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Turkistani A, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Elfiky MM, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Therapeutic Potential Effect of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3β) Inhibitors in Parkinson Disease: Exploring an Overlooked Avenue. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7092-7108. [PMID: 38367137 PMCID: PMC11338983 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, the purpose of the present review was to revise the mechanistic role of GSK-3β in PD neuropathology, and how GSK-3β inhibitors affect PD neuropathology. GSK-3 is a conserved threonine/serine kinase protein that is intricate in the regulation of cellular anabolic and catabolic pathways by modulating glycogen synthase. Over-expression of GSK-3β is also interconnected with the development of different neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of GSK-3β in PD neuropathology is not fully clarified. Over-expression of GSK-3β induces the development of PD by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the dopaminergic neurons of the SN. NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome are activated in response to dysregulated GSK-3β in PD leading to progressive neuronal injury. Higher expression of GSK-3β in the early stages of PD neuropathology might contribute to the reduction of neuroprotective brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, GSK-3β inhibitors may be effective in PD by reducing inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders which are associated with degeneration of dopaminergic in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Turkistani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Mohamed M Elfiky
- Anatomy Department, General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Al Minufya, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Khawagi WY, Al-Kuraishy HM, Hussein NR, Al-Gareeb AI, Atef E, Elhussieny O, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Jabir MS, Alshehri AA, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Depression and type 2 diabetes: A causal relationship and mechanistic pathway. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3031-3044. [PMID: 38802993 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder that may increase risk for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and vice versa. However, the mechanistic pathway linking depression and T2D is not fully elucidated. The aim of this narrative review, therefore, was to discuss the possible link between depression and T2D. The coexistence of T2D and depression is twice as great compared to the occurrence of either condition independently. Hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia promote the incidence of depression by enhancing inflammation and reducing brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT]). Dysregulation of insulin signalling in T2D impairs brain 5HT signalling, leading to the development of depression. Furthermore, depression is associated with the development of hyperglycaemia and poor glycaemic control. Psychological stress and depression promote the development of T2D. In conclusion, T2D could be a potential risk factor for the development of depression through the induction of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress that affect brain neurotransmission. In addition, chronic stress in depression may induce the development of T2D through dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increase circulating cortisol levels, which triggers IR and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Y Khawagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nawar R Hussein
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Esraa Atef
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnya Elhussieny
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
- Department of Research and Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research and Development, AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abdullah A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Al‐Qahtani Z, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. The potential role of brain renin-angiotensin system in the neuropathology of Parkinson disease: Friend, foe or turncoat? J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18495. [PMID: 38899551 PMCID: PMC11187740 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Of note, brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is intricate in the PD neuropathology through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Therefore, modulation of brain RAS by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may be effective in reducing the risk and PD neuropathology. It has been shown that all components including the peptides and enzymes of the RAS are present in the different brain areas. Brain RAS plays a critical role in the regulation of memory and cognitive function, and in the controlling of central blood pressure. However, exaggerated brain RAS is implicated in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Two well-known pathways of brain RAS are recognized including; the classical pathway which is mainly mediated by AngII/AT1R has detrimental effects. Conversely, the non-classical pathway which is mostly mediated by ACE2/Ang1-7/MASR and AngII/AT2R has beneficial effects against PD neuropathology. Exaggerated brain RAS affects the viability of dopaminergic neurons. However, the fundamental mechanism of brain RAS in PD neuropathology was not fully elucidated. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to disclose the mechanistic role of RAS in in the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, we try to revise how the ACEIs and ARBs can be developed for therapeutics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainah Al‐Qahtani
- Neurology Section, Internal Medicine Department, College of MedicineKing khaled universityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & Development, FunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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Ali NH, Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, AlAseeri AA, Alruwaili M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. BDNF/TrkB activators in Parkinson's disease: A new therapeutic strategy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18368. [PMID: 38752280 PMCID: PMC11096816 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and is manifested by motor and non-motor symptoms because of degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. PD neuropathology is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Thus, the modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis by growth factors could be a novel boulevard in the management of PD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (TrkB) are chiefly involved in PD neuropathology. BDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and enhances the functional activity of striatal neurons. Deficiency of the TrkB receptor triggers degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-Syn in the substantia nigra. As well, BDNF/TrkB signalling is reduced in the early phase of PD neuropathology. Targeting of BDNF/TrkB signalling by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the potential role of BDNF/TrkB activators against PD. In conclusion, BDNF/TrkB signalling is decreased in PD and linked with disease severity and long-term complications. Activation of BDNF/TrkB by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Research and DevelopmentFunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research and DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Ali Abdullah AlAseeri
- Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl‐KharjSaudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Alruwaili
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK. New insight on the possible role of statins in Vascular Parkinsonism: A need for presumptive therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102209. [PMID: 38286334 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Vascular Parkinsonism (VP) is clinical term represents a progressive ischemic changes and subcortical lacunar infarct leading to Parkinsonism mainly in the lower limbs so called lower body Parkinsonism. The VP neuropathology is differed from that of PD neuropathology which rarely associated with basal ganglion lesions. Dopamine transporters are normal in VP but are highly reduced in PD, and dopaminergic agonists had no effective role on VP. The neuropathological mechanisms of VP are related to vascular injury which induces the interruption of the neural connection between basal ganglion and cerebral cortex. Hyperlipidemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors augment VP risk and the related neuropathology. Targeting of these cardiometabolic disorders by lipid-lowering statins may be effective in the management of VP. Therefore, this mini-review aims to clarify the possible role of statins in the management of VP. Statins have neuroprotective effects against different neurodegenerative diseases by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antithrombotic effects with enhancement of endothelial function. In conclusion, statins can prevent and treat VP by inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders, mitigating of white matter hyperintensities and improving of neuronal signaling pathways. Additional preclinical, clinical trials and prospective studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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