimic cerebral I/R in vitro. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was added with or without the preconditioning of XNJ. Multiple methods including western blot, immunofluorescence, DAPI staining, JC-1, and flow cytometry were carried out to evaluate the effect of XNJ on HBMECs. XNJ could improve rat cerebral ischemic injury and OGD induced HBMECs apoptosis. In vivo and in vitro researches indicated that the mechanism might be relevant to the activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling.
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Wang Z, Wang SN, Xu TY, Miao ZW, Su DF, Miao CY. Organoid technology for brain and therapeutics research. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 23:771-778. [PMID: 28884977 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is one of the most complex organs in human. The current brain research is mainly based on the animal models and traditional cell culture. However, the inherent species differences between humans and animals as well as the gap between organ level and cell level make it difficult to study human brain development and associated disorders through traditional technologies. Recently, the brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells have been reported to recapitulate many key features of human brain in vivo, for example recapitulating the zone of putative outer radial glia cells. Brain organoids offer a new platform for scientists to study brain development, neurological diseases, drug discovery and personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, and so on. Here, we discuss the progress, applications, advantages, limitations, and prospects of brain organoid technology in neurosciences and related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu-Wei Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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11
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Arctigenin attenuates ischemic stroke via SIRT1-dependent inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:821-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Sun BL, Wang LH, Yang T, Sun JY, Mao LL, Yang MF, Yuan H, Colvin RA, Yang XY. Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: A novel target for intervention of neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:118-143. [PMID: 28903061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The belief that the vertebrate brain functions normally without classical lymphatic drainage vessels has been held for many decades. On the contrary, new findings show that functional lymphatic drainage does exist in the brain. The brain lymphatic drainage system is composed of basement membrane-based perivascular pathway, a brain-wide glymphatic pathway, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage routes including sinus-associated meningeal lymphatic vessels and olfactory/cervical lymphatic routes. The brain lymphatic systems function physiological as a route of drainage for interstitial fluid (ISF) from brain parenchyma to nearby lymph nodes. Brain lymphatic drainage helps maintain water and ion balance of the ISF, waste clearance, and reabsorption of macromolecular solutes. A second physiological function includes communication with the immune system modulating immune surveillance and responses of the brain. These physiological functions are influenced by aging, genetic phenotypes, sleep-wake cycle, and body posture. The impairment and dysfunction of the brain lymphatic system has crucial roles in age-related changes of brain function and the pathogenesis of neurovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as brain injury and tumors. In this review, we summarize the key component elements (regions, cells, and water transporters) of the brain lymphatic system and their regulators as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurologic diseases and their resulting complications. Finally, we highlight the clinical importance of ependymal route-based targeted gene therapy and intranasal drug administration in the brain by taking advantage of the unique role played by brain lymphatic pathways in the regulation of CSF flow and ISF/CSF exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jing-Yi Sun
- Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei-Lei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Robert A Colvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
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Guo JM, Zhang L, Niu XC, Shu H, Wang L, Su DF, Zhang Y, Liu AJ, Zhu DQ, Xu JJ. Involvement of arterial baroreflex and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit pathway in the protection of metformin against stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 798:1-8. [PMID: 28132912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. There is growing evidence that metformin (Met) has potent neuroprotective effects; however, its mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the role of the arterial baroreflex and cholinergic-α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) anti-inflammory pathway in the beneficial effects of Met against stroke. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were used to observe stroke development indicated by lifespan of SHRSP and the ischemic injury induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sinoaortic denervation was used to inactivate the arterial baroreflex. MCAO were also performed in α7nAChR knockout (KO) mice. Briefly, Met increased the life span of SHRSP and reduced the infarct area induced by MCAO. Met also improved the function of arterial baroreflex. The beneficial effects of Met on stroke were markedly attenuated by blunting the arterial baroreflex. Met up-regulated the expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and α7nAChR, down-regulated the level of pro-inflammtory cytokines in serum and peri-infarct of ischemic brain. Arterial baroreflex dysfunction decreased the expression of VAchT and α7nAChR, showed upward tendency in the level of pro-inflammtory cytokines. Most importantly, arterial baroreflex dysfunction nearly abolished such effect of Met on cholinergic signaling. In addition, the α7nAChR KO mice also had significantly worse ischemic damage induced by MCAO, and neuroprotection of Met disappeared in α7nAChR KO mice. In conclusion, Met improved the arterial baroreflex function, and then enhancing cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in an α7nAChR-dependent manner, thereby effectively prevent ischemic induced brain injury and delayed stroke onset in SHRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Min Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Cai Niu
- Department of Radiotheropy, The Forth Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - He Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Qiu Zhu
- Division of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Jian-Jiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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14
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Wang SN, Xu TY, Wang X, Guan YF, Zhang SL, Wang P, Miao CY. Neuroprotective Efficacy of an Aminopropyl Carbazole Derivative P7C3-A20 in Ischemic Stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:782-8. [PMID: 27333812 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM NAMPT is a novel therapeutic target of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a potential NAMPT activator, P7C3-A20, an aminopropyl carbazole derivative, on ischemic stroke. METHODS In vitro study, neuron protection effect of P7C3-A20 was investigated by co-incubation with primary neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. In vivo experiment, P7C3-A20 was administrated in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and infarct volume was examined. Lastly, the brain tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels were detected in P7C3-A20 treated normal or MCAO mice. RESULTS Cell viability, morphology, and Tuj-1 staining confirmed the neuroprotective effect of P7C3-A20 in OGD or OGD/R model. P7C3-A20 administration significantly reduced cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Moreover, brain NAD levels were elevated both in normal and MCAO mice after P7C3-A20 treatment. CONCLUSIONS P7C3-A20 has neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia. The study contributes to the development of NAMPT activators against ischemic stroke and expands the horizon of the neuroprotective effect of aminopropyl carbazole chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Feng Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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15
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Shu ZM, Shu XD, Li HQ, Sun Y, Shan H, Sun XY, Du RH, Lu M, Xiao M, Ding JH, Hu G. Ginkgolide B Protects Against Ischemic Stroke Via Modulating Microglia Polarization in Mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:729-39. [PMID: 27306494 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ginkgolide B (GB) has shown neuroprotective effect in treating ischemic stroke, related to its property of anti-inflammation. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether GB is able to modulate microglia/macrophage polarization, which has recently been proven to be vital in the pathology of ischemic stroke. METHODS We performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) on C57BL/6J male mice and induced cultured BV2 microglia and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages to be M1/2 phenotype by LPS+ interferon-γ and IL-4, respectively. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used for detecting the specialized protein expression of M1/2, such as CD206 and CD16/32. qPCR was utilized to detect the signature gene change of M1/2. RESULTS GB significantly reduced cerebral ischemic damage and ameliorated the neurological deficits of mice after tMCAO. More importantly, our experiments proved that GB promoted microglia/macrophage transferring from inflammatory M1 phenotype to a protective, anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in vivo or vitro. CV3988 and silencing the platelet activator factor (PAF) receptor by siRNA demonstrated that PAF receptor was involved in the modulation of microglia/macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a novel pharmacological effect of GB in modulating microglia/macrophage polarization after tMCAO, thus deepening our understanding of neuroprotective mechanisms of GB in treatment of ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this new mechanism may allow GB to be used in many other microglia/macrophage polarization-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ma Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hui-Qin Li
- Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 88 Keyuannan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 88 Keyuannan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Han Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xi-Yang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Ren-Hong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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16
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Wang SN, Xu TY, Li WL, Miao CY. Targeting Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Adult Neurogenesis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:431-9. [PMID: 27018006 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons throughout life in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of most mammalian species, which is closely related to aging and disease. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also an adipokine known as visfatin, is the rate-limiting enzyme for mammalian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage synthesis by generating nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide. Recent findings from our laboratory and other laboratories have provided much evidence that NAMPT might serve as a therapeutic target to restore adult neurogenesis. NAMPT-mediated NAD biosynthesis in neural stem/progenitor cells is important for their proliferation, self-renewal, and formation of oligodendrocytes in vivo and in vitro. Therapeutic interventions by the administration of NMN, NAD, or recombinant NAMPT are effective for restoring adult neurogenesis in several neurological diseases. We summarize adult neurogenesis in aging, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease and review the advances of targeting NAMPT in restoring neurogenesis. Specifically, we provide emphasis on the P7C3 family, a class of proneurogenic compounds that are potential NAMPT activators, which might shed light on future drug development in neurogenesis restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Lin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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Ilexonin A Promotes Neuronal Proliferation and Regeneration via Activation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9753189. [PMID: 27057202 PMCID: PMC4739464 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9753189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims. Ilexonin A (IA), a component of the Chinese medicine Ilex pubescens, has been shown to be neuroprotective during ischemic injury. However, the specific mechanism underlying this neuroprotective effect remains unclear. Methods. In this study, we employed a combination of immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, RT-PCR, and behavioral tests, to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in IA regulation of neuronal proliferation and regeneration after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rodents. Results. Increases in β-catenin protein and LEF1 mRNA and decreases in GSK3β protein and Axin mRNA observed in IA-treated compared to control rodents implicated the canonical Wnt pathway as a key signaling mechanism activated by IA treatment. Furthermore, rodents in the IA treatment group showed less neurologic impairment and a corresponding increase in the number of Brdu/nestin and Brdu/NeuN double positive neurons in the parenchymal ischemia tissue following middle cerebral artery occlusion compared to matched controls. Conclusion. Altogether, our data indicate that IA can significantly diminish neurological deficits associated with cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats as a result of increased neuronal survival via modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway.
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