1
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Wang H, Zhang F, Xu TW, Xu Y, Tian Y, Wu Y, Xu J, Hu S, Xu G. DNMT1 involved in the analgesic effect of folic acid on gastric hypersensitivity through downregulating ASIC1 in adult offspring rats with prenatal maternal stress. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1678-1689. [PMID: 36852448 PMCID: PMC10173708 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) is a characteristic pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) are associated with GHS induced by prenatal maternal stress (PMS). The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of DNMT1 mediating the analgesic effect of folic acid (FA) on PMS-induced GHS. METHODS GHS was quantified by electromyogram recordings. The expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, and ASIC1 were detected by western blot, RT-PCR, and double-immunofluorescence. Neuronal excitability and proton-elicited currents of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were determined by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. RESULTS The expression of DNMT1, but not DNMT3a or DNMT3b, was decreased in DRGs of PMS rats. FA alleviated PMS-induced GHS and hyperexcitability of DRG neurons. FA also increased DNMT1 and decreased ASIC1 expression and sensitivity. Intrathecal injection of DNMT1 inhibitor DC-517 attenuated the effect of FA on GHS alleviation and ASIC1 downregulation. Overexpression of DNMT1 with lentivirus not only rescued ASIC1 upregulation and hypersensitivity, but also alleviated GHS and hyperexcitability of DRG neurons induced by PMS. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that increased DNMT1 contributes to the analgesic effect of FA on PMS-induced GHS by reducing ASIC1 expression and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application TechnologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Fu‐Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Timothy W. Xu
- Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yuan‐Qing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ji‐Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyCollege of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shufen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Guang‐Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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2
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Zan C, Yang B, Brandhofer M, El Bounkari O, Bernhagen J. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF? FASEB J 2022; 36:e22601. [PMID: 36269019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as well as its more recently described structural homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), now also termed MIF-2, are atypical cytokines and chemokines with key roles in host immunity. They also have an important pathogenic role in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, adipose tissue inflammation, and cancer. Although our mechanistic understanding of MIF-2 is relatively limited compared to the extensive body of evidence available for MIF, emerging data suggests that MIF-2 is not only a functional phenocopy of MIF, but may have differential or even oppositional activities, depending on the disease and context. In this review, we summarize and discuss the similarities and differences between MIF and MIF-2, with a focus on their structures, receptors, signaling pathways, and their roles in diseases. While mainly covering the roles of the MIF homologs in cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases, we also discuss their involvement in cancer, sepsis, and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). A particular emphasis is laid upon potential mechanistic explanations for synergistic or cooperative activities of the MIF homologs in cancer, myocardial diseases, and COPD as opposed to emerging disparate or antagonistic activities in adipose tissue inflammation, metabolic diseases, and atherosclerosis. Lastly, we discuss potential future opportunities of jointly targeting MIF and MIF-2 in certain diseases, whereas precision targeting of only one homolog might be preferable in other conditions. Together, this article provides an update of the mechanisms and future therapeutic avenues of human MIF proteins with a focus on their emerging, surprisingly disparate activities, suggesting that MIF-2 displays a variety of activities that are distinct from those of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Bishan Yang
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Brandhofer
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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3
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Irfan J, Febrianto MR, Sharma A, Rose T, Mahmudzade Y, Di Giovanni S, Nagy I, Torres-Perez JV. DNA Methylation and Non-Coding RNAs during Tissue-Injury Associated Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020752. [PMID: 35054943 PMCID: PMC8775747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While about half of the population experience persistent pain associated with tissue damages during their lifetime, current symptom-based approaches often fail to reduce such pain to a satisfactory level. To provide better patient care, mechanism-based analgesic approaches must be developed, which necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the nociceptive mechanism leading to tissue injury-associated persistent pain. Epigenetic events leading the altered transcription in the nervous system are pivotal in the maintenance of pain in tissue injury. However, the mechanisms through which those events contribute to the persistence of pain are not fully understood. This review provides a summary and critical evaluation of two epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA expression, on transcriptional modulation in nociceptive pathways during the development of tissue injury-associated pain. We assess the pre-clinical data and their translational implication and evaluate the potential of controlling DNA methylation and non-coding RNA expression as novel analgesic approaches and/or biomarkers of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanzaib Irfan
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
| | - Muhammad Rizki Febrianto
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
| | - Anju Sharma
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
| | - Thomas Rose
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yasamin Mahmudzade
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, E505, Burlington Danes, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Nociception Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9FJ, UK; (J.I.); (M.R.F.); (A.S.); (T.R.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (I.N.); (J.V.T.-P.)
| | - Jose Vicente Torres-Perez
- Department of Brain Sciences, Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Ln, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.N.); (J.V.T.-P.)
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4
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Yang F, Zou YQ, Li M, Luo WJ, Chen GZ, Wu XZ. Intervertebral foramen injection of plerixafor attenuates neuropathic pain after chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion: Possible involvement of the down-regulation of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174322. [PMID: 34256084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common chronic pain condition with major impact on quality of life. However, its physiopathologic mechanism remains unknown and pain management is still a challenge. Accumulating evidence indicated that C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) played a critical role in the process of pain. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether intervertebral foramen injection of CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, was able to relieve neuropathic pain and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (CCD) was established as a typical model of neuropathic pain. The results indicated that CCD induced multiple pain-related behaviors and the expression of CXCR4, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 was significantly increased in compressed dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Knocking down CXCR4 expression could significantly reduce neuropathic pain and intervertebral foramen plerixafor injection (IVFP) dramatically decreased the up-regulation of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 and attenuated neuropathic pain. The analgesic duration of IVFP was maintained at least for 24 h which was much longer than intervertebral foramen injection of Nav1.8 blocker and local anesthetics. Therefore, our study provided evidence that IVFP could reduce the expression of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in DRG neurons which might contribute to, at least in part, the analgesic effect of plerixafor on CCD-induced neuropathic pain. It is concluded that IVFP was an effective and applicable treatment approach for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force / Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Laboratory of Pain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yi-Qing Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force / Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force / Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Guo-Zhong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force / Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Zhi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force / Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian, PR China.
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5
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Zhu X, Li F, Wang M, Su H, Wu X, Qiu H, Zhou W, Shan C, Wang C, Wei L. Integrated Analysis of Omics Data Reveal AP-1 as a Potential Regulation Hub in the Inflammation-Induced Hyperalgesia Rat Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672498. [PMID: 34122430 PMCID: PMC8194263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-associated chronic pain is a global clinical problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms that mediate inflammation-associated chronic pain remain unclear. A rat model of cutaneous inflammation induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) has been widely used as an inflammation-induced pain hypersensitivity model. We present the transcriptomics profile of CFA-induced inflammation in the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) via an approach that targets gene expression, DNA methylation, and post-transcriptional regulation. We identified 418 differentially expressed mRNAs, 120 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs), and 2,670 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), which were all highly associated with multiple inflammation-related pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon (IFN) signaling pathways. An integrated analysis further demonstrated that the activator protein 1 (AP-1) network, which may act as a regulator of the inflammatory response, is regulated at both the transcriptomic and epigenetic levels. We believe our data will not only provide drug screening targets for the treatment of chronic pain and inflammation but will also shed light on the molecular network associated with inflammation-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Yancheng Clinical College of XuZhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Miqun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Huibin Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuedong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunli Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cancan Wang
- Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Wang L, Xiong Q, Li P, Chen G, Tariq N, Wu C. The negative charge of the 343 site is essential for maintaining physiological functions of CXCR4. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:8. [PMID: 33485325 PMCID: PMC7825245 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) usually caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene. To date, a total of nine different mutations including eight truncation mutations and one missense mutation (E343K, CXCR4E343K) distributed in the C-terminus of CXCR4 have been identified in humans. Studies have clarified that the loss of phosphorylation sites in the C-terminus of truncated CXCR4 impairs the desensitization process, enhances the activation of G-protein, prolongs downstream signaling pathways and introduces over immune responses, thereby causing WHIM syndrome. So far, there is only one reported case of WHIM syndrome with a missense mutation, CXCR4E343K, which has a full length of C-terminus with entire phosphorylation sites, no change in all potential phosphorylation sites. The mechanism of the missense mutation (CXCR4E343K) causing WHIM syndrome is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the effect of mutation at the 343 site of CXCR4 causing the replacement of arginine/E with glutamic acid/K on the receptor signal transduction, and elucidate the mechanism underling CXCR4E343K causing WHIM in the reported family. RESULTS We completed a series of mutagenesis to generate different mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 tail, and established a series of HeLa cell lines stably expressing CXCR4WT or CXCR4E343D (glutamic acid/E replaced with aspartic acid/D) or CXCR4E343K (glutamic acid/E replaced with lysine/K) or CXCR4E343R (glutamic acid/E replaced with arginine/R) or CXCR4E343A (glutamic acid/E replaced with alanine/A) and then systematically analyzed functions of the CXCR4 mutants above. Results showed that the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343D had no functional changes with comparison that of wild type CXCR4. However, the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343K or CXCR4E343R or CXCR4E343A had enhanced cell migration, prolonged the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, JNK1/2/3, aggravated activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway, introduced higher expression of TNFa and IL6, suggesting over immune response occurred in CXCR4 mutants with charge change at the 343 site of receptor tail, as a result, causing WHIM syndrome. Biochemical analysis of those mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 above shows that CXCR4 mutants with no matter positive or neutral charge have aberrant signal pathways downstream of activated mutated CXCR4, only CXVR4 with negative charge residues at the site shows normal signal pathway post activation with stromal-derived factor (SDF1, also known as CXCL12). CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrated that the negative charge at the 343 site of CXCR4 plays an essential role in regulating the down-stream signal transduction of CXCR4 for physiological events, and residue charge changes, no matter positive or neutral introduce aberrant activities and functions of CXCR4, thus consequently lead to WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Nayab Tariq
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China. .,Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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7
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Cao X, Chen XM, Xiao WZ, Li B, Zhang B, Wu Q, Xue Q. ROS‑mediated hypomethylation of PRDX5 promotes STAT3 binding and activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway in NSCLC. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:573-582. [PMID: 33416106 PMCID: PMC7797423 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) epigenetic modification has been linked to specific sequences of CpG islands and plays roles in the progression of lung cancer. In this study, it was found that peroxiredoxin‑5 (PRDX5) was highly expressed in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues; however, its specific regulatory mechanisms and functions in NSCLC remain unknown. The present study therefore explored the regulatory mechanism of PRDX5 under conditions of oxidative stress (OS) in NSCLC. The results revealed that 79 of 121 NSCLC patients exhibited demethylation in the PRDX5 promoter region, which was related to the tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.027). PRDX5 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression positively correlated with the demethylation status of the promoter region. The results of bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP) revealed lower demethylation frequencies in H1299 cells treated with 0 µM H2O2, but maximum demethylation following treatment with 100 µM H2O2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase detection assays, the effective binding of STAT3 to the transcriptional binding sites of the PRDX5 promoter region was confirmed (2 sites confirmed: Site 1, ‑444 to ‑434 bp; and site 4, ‑1,417 to ‑1,407 bp). STAT3 knockdown significantly decreased the protein expression of PRDX5, while the overexpression of STAT3 significantly increased the protein levels of PRDX5. When PRDX5 was overexpressed in lung cancer cells under conditions of OS, the levels of the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers, E‑cadherin and vimentin, were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. By contrast, PRDX5 knockdown resulted in significantly increased E‑cadherin and decreased vimentin protein expression levels. Ultimately, when PRDX5‑small interfering RNA (siRNA) or pcDNA3.1‑PRDX5 expression vector were constructed and transfected into H1299 cells pre‑treated with 100 µM H2O2, the nuclear factor (erythroid‑derived 2)‑like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway was inhibited or activated. All these results suggested that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‑mediated hypomethylation of PRDX5 enhanced STAT3 binding affinity with the promoter region, and resulted in the promotion of cell migration and invasion, as well as in the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in NSCLC. The demethylation status of the PRDX5 promoter may thus be used as an epigenetic biomarker in NSCLC. STAT3/PRDX5 signaling may also prove to be a potential strategy for the treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zhang Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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8
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Møller Johansen L, Gerra MC, Arendt-Nielsen L. Time course of DNA methylation in pain conditions: From experimental models to humans. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:296-312. [PMID: 33063322 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Throughout the last decade, research has uncovered associations between pain and epigenetic alterations caused by environmental factors. Specifically, studies have demonstrated correlations between pain conditions and altered DNA methylation patterns. Thus, DNA methylation has been revealed as a possible modulator or contributor to pain conditions, providing a potential therapeutic target for treatment by DNA methylation modification. To develop such treatments, it is necessary to clarify a wide number of aspects on how DNA methylation affects pain perception; first and foremost, the temporal dynamics. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of current knowledge on temporal dynamics of DNA methylation in response to pain, and to investigate if a timeframe can be established based on the data of currently published studies. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Embase were searched comprehensively for studies of DNA methylation in neuropathic, inflammatory and alternative animal pain models, and in chronic pain patients including Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, chronic postsurgical pain, chronic widespread pain, fibromyalgia and Crohn's disease. RESULTS We identified 34 articles highlighting variations in temporal dynamics of DNA methylation across species and between different types of pain. These studies represent a starting point to uncover new insights in the DNA methylation time course in pain. CONCLUSIONS No timeframe can currently be made for the DNA methylation response to pain in any of the reviewed conditions, highlighting an important focus area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie Møller Johansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Carla Gerra
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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9
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Bai G, Ross H, Zhang Y, Lee K, Ro JY. The Role of DNA Methylation in Transcriptional Regulation of Pro-Nociceptive Genes in Rat Trigeminal Ganglia. Epigenet Insights 2020; 13:2516865720938677. [PMID: 32974606 PMCID: PMC7495519 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720938677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation by DNA methylation is associated with aberrant gene
expression in sensory neurons, which consequently leads to pathological pain
responses. In this study, we sought to investigate whether peripheral
inflammation alters global DNA methylation in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and
results in abnormal expression of pro-nociceptive genes. Our results show that
peripheral inflammation remotely reduced the level of global DNA methylation in
rat TG with a concurrent reduction in DNMT1 and
DNMT3a expression. Using unbiased steps, we selected the
following pro-nociceptive candidate genes that are potentially regulated by DNA
methylation: TRPV1, TRPA1, P2X3, and PIEZO2.
Inhibition of DNMT with 5-Aza-dC in dissociated TG cells produced dose-dependent
upregulation of TRPV1, TRPA1, and P2X3.
Systemic treatment of animals with 5-Aza-dC significantly increased the
expression of TRPV1, TRPA1, and PIEZO2 in TG.
Furthermore, the overexpression of DNMT3a, as delivered by a lentiviral vector,
significantly downregulated TRPV1 and PIEZO2
expression and also reliably decreased TRPA1 and
P2X3 transcripts. MeDIP revealed that this overexpression
also significantly enhanced methylation of CGIs associated with
TRPV1 and TRPA1. In addition, bisulfite
sequencing data indicated that the CGI associated with TRPA1
was methylated in a pattern catalyzed by DNMT3a. Taken together, our results
show that all 4 pro-nociceptive genes are subject to epigenetic modulation via
DNA methylation, likely via DNMT3a under inflammatory conditions. These findings
provide the first evidence for the functional importance of DNA methylation as
an epigenetic factor in the transcription of pro-nociceptive genes in TG that
are implicated in pathological orofacial pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Bai
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly Ross
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Youping Zhang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - KiSeok Lee
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin Y Ro
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Jiang BC, Liu T, Gao YJ. Chemokines in chronic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Identification of Matrine as a Novel Regulator of the CXCR4 Signaling Axis in Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134731. [PMID: 32630806 PMCID: PMC7370290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine, a quinolizidine alkaloid, is commonly employed for treating various viral and inflammatory disorders. Here, we have evaluated matrine for its activity on C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9/2) expression, and its potential to affect tumor metastasis and invasion. The effects of matrine on CXCR4, MMP-9/2, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in lung (A549), prostate (DU145), and pancreas (MIA PaCa-2) cells were investigated by diverse techniques. The expression level of CXCR4 and MMP-9/2 was analyzed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. NF-κB activation was also evaluated by western blot analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay as well as immunocytochemical experiments. Furthermore, we monitored cell invasion and metastasis activities by wound healing and Boyden chamber assays. We noted that matrine induced a down-regulation of CXCR4 and MMP-9/2 at both protein and mRNA levels. In addition, matrine negatively regulated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12)-induced CXCR4 expression. Moreover, NF-κB suppression by matrine led to inhibition of metastatic potential of tumor cells. Our results suggest that matrine can block the cancer metastasis through the negative regulation of CXCR4 and MMP-9/2 and consequently it can be considered as a potential candidate for cancer therapy.
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12
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Yuan H, Du S, Chen L, Xu X, Wang Y, Ji F. Hypomethylation of nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes binding of C/EBPα and contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:34. [PMID: 31980031 PMCID: PMC6982391 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain usually accompanied by tissue damage and inflammation. However, the pathogenesis of chronic pain remains unclear. Methods We investigated the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), explored the methylation status of CpG islands in the promoter region of the NGF gene, and clarified the function and mechanism of C/EBPα-NGF signaling pathway from epigenetic perspective in the chronic inflammatory pain model. Results CFA induced significant hyperalgesia and continuous upregulation of NGF mRNA and protein levels in the L4–6 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) in rats. Hypomethylation of CpG islands occurred in the NGF gene promoter region after CFA treatment. At the same time, the miR-29b expression level was significantly increased, while the DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) level reduced significantly. Moreover, CFA treatment promoted binding of C/EBPα to the NGF gene promoter region and C/EBPα siRNA treatment obviously decreased expression of NGF levels and also alleviate inflammatory hyperalgesia significantly in rats. Conclusion Collectively, the results indicated that CFA leads to the upregulation of miR-29b level, which represses the expression of DNMT3b, enhances the demethylation of the NGF gene promoter region, and promotes the binding of C/EBPα with the NGF gene promoter, thus results in the upregulation of NGF gene expression and maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pain Medicine, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yuan H, Du S, Chen L, Xu X, Wang Y, Ji F. Hypomethylation of nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes binding of C/EBPα and contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020. [PMID: 31980031 DOI: hypomethylation of nerve growth factor (ngf) promotes binding of c/ebpα and contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain usually accompanied by tissue damage and inflammation. However, the pathogenesis of chronic pain remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), explored the methylation status of CpG islands in the promoter region of the NGF gene, and clarified the function and mechanism of C/EBPα-NGF signaling pathway from epigenetic perspective in the chronic inflammatory pain model. RESULTS CFA induced significant hyperalgesia and continuous upregulation of NGF mRNA and protein levels in the L4-6 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) in rats. Hypomethylation of CpG islands occurred in the NGF gene promoter region after CFA treatment. At the same time, the miR-29b expression level was significantly increased, while the DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) level reduced significantly. Moreover, CFA treatment promoted binding of C/EBPα to the NGF gene promoter region and C/EBPα siRNA treatment obviously decreased expression of NGF levels and also alleviate inflammatory hyperalgesia significantly in rats. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results indicated that CFA leads to the upregulation of miR-29b level, which represses the expression of DNMT3b, enhances the demethylation of the NGF gene promoter region, and promotes the binding of C/EBPα with the NGF gene promoter, thus results in the upregulation of NGF gene expression and maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pain Medicine, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Daniel SK, Seo YD, Pillarisetty VG. The CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis as a mechanism of immune resistance in gastrointestinal malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 65:176-188. [PMID: 31874281 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single agent checkpoint inhibitor therapy has not been effective for most gastrointestinal solid tumors, but combination therapy with drugs targeting additional immunosuppressive pathways is being attempted. One such pathway, the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 chemokine axis, has attracted attention due to its effects on tumor cell survival and metastasis as well as immune cell migration. CXCL12 is a small protein that functions in normal hematopoietic stem cell homing in addition to repair of damaged tissue. Binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 leads to activation of G protein signaling kinases such as P13K/mTOR and MEK/ERK while binding to CXCR7 leads to β-arrestin mediated signaling. While some gastric and colorectal carcinoma cells have been shown to make CXCL12, the primary source in pancreatic cancer and peritoneal metastases is cancer-associated fibroblasts. Binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 and CXCR7 on tumor cells leads to anti-apoptotic signaling through Bcl-2 and survivin upregulation, as well as promotion of the epithelial-to-mesechymal transition through the Rho-ROCK pathway and alterations in cell adhesion molecules. High levels of CXCL12 seen in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen could partially explain why these are popular sites of metastases for many tumors. CXCL12 is a chemoattractant for lymphocytes at lower levels, but becomes chemorepellant at higher levels; it is unclear exactly what gradient exists in the tumor microenvironment and how this influences tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. AMD3100 (Plerixafor or Mozobil) is a small molecule CXCR4 antagonist and is the most frequently used drug targeting the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in clinical trials for gastrointestinal solid tumors currently. Other small molecules and monoclonal antibodies against CXCR4 are being trialed. Further understanding of the CXCL12- CXCR4/CXCR7 chemokine axis in the tumor microenvironment will allow more effective targeting of this pathway in combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Daniel
- University of Washington, Dept. of Surgery, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Y David Seo
- University of Washington, Dept. of Surgery, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Bach-Rojecky L, Vađunec D, Žunić K, Kurija J, Šipicki S, Gregg R, Mikula I, Primorac D. Continuing war on pain: a personalized approach to the therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Per Med 2018; 16:171-184. [PMID: 30484741 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2018-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Successful pain management requires the delivery of analgesia with minimal risk of adverse drug reactions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids remain the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients. Unfortunately, almost 50% of all patients experience inadequate pain relief and serious side effects. Allelic variants in genes coding for target proteins, transporters and enzymes, which govern analgesic drugs action and their fate in the organism, might explain inter-individual variability in pain severity and in drug-induced pain relief and toxicities. Additionally, it seems that epigenetic changes contribute to the highly variable response to pain treatment. Therefore, pharmacogenomic testing might be a valuable tool for personalization of pain treatment, with a multidisciplinary team approach involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Bach-Rojecky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, A Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dalia Vađunec
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, A Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Žunić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, A Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Kurija
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, A Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Šipicki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, A Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ryan Gregg
- OneOme LLC, 807 Broadway St NE #100, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Ivan Mikula
- St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb & 49210 Zabok, Croatia
| | - Dragan Primorac
- St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb & 49210 Zabok, Croatia.,Department of Forensic Sciences, Eberly College of Science, 517 Thomas St, State College, Penn State University, PA 16803, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Osijek, Ulica Cara Hadrijana 10, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University ofOsijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.,Children's Hospital Srebrnjak, Srebrnjak 100, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Li F, Xue Z, Yuan Y, Huang S, Fan Y, Zhu X, Wei L. Upregulation of CXCR4 through promoter demethylation contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:947-956. [PMID: 29577638 PMCID: PMC6489799 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM AND METHODS Chronic pain associated with inflammation is a common clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms yet are incompletely defined. DNA methylation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. However, the specific genes regulated by DNA methylation under inflammatory pain condition remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated how chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation and how it contributes to inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. RESULTS Intraplantar injection of CFA could not only induce significant hyperalgesia in rats, but also significantly increase the expression of CXCR4 mRNA and protein in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Intrathecal injection of CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 significantly relieved hyperalgesia in inflammatory rats in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR demonstrate that CFA injection led to a significant demethylation of CpG island at CXCR4 gene promoter. Consistently, the expression of DNMT3b was significantly downregulated after CFA injection. Online software prediction reveals three binding sites of p65 in the CpG island of CXCR4 gene promoter, which has confirmed by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, CFA treatment significantly increases the recruitment of p65 to CXCR4 gene promoter. Inhibition of NF-kB signaling using p65 inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate significantly prevented the increases of the CXCR4 expression. CONCLUSION Upregulation of CXCR4 expression due to promoter demethylation followed by increased recruitment of p65 to promoter of CXCR4 gene contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of chronic pain from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Zhou‐Ya Xue
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Sai‐Sai Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantonChina
| | - Yi‐Hui Fan
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantonChina
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of AnesthesiologySuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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