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Sultaire SM, Montgomery RA, Jackson PJ, Millspaugh JJ. Spatial patterns of reproduction suggest marginal habitat limits continued range expansion of black bears at a forest-desert ecotone. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10658. [PMID: 37915808 PMCID: PMC10616736 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating spatial patterns of animal occupancy and reproduction in peripheral populations can provide insight into factors that form species range boundaries. Following historical extirpation, American black bears (Ursus americanus) recolonized the western Great Basin in Nevada from the Sierra Nevada during the late 1900s. This range expansion, however, has not continued further into the Great Basin despite the presence of additional habitat. We aimed to quantify whether reduced reproduction toward the range edge contributes to this range boundary. We analyzed black bear detections from 100 camera traps deployed across black bear distribution in western Nevada using a multistate occupancy model that quantified the probability of occupancy and reproduction (i.e., female bears with cubs occupancy) in relation to changes in habitat type and habitat amount toward the range boundary. We detected a strong effect of habitat amount and habitat type on the probability of black bear occupancy and reproduction. At similar levels of landscape-scale habitat amount (e.g., 50%), estimated probability of occupancy for adult bears in piñon-juniper woodlands near the range boundary was 0.39, compared to ~1.0 in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest (i.e., core habitat). Furthermore, estimated probability of cub occupancy, conditional on adult bear occupancy, in landscapes with 50% habitat was 0.32 in Great Basin piñon-juniper woodlands, compared to 0.92 in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Black bear range in the western Great Basin conforms to the center-periphery hypothesis, with piñon-juniper woodland at the range edge supporting ecologically marginal habitat for the species compared to habitat in the Sierra Nevada. Further geographic expansion of black bears in the Great Basin may be limited by lower occupancy of reproducing females in piñon-juniper woodland. Center-periphery range dynamics may be common in large carnivore species, as their dispersal ability allows them to colonize low-quality habitat near range edges.
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Khan P, Eliuk L, Frey S, Bone C, Fisher JT. Shifts in diel activity of Rocky Mountain mammal communities in response to anthropogenic disturbance and sympatric invasive white-tailed deer. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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3
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Carey C, Lohr A, Kays R. Documenting Wild Turkey Breeding Patterns in North Carolina with Camera Traps. SOUTHEAST NAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/058.021.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase Carey
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Ashley Lohr
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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4
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Fisher JT, Burton AC. Spatial structure of reproductive success infers mechanisms of ungulate invasion in Nearctic boreal landscapes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:900-911. [PMID: 33520174 PMCID: PMC7820139 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape change is a key driver of biodiversity declines due to habitat loss and fragmentation, but spatially shifting resources can also facilitate range expansion and invasion. Invasive populations are reproductively successful, and landscape change may buoy this success.We show how modeling the spatial structure of reproductive success can elucidate the mechanisms of range shifts and sustained invasions for mammalian species with attendant young. We use an example of white-tailed deer (deer; Odocoileus virginianus) expansion in the Nearctic boreal forest, a North American phenomenon implicated in severe declines of threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus).We hypothesized that deer reproductive success is linked to forage subsidies provided by extensive landscape change via resource extraction. We measured deer occurrence using data from 62 camera traps in northern Alberta, Canada, over three years. We weighed support for multiple competing hypotheses about deer reproductive success using multistate occupancy models and generalized linear models in an AIC-based model selection framework.Spatial patterns of reproductive success were best explained by features associated with petroleum exploration and extraction, which offer early-seral vegetation resource subsidies. Effect sizes of anthropogenic features eclipsed natural heterogeneity by two orders of magnitude. We conclude that anthropogenic early-seral forage subsidies support high springtime reproductive success, mitigating or exceeding winter losses, maintaining populations. Synthesis and Applications. Modeling spatial structuring in reproductive success can become a key goal of remote camera-based global networks, yielding ecological insights into mechanisms of invasion and range shifts to inform effective decision-making for global biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fisher
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - A. Cole Burton
- InnoTech AlbertaVegrevilleABCanada
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Caravaggi A, Burton AC, Clark DA, Fisher JT, Grass A, Green S, Hobaiter C, Hofmeester TR, Kalan AK, Rabaiotti D, Rivet D. A review of factors to consider when using camera traps to study animal behavior to inform wildlife ecology and conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Douglas A. Clark
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | | | - Amelia Grass
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of South Wales Pontypridd UK
| | - Sian Green
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- School of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Tim R. Hofmeester
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental studiesSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Ammie K. Kalan
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Danielle Rivet
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Sato Y, Nakamura H, Kyoko K, Sekiguchi M, Ishibashi Y, Itoh T. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Scented Wooden Posts for DNA Hair Snagging of Brown Bears. MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Sato
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Nakamura
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Kobayashi Kyoko
- Urahoro Brown Bear Research Group, Urahoro, Hokkaido 089-5692, Japan
| | - Masanao Sekiguchi
- Urahoro Brown Bear Research Group, Urahoro, Hokkaido 089-5692, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishibashi
- Urahoro Brown Bear Research Group, Urahoro, Hokkaido 089-5692, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Itoh
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Burton AC, Fisher JT, Adriaens P, Treweek J, Paetkau D, Wikstrom M, Callender A, Vardanyan R, Stepanyan A. Density and distribution of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) population within the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason T Fisher
- InnoTech Alberta, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W, Canada
| | - Peter Adriaens
- Treweek Environmental Consultants, Chancery Cottage, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Treweek
- Treweek Environmental Consultants, Chancery Cottage, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - David Paetkau
- Wildlife Genetics International, Nelson, British Columbia V1L, Canada
| | - Marten Wikstrom
- Treweek Environmental Consultants, Chancery Cottage, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Callender
- Treweek Environmental Consultants, Chancery Cottage, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Devon, United Kingdom
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Stewart FEC, Fisher JT, Burton AC, Volpe JP. Species occurrence data reflect the magnitude of animal movements better than the proximity of animal space use. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances E. C. Stewart
- School of Environmental Studies; University of Victoria; 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Jason T. Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies; University of Victoria; 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
- Ecosystem Management Unit; InnoTech Alberta; 3-4476 Markham Street Victoria British Columbia V8Z 7X8 Canada
| | - A. Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - John P. Volpe
- School of Environmental Studies; University of Victoria; 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Tosoni E, Boitani L, Mastrantonio G, Latini R, Ciucci P. Counts of unique females with cubs in the Apennine brown bear population, 2006–2014. URSUS 2017. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-16-00022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tosoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Latini
- Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, Pescasseroli, 67032, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, 00185, Italy
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León-Ortega M, Jiménez-Franco MV, Martínez JE, Calvo JF. Factors influencing territorial occupancy and reproductive success in a Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175597. [PMID: 28399175 PMCID: PMC5388503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling territorial occupancy and reproductive success is a key issue for better understanding the population dynamics of territorial species. This study aimed to investigate these ecological processes in a Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) population in south-eastern Spain during a seven-year period. A multi-season, multi-state modelling approach was followed to estimate the probabilities of occupancy and reproductive success in relation to previous state, time and habitat covariates, and accounting for imperfect detection. The best estimated models showed past breeding success in the territories to be the most important factor determining a high probability of reoccupation and reproductive success in the following year. In addition, alternative occupancy models suggested the positive influence of crops on the probability of territory occupation. By contrast, the best reproductive model revealed strong interannual variations in the rates of breeding success, which may be related to changes in the abundance of the European Rabbit, the main prey of the Eurasian Eagle-owl. Our models also estimated the probabilities of detecting the presence of owls in a given territory and the probability of detecting evidence of successful reproduction. Estimated detection probabilities were high throughout the breeding season, decreasing in time for unsuccessful breeders but increasing for successful breeders. The probability of detecting reproductive success increased with time, being close to one in the last survey. These results suggest that reproduction failure in the early stages of the breeding season is a determinant factor in the probability of detecting occupancy and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario León-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María V. Jiménez-Franco
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José E. Martínez
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Bonelli’s Eagle Study and Conservation Group, Murcia, Spain
| | - José F. Calvo
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Alberton B, Torres RDS, Cancian LF, Borges BD, Almeida J, Mariano GC, Santos JD, Morellato LPC. Introducing digital cameras to monitor plant phenology in the tropics: applications for conservation. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Fisher JT, Heim N, Code S, Paczkowski J. Grizzly Bear Noninvasive Genetic Tagging Surveys: Estimating the Magnitude of Missed Detections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161055. [PMID: 27603134 PMCID: PMC5014381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound wildlife conservation decisions require sound information, and scientists increasingly rely on remotely collected data over large spatial scales, such as noninvasive genetic tagging (NGT). Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), for example, are difficult to study at population scales except with noninvasive data, and NGT via hair trapping informs management over much of grizzly bears’ range. Considerable statistical effort has gone into estimating sources of heterogeneity, but detection error–arising when a visiting bear fails to leave a hair sample–has not been independently estimated. We used camera traps to survey grizzly bear occurrence at fixed hair traps and multi-method hierarchical occupancy models to estimate the probability that a visiting bear actually leaves a hair sample with viable DNA. We surveyed grizzly bears via hair trapping and camera trapping for 8 monthly surveys at 50 (2012) and 76 (2013) sites in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. We used multi-method occupancy models to estimate site occupancy, probability of detection, and conditional occupancy at a hair trap. We tested the prediction that detection error in NGT studies could be induced by temporal variability within season, leading to underestimation of occupancy. NGT via hair trapping consistently underestimated grizzly bear occupancy at a site when compared to camera trapping. At best occupancy was underestimated by 50%; at worst, by 95%. Probability of false absence was reduced through successive surveys, but this mainly accounts for error imparted by movement among repeated surveys, not necessarily missed detections by extant bears. The implications of missed detections and biased occupancy estimates for density estimation–which form the crux of management plans–require consideration. We suggest hair-trap NGT studies should estimate and correct detection error using independent survey methods such as cameras, to ensure the reliability of the data upon which species management and conservation actions are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fisher
- Alberta Innovates–Technology Futures, Ecosystems Management Unit. #3, 4476 Markham Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8Z 7X8, Canada
- University of Victoria, School of Environmental Studies, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3R4, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Heim
- Alberta Innovates–Technology Futures, Ecosystems Management Unit. #3, 4476 Markham Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8Z 7X8, Canada
- University of Victoria, School of Environmental Studies, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Sandra Code
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Parks Division, Suite 201, 800 Railway Avenue, Canmore, Alberta, T1W 1P1, Canada
| | - John Paczkowski
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Parks Division, Suite 201, 800 Railway Avenue, Canmore, Alberta, T1W 1P1, Canada
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Jiménez J, García EJ, Llaneza L, Palacios V, González LM, García-Domínguez F, Múñoz-Igualada J, López-Bao JV. Multimethod, multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:883-893. [PMID: 26864259 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, the first step in large-carnivore management is to obtain objective, reliable, and cost-effective estimates of population parameters through procedures that are reproducible over time. However, monitoring predators over large areas is difficult, and the data have a high level of uncertainty. We devised a practical multimethod and multistate modeling approach based on Bayesian hierarchical-site-occupancy models that combined multiple survey methods to estimate different population states for use in monitoring large predators at a regional scale. We used wolves (Canis lupus) as our model species and generated reliable estimates of the number of sites with wolf reproduction (presence of pups). We used 2 wolf data sets from Spain (Western Galicia in 2013 and Asturias in 2004) to test the approach. Based on howling surveys, the naïve estimation (i.e., estimate based only on observations) of the number of sites with reproduction was 9 and 25 sites in Western Galicia and Asturias, respectively. Our model showed 33.4 (SD 9.6) and 34.4 (3.9) sites with wolf reproduction, respectively. The number of occupied sites with wolf reproduction was 0.67 (SD 0.19) and 0.76 (0.11), respectively. This approach can be used to design more cost-effective monitoring programs (i.e., to define the sampling effort needed per site). Our approach should inspire well-coordinated surveys across multiple administrative borders and populations and lead to improved decision making for management of large carnivores on a landscape level. The use of this Bayesian framework provides a simple way to visualize the degree of uncertainty around population-parameter estimates and thus provides managers and stakeholders an intuitive approach to interpreting monitoring results. Our approach can be widely applied to large spatial scales in wildlife monitoring where detection probabilities differ between population states and where several methods are being used to estimate different population parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Jiménez
- Institute of Research in Game Resources-CSIC, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emilio J García
- A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales, S.L. Perpetuo Socorro nº12-Entresuelo, 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis Llaneza
- A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales, S.L. Perpetuo Socorro nº12-Entresuelo, 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Vicente Palacios
- A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales, S.L. Perpetuo Socorro nº12-Entresuelo, 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis Mariano González
- Subdirección General de Medio Natural, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente de España, Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz s/n, 28075, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Domínguez
- Subdirección General de Medio Natural, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente de España, Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz s/n, 28075, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Múñoz-Igualada
- Tragsatec, Gerencia de Calidad, Evaluación Ambiental y Biodiversidad, Julián Camarillo 6B, planta 4, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n 33600, Mieres, Spain
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Burton AC, Neilson E, Moreira D, Ladle A, Steenweg R, Fisher JT, Bayne E, Boutin S. REVIEW: Wildlife camera trapping: a review and recommendations for linking surveys to ecological processes. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cole Burton
- Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures; 3-4476 Markham Street Victoria BC V8Z 7X8 Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; P.O. Box 1700 Station CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eric Neilson
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Dario Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Andrew Ladle
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Robin Steenweg
- Wildlife Biology Program; College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; Forestry 312 32 Campus Drive Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Jason T. Fisher
- Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures; 3-4476 Markham Street Victoria BC V8Z 7X8 Canada
- School of Environmental Studies; University of Victoria; David Turpin Building B243 PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Erin Bayne
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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Fisher JT, Bradbury S. A multi-method hierarchical modeling approach to quantifying bias in occupancy from noninvasive genetic tagging studies. J Wildl Manage 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fisher
- Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures; Ecosystems Management; Unit. #3-4476; Markham Street Victoria British Columbia Canada V8Z 7X8
| | - Steve Bradbury
- Environment and Sustainable Resource Development; Government of Alberta; 2nd Floor Provincial Building 111-54 Street Edson Alberta Canada T7E 1T2
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