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Bian X, Yang W, Lin J, Jiang B, Shao X. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Epilepsy. J Clin Neurol 2024; 20:131-139. [PMID: 38330420 PMCID: PMC10921057 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2023.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a recurrent, transient seizure disorder of the nervous system that affects the intellectual development, life and work, and psychological health of patients. People with epilepsy worldwide experience great suffering. Stressful stimuli such as infection, mental stress, and sleep deprivation are important triggers of epilepsy, and chronic stressful stimuli can lead to frequent seizures and comorbidities. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the most important system involved in the body's stress response, and dysfunction thereof is thought to be associated with core epilepsy symptoms and related psychopathology. This article explores the intrinsic relationships of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and glucocorticoids with epilepsy in order to reveal the role of the HPA axis in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We hope that this information will yield future possible directions and ideas for fully understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy and developing antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaoxing Peoples' Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Jiannan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaoxing Peoples' Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiaoli Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaoxing Peoples' Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.
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Barrett KT, Choudhary A, Charkhand B, Scantlebury MH. Animal Models in Epileptic Spasms and the Development of Novel Treatment Options. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:529-537. [PMID: 35323127 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The infantile spasms (IS) syndrome is a catastrophic developmental epileptic encephalopathy syndrome characterized by an age-specific expression of epileptic spasms that are associated with extremely abnormal, oftentimes described as chaotic, interictal EEG pattern known as hypsarrhythmia. Patients with IS generally have poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, in large part because of the frequent epileptic spasms and interictal EEG abnormalities. Current first-line treatments such as adrenocorticotropic hormone or vigabatrin are often ineffective and are associated with major toxic side effects. There is therefore a need for better and safer treatments for patients with IS, especially for the intractable population. Hope is on the horizon as, over the past 10 years, there has been robust progress in the development of etiology-specific animal models of IS. These models have been used to identify potential new treatments for IS and are beginning to provide some important insights into the pathophysiological substrates for this disease. In this review, we will highlight strengths and weaknesses of the currently available animal models of IS in addition to new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment options derived from these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene T Barrett
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and
| | - Anamika Choudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and
| | - Behshad Charkhand
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Tiwari MN, Mohan S, Biala Y, Shor O, Benninger F, Yaari Y. Corticotropin Releasing Factor Mediates K Ca3.1 Inhibition, Hyperexcitability, and Seizures in Acquired Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5843-5859. [PMID: 35732494 PMCID: PMC9337610 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2475-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common focal seizure disorder in adults, can be instigated in experimental animals by convulsant-induced status epilepticus (SE). Principal hippocampal neurons from SE-experienced epileptic male rats (post-SE neurons) display markedly augmented spike output compared with neurons from nonepileptic animals (non-SE neurons). This enhanced firing results from a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A-mediated inhibition of KCa3.1, a subclass of Ca2+-gated K+ channels generating the slow afterhyperpolarizing Ca2+-gated K+ current (IsAHP). The inhibition of KCa3.1 in post-SE neurons leads to a marked reduction in amplitude of the IsAHP that evolves during repetitive firing, as well as in amplitude of the associated Ca2+-dependent component of the slow afterhyperpolarization potential (KCa-sAHP). Here we show that KCa3.1 inhibition in post-SE neurons is induced by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) through its Type 1 receptor (CRF1R). Acute application of CRF1R antagonists restores KCa3.1 activity in post-SE neurons, normalizing KCa-sAHP/IsAHP amplitudes and neuronal spike output, without affecting these variables in non-SE neurons. Moreover, pharmacological antagonism of CRF1Rs in vivo reduces the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures in post-SE chronically epileptic rats. These findings may provide a new vista for treating TLE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epilepsy, a common neurologic disorder, often develops following a brain insult. Identifying key cellular mechanisms underlying acquired epilepsy is critical for developing effective antiepileptic therapies. In an experimental model of acquired epilepsy, principal hippocampal neurons manifest hyperexcitability because of downregulation of KCa3.1, a subtype of Ca2+-gated K+ ion channels. We show that KCa3.1 downregulation is mediated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) acting through its Type 1 receptor (CRF1R). Congruently, acute application of selective CRF1R antagonists restores KCa3.1 channel activity, leading to normalization of neuronal excitability. In the same model, injection of a CRF1R antagonist to epileptic animals markedly decreases the frequency of electrographic seizures. Therefore, targeting CRF1Rs may provide a new strategy in the treatment of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 9112102
| | - Sandesh Mohan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 9112102
| | - Yoav Biala
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 9112102
| | - Oded Shor
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel 4941492
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 6997801
| | - Felix Benninger
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel 4941492
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel 49141492
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 6997801
| | - Yoel Yaari
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 9112102
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Zhang X, Yang X, Chen B, Shen K, Liu G, Wang Z, Huang K, Zhu G, Wang T, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Hou Z, Liu S. Glucocorticoid receptors participate in epilepsy in FCDII patients and MP model rats: A potential therapeutic target for epilepsy in patients with focal cortical dysplasia II (FCDII). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:171-186. [PMID: 35132930 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2032650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are involved in neuronal excitability, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. However, the roles of GRs and MRs in epilepsy in focal cortical dysplasia II (FCDII) have not been reported. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated GRs and MRs expression and distribution in FCDII patients and methylazoxymethanol-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model rats (MP rats), and the effects of a GR agonist on neurons in human FCDII and investigated the electrophysiological properties of cultured neurons and neurons of MP rats after lentivirus-mediated GR knockdown or overexpression and GR agonist or antagonist administration. RESULTS GR expression (not MR) was decreased in specimens from FCDII patients and model rats. GR agonist dexamethasone reduced neuronal excitatory transmission and increased neuronal inhibitory transmission in FCDII. GR knockdown increased the excitability of cultured neurons, and GR overexpression rescued the hyperexcitability of MP-treated neurons. Moreover, dexamethasone decreased neuronal excitability and excitatory transmission in MP rats, while GR antagonist exerted the opposite effects. Dexamethasone reduced the seizure number and duration by approximately 85% and 60% in MP rats within one to two hours. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that GRs play an important role in epilepsy in FCDII and GR activation may have protective and antiepileptic effects in FCDII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Armed police Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Hou
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wan L, Yang G, Zhang S, Sun Y, Li Z, Wang J, Shi X, Zou L. Investigation of the association between imbalance of the intestinal flora and infantile spasms: a pilot case-control study. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:819-833. [PMID: 34012831 PMCID: PMC8107841 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal flora (IF) regulates brain function via the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems and influences the development of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we investigated the specific relationship between the IF and infantile spasms (IS), a specific form of epilepsy. METHODS Twenty-three children suffering from IS were recruited from the Chinese PLA General Hospital. According to patient response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment, the cohort was subdivided into 2 groups: an ACTH-response group and an ACTH-no response (NR) group. A total of 21 healthy children were recruited as a control group (healthy controls: HCs) during the same time period. Fecal samples were collected from infants in the IS and HC groups, and the population of fecal microorganisms was analyzed by 16s ribosomal DNA sequencing. The α and β diversity of the fecal microflora was determined, and the relative abundance of each species was classified. Tax4Fun2 was used to analyze the metabolic pathways utilized by the microflora, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database was used to analyze differentially expressed genes and pathways. RESULTS No significant differences existed in α or β diversity when compared between the IS and HC groups, nor between the ACTH-response and ACTH-NR groups which were separated before and after ACTH treatment. Although there was no significant difference between the ACTH-response and ACTH-NR groups with respect to α diversity, there was a significant difference in β diversity. Compared with that of the HCs, the IF of the IS group featured lower proportions of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Lachnospira, and a higher proportion of Clostridium. In the IS group, the proportion of Staphylococcus in the IF was higher before treatment than after treatment. Compared with the ACTH-NR group, the ACTH-response group had reduced populations of Odoribacter, Phascolarctobacterium, Anaerotruncus, Mitsuakella, and Robinsoniella. However, an increase was observed in the population of Bifidobacterium. A significant difference was also identified between the IS and HC groups with regard to the expression levels of genes associated with lipoic acid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrated that imbalance of the IF may be involved in the pathogenesis of IS and is related to response to ACTH. Regulating the composition of the IF may pave the way to developing a potential adjuvant therapy for patients with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wan
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Medical School of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wang Z, Huang K, Yang X, Shen K, Yang L, Ruan R, Shi X, Wang M, Zhu G, Yang M, Zhang C, Lv S, Yang H, Fan X, Liu S. Downregulated GPR30 expression in the epileptogenic foci of female patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex is correlated with 18 F-FDG PET-CT values. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:346-364. [PMID: 33314369 PMCID: PMC8018162 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are typical causes of developmental delay and refractory epilepsy. G‐protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is a specific estrogen receptor that is critical in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and neuronal excitability, suggesting that it plays a potential role in the epilepsy of patients with FCDIIb and TSC. Therefore, we investigated the role of GPR30 in patients with FCDIIb and TSC. We found that the expression of GPR30 and its downstream protein kinase A (PKA) pathway were decreased and negatively correlated with seizure frequency in female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, but not in male patients. GPR30 was widely distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and its downregulation was especially notable in microglia. The GPR30 agonist G‐1 increased the expression of PKA and p‐PKA in cultured cortical neurons, and the GPR30 antagonist G‐15 exhibited the opposite effects of G‐1. The NF‐κB signaling pathway was also activated in the specimens of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, and was regulated by G‐1 and G‐15 in cultured cortical neurons. We also found that GPR30 regulated cortical neuronal excitability by altering the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and the expression of NR2A/B. Further, the relationship between GPR30 and glycometabolism was evaluated by analyzing the correlations between GPR30 and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT values (standardized uptake values, SUVs). Positive correlations between GPR30 and SUVs were found in female patients, but not in male patients. Intriguingly, GPR30 expression and SUVs were significantly decreased in the epileptogenic tubers of female TSC patients, and ROC curves indicated that SUVs could predict the localization of epileptogenic tubers. Taken together, our results suggest a potential protective effect of GPR30 in the epileptogenesis of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ruotong Ruan
- Department of Basic Medical College, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Shi
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Velíšek L, Velíšková J. Modeling epileptic spasms during infancy: Are we heading for the treatment yet? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107578. [PMID: 32417271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS or epileptic spasms during infancy) were first described by Dr. William James West (aka West syndrome) in his own son in 1841. While rare by definition (occurring in 1 per 3200-3400 live births), IS represent a major social and treatment burden. The etiology of IS varies - there are many (>200) different known pathologies resulting in IS and still in about one third of cases there is no obvious reason. With the advancement of genetic analysis, role of certain genes (such as ARX or CDKL5 and others) in IS appears to be important. Current treatment strategies with incomplete efficacy and serious potential adverse effects include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone) and vigabatrin, more recently also a combination of hormones and vigabatrin. Second line treatments include pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and ketogenic diet. Additional treatment approaches use rapamycin, cannabidiol, valproic acid and other anti-seizure medications. Efficacy of these second line medications is variable but usually inferior to hormonal treatments and vigabatrin. Thus, new and effective models of this devastating condition are required for the search of additional treatment options as well as for better understanding the mechanisms of IS. Currently, eight models of IS are reviewed along with the ideas and mechanisms behind these models, drugs tested using the models and their efficacy and usefulness. Etiological variety of IS is somewhat reflected in the variety of the models. However, it seems that for finding precise personalized approaches, this variety is necessary as there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach possible for both IS in particular and epilepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Velíšek
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Adachi N, Suzuki S, Matsuoka H, Fushimi S, Ono J, Ohta KI, Hirai Y, Miki T, Koshimizu H. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein is up-regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and is secreted in an activity-dependent manner in rat cerebral cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2018; 146:99-110. [PMID: 29355947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent study revealed that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the cerebral cortex (CTX) plays a regulatory role in emotional behaviors in rodents. Given the functional interaction between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the CRH-signaling pathway in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, we hypothesized that BDNF may regulate gene expression of CRH and its related molecules in the CTX. Findings of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) indicated that stimulation of cultured rat cortical neurons with BDNF led to marked elevations in the mRNA levels of CRH and CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP). The BDNF-induced up-regulation of CRH-BP mRNA was attenuated by inhibitors of tropomyosin related kinase (Trk) and MEK, but not by an inhibitor for PI3K and Phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ). The up-regulation was partially blocked by an inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase (KDM) 6B. Fluorescent imaging identified the vesicular pattern of pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein-fused CRH-BP (CRH-BP-pHluorin), which co-localized with mCherry-tagged BDNF in cortical neurons. In addition, live-cell imaging detected drastic increases of pHluorin fluorescence in neurites upon membrane depolarization. Finally, we confirmed that tetrodotoxin partially attenuated the BDNF-induced up-regulation of CRH-BP mRNA, but not that of the protein. These observations indicate the following: In cortical neurons, BDNF led to gene expression of CRH-BP and CRH. TrkB, MEK, presumably ERK, and KDM6B are involved in the BDNF-induced gene expression of CRH-BP, and BDNF is able to induce the up-regulation in a neuronal activity-independent manner. It is suggested that CRH-BP is stored into BDNF-containing secretory granules in cortical neurons, and is secreted in response to membrane depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Adachi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetada Matsuoka
- School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Satoko Fushimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ono
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ohta
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Takanori Miki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Japan, Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
- Bio-interface Research Group, Health Research Inst., National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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9
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Wang LK, Chen X, Zhang CQ, Liang C, Wei YJ, Yue J, Liu SY, Yang H. Elevated Expression of TRPC4 in Cortical Lesions of Focal Cortical Dysplasia II and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:222-231. [PMID: 28455787 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCD II) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are well-known causes of chronic refractory epilepsy in children. Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are non-selective cation channels that are commonly activated by phospholipase C (PLC) stimulation. Previous studies found that TRPC4 may participate in the process of epileptogenesis. This study aimed to examine the expression and distribution of TRPC4 in FCD II (n = 24) and TSC (n = 11) surgical specimens compared with that in age-matched autopsy control samples (n = 12). We found that the protein levels of TRPC4 and its upstream factor, PLC delta 1 (PLCD1), were elevated in FCD II and TSC samples compared to those of control samples. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed that TRPC4 staining was stronger in malformed cells, such as dysmorphic neurons, balloon cells and giant cells. Moderate-to-strong staining of the upstream factor PLCD1 was also identified in abnormal neurons. Moreover, double immunofluorescence staining revealed that TRPC4 was colocalised with glutamatergic and GABAergic neuron markers. Taken together, our results indicate that overexpression of TRPC4 protein may be involved in the epileptogenesis of FCD II and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Kang Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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