1
|
Navarrete SA, Ávila-Thieme MI, Valencia D, Génin A, Gelcich S. Monitoring the fabric of nature: using allometric trophic network models and observations to assess policy effects on biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220189. [PMID: 37246381 PMCID: PMC10225859 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Species diversity underpins all ecosystem services that support life. Despite this recognition and the great advances in detecting biodiversity, exactly how many and which species co-occur and interact, directly or indirectly in any ecosystem is unknown. Biodiversity accounts are incomplete; taxonomically, size, habitat, mobility or rarity biased. In the ocean, the provisioning of fish, invertebrates and algae is a fundamental ecosystem service. This extracted biomass depends on a myriad of microscopic and macroscopic organisms that make up the fabric of nature and which are affected by management actions. Monitoring them all and attributing changes to management policies is daunting. Here we propose that dynamic quantitative models of species interactions can be used to link management policy and compliance with complex ecological networks. This allows managers to qualitatively identify 'interaction-indicator' species, which are highly impacted by management policies through propagation of complex ecological interactions. We ground the approach in intertidal kelp harvesting in Chile and fishers' compliance with policies. Results allow us to identify sets of species that respond to management policy and/or compliance, but which are often not included in standardized monitoring. The proposed approach aids in the design of biodiversity programmes that attempt to connect management with biodiversity change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Navarrete
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile and Center COPAS-COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - M. Isidora Ávila-Thieme
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Conservation Strategies, Midway, UT 84049, USA
| | - Daniel Valencia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexandre Génin
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aceves-Bueno E, Nenadovic M, Dove I, Atkins-Davis C, Aceves-Bueno JS, Trejo-Ramirez A, Rivas-Ochoa C, Rodriguez-Van Dyck S, Weaver AH. Sustaining small-scale fisheries through a nation-wide Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286739. [PMID: 37368895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Territorial Use rights in Fisheries (TURFs) are used around the world to manage small-scale fisheries and they've shown varying levels of success. Our understanding of what leads to different performance levels is limited due to several reasons. Firstly, these systems are often present in areas with low monitoring capacity where data is scarce. Secondly, past research has centered on the analysis of successful cases, with little attention paid to entire systems. Thirdly, research has been ahistorical, disconnected from the development process of TURF systems. Fourthly, TURFs are often viewed as homogenous ignoring the socio-ecological conditions under which they develop. To address these gaps, the study focuses on Mexico as a case study and context. The research first presents a historical overview of the development of TURF systems in Mexico, including the institutional and legal frameworks that have shaped their evolution. The paper then presents a TURF database that maps all TURF systems in Mexico, including their geographical locations and characteristics. In addition, the study presents case studies based on identified archetypes that showcase the diversity of TURF systems in Mexico, highlighting the different types of systems and the challenges they face. By presenting a comprehensive map of all TURF systems in Mexico, this research paper aims to make an important addition to the case studies in the global literature on TURF systems and provide a valuable resource for marine resource management policymakers, researchers, and practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eréndira Aceves-Bueno
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mateja Nenadovic
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - India Dove
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire Atkins-Davis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juan Salvador Aceves-Bueno
- Departamento de Historia, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | | | | | | | - Amy Hudson Weaver
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ibbett H, Dorward LJ, Kohi EM, Jones JPG, Sankeni S, Kaduma J, Mchomvu J, Mawenya R, St. John FAV. Topic sensitivity still affects honest responding, even when specialized questioning techniques are used. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023; 5:csp2.12927. [PMID: 37377726 PMCID: PMC7614702 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To develop more effective interventions, conservationists require robust information about the proportion of people who break conservation rules (such as those relating to protected species, or protected area legislation). Developed to obtain more accurate estimates of sensitive behaviors, including rule-breaking, specialized questioning techniques such as Randomized Response Techniques (RRTs) are increasingly applied in conservation, but with mixed evidence of their effectiveness. We use a forced-response RRT to estimate the prevalence of five rule-breaking behaviors in communities living around the Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem in Tanzania. Prevalence estimates obtained for all behaviors were negative or did not differ significantly from zero, suggesting the RRT did not work as expected and that respondents felt inadequately protected. To investigate, we carried out a second study to explore how topic sensitivity influenced respondents' propensity to follow RRT instructions. Results from this experimental study revealed respondents understood instructions well (~88% of responses were correct) but that propensity to follow RRT instructions was significantly influenced by the behavior asked about, and the type of answer they were required to provide. Our two studies highlight that even if RRTs are well understood by respondents, where topics are sensitive and respondents are wary of researchers, their use does not necessarily encourage more honest responding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ibbett
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Leejiah J. Dorward
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Edward M. Kohi
- Wildlife Population Monitoring, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha Tanzania
| | - Julia P. G. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Stephen Sankeni
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Joseph Kaduma
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jesca Mchomvu
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Rose Mawenya
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Freya A. V. St. John
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in the Gastropod Concholepas concholepas: Variability, Toxin Profiles and Mechanisms for Toxicity Reduction. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21010044. [PMID: 36662217 PMCID: PMC9866859 DOI: 10.3390/md21010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms of toxin-producing microalgae are recurrent in southern Chile. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreaks pose the main threat to public health and the fishing industry in the Patagonian fjords. This study aims to increase understanding of the individual and spatial variability of PSP toxicity in the foot of Concholepas concholepas, Chile’s most valuable commercial benthic invertebrate species, extracted from the Guaitecas Archipelago in Chilean Patagonia. The objective is to determine the effect of pigment removal and freezing during the detoxification process. A total of 150 specimens (≥90 mm length) were collected from this area. The live specimens were transferred to a processing plant, where they were measured and gutted, the foot was divided into two equal parts, and pigment was manually removed from one of these parts. The PSP toxicity of each foot (edible tissue) was determined by mouse bioassay (MBA) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and postcolumn oxidation (HPLC-FLD PCOX). The individual toxicity per loco, as the species is known locally, varied from <30 to 146 μg STX diHCL eq 100 g−1 (CV = 43.83%) and from 5.96 to 216.3 μg STX diHCL eq 100 g−1 (CV = 34.63%), using MBA and HPLC, respectively. A generalized linear model showed a negative relation between individual weight and toxicity. The toxicological profile showed a dominance of STX (>95%), neoSTX and GTX2. The removal of pigment produced a reduction in PSP toxicity of up to 90% and could represent a good detoxification tool moving forward. The freezing process in the muscle with pigment did not produce a clear pattern. There is a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of PSP toxicity via PCOX but not MBA. Furthermore, the study discusses possible management and commercialization implications of the findings regarding small-scale fisheries.
Collapse
|
5
|
Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Mathieu E, Milner-Gulland EJ. A dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal trade within legal wildlife markets. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13814. [PMID: 34342038 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. Regulatory frameworks are needed to secure these diverse benefits of sustainable wildlife trade. However, regulations limiting trade can backfire, sparking illegal trade if demand is not met by legal trade alone. Assessing how regulations affect wildlife market participants' incentives is key to controlling illegal trade. Although much research has assessed how incentives at both the harvester and consumer ends of markets are affected by regulations, little has been done to understand the incentives of traders (i.e., intermediaries). We built a dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal wildlife trade within legal markets by focusing on incentives traders face to trade legal or illegal products. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach to infer illegal trading dynamics and parameters that might be unknown (e.g., price of illegal products). We showcased the utility of the approach with a small-scale fishery case study in Chile, where we disentangled within-year dynamics of legal and illegal trading and found that the majority (∼77%) of traded fish is illegal. We utilized the model to assess the effect of policy interventions to improve the fishery's sustainability and explore the trade-offs between ecological, economic, and social goals. Scenario simulations showed that even significant increases (over 200%) in parameters proxying for policy interventions enabled only moderate improvements in ecological and social sustainability of the fishery at substantial economic cost. These results expose how unbalanced trader incentives are toward trading illegal over legal products in this fishery. Our model provides a novel tool for promoting sustainable wildlife trade in data-limited settings, which explicitly considers traders as critical players in wildlife markets. Sustainable wildlife trade requires incentivizing legal over illegal wildlife trade and consideration of the social, ecological, and economic impacts of interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emile Mathieu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rojas CA, Cinner J, Lau J, Ruano-Chamorro C, Contreras-Drey FJ, Gelcich S. An experimental look at trust, bargaining, and public goods in fishing communities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20798. [PMID: 34675244 PMCID: PMC8531345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-social behavior is crucial to the sustainable governance of common-pool resources such as fisheries. Here, we investigate how key socioeconomic characteristics influence fishers' pro-social and bargaining behavior in three types of experimental economic games (public goods, trust, and trade) conducted in fishing associations in Chile. Our games revealed high levels of cooperation in the public goods game, a high degree of trust, and that sellers rather than buyers had more bargaining power, yet these results were strongly influenced by participants' socioeconomic characteristics. Specifically, gender, having a secondary income source, age, and being the main income provider for the household all had a relationship to multiple game outcomes. Our results highlight that engagement in pro-social behaviors such as trust and cooperation can be influenced by people's socioeconomic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. Rojas
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Joshua Cinner
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Jacqueline Lau
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia ,grid.425190.bWorldFish, Batu Maung, Penang Malaysia
| | - Cristina Ruano-Chamorro
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Francisco J. Contreras-Drey
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Milner-Gulland EJ. A framework for assessing and intervening in markets driving unsustainable wildlife use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148328. [PMID: 34147800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how markets drive unsustainable wildlife use is key for biodiversity conservation. Yet most approaches to date look at isolated components of wildlife markets, hindering our ability to intervene effectively to improve sustainability. To better assess and intervene in wildlife markets, we propose a framework that integrates three analytical levels. The first level, "actor", assesses the underlying motivations and mechanisms that allow or constrain how actors benefit from wildlife markets. The second level, "inter-actor", assesses the configuration of wildlife product supply-chains and the type of competition between actors participating in wildlife markets. The third level, "market", evaluates supply-demand dynamics, quantity and price determinants, and the presence and effect of illegal products flowing into markets. We showcase the utility of the framework in a data-limited small-scale fishery case study (common hake, Merluccius gayi gayi in Chile); our mixed-method analysis provided relevant, tailored management recommendations for improving sustainability. Tackling markets driving unsustainable wildlife use needs integrated approaches that bring together the diversity of factors affecting wildlife market dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8320000, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Naylor RL, Kishore A, Sumaila UR, Issifu I, Hunter BP, Belton B, Bush SR, Cao L, Gelcich S, Gephart JA, Golden CD, Jonell M, Koehn JZ, Little DC, Thilsted SH, Tigchelaar M, Crona B. Blue food demand across geographic and temporal scales. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5413. [PMID: 34526495 PMCID: PMC8443621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on the need to expand production of 'blue foods', defined as aquatic foods captured or cultivated in marine and freshwater systems, to meet rising population- and income-driven demand. Here we analyze the roles of economic, demographic, and geographic factors and preferences in shaping blue food demand, using secondary data from FAO and The World Bank, parameters from published models, and case studies at national to sub-national scales. Our results show a weak cross-sectional relationship between per capita income and consumption globally when using an aggregate fish metric. Disaggregation by fish species group reveals distinct geographic patterns; for example, high consumption of freshwater fish in China and pelagic fish in Ghana and Peru where these fish are widely available, affordable, and traditionally eaten. We project a near doubling of global fish demand by mid-century assuming continued growth in aquaculture production and constant real prices for fish. Our study concludes that nutritional and environmental consequences of rising demand will depend on substitution among fish groups and other animal source foods in national diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash Kishore
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Ben Belton
- WorldFish, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon R Bush
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Cao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Malin Jonell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice Crona
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davis KJ, Alfaro‐Shigueto J, Arlidge WN, Burton M, Mangel JC, Mills M, Milner‐Gulland E, Palma‐Duque J, Romero‐de‐Diego C, Gelcich S. Local disconnects in global discourses—The unintended consequences of marine mammal protection on small‐scale fishers. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J. Davis
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building Oxford UK
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter Exeter UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture & Environment University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto
- ProDelphinus Calle José Galvez 780E Lima Perú
- School of Biosciences University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus Penryn Cornwall UK
- Facultad de Biología Marina Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Perú
| | - William N.S. Arlidge
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building Oxford UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Burton
- UWA School of Agriculture & Environment University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Jeffrey C. Mangel
- ProDelphinus Calle José Galvez 780E Lima Perú
- School of Biosciences University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus Penryn Cornwall UK
| | - Morena Mills
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London UK
| | - E.J. Milner‐Gulland
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building Oxford UK
| | - José Palma‐Duque
- Instituto Milenio en Socio Ecología Costera (SECOS) & Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Cristina Romero‐de‐Diego
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Science University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio Ecología Costera (SECOS) & Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Franco-Meléndez M, Tam J, van Putten I, Cubillos LA. Integrating human and ecological dimensions: The importance of stakeholders' perceptions and participation on the performance of fisheries co-management in Chile. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254727. [PMID: 34379635 PMCID: PMC8357100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is paid to the interdependence between the ecological and human dimensions to improve the management of natural resources. Understanding how artisanal fishers see and use the common-pool resources in a co-management system may hold the clue to establishing effective coastal fisheries policies or strengthening existing ones. A more comprehensive planning of the system will also have a bearing on how to reduce conflicts and strengthen social networks. We surveyed artisanal fishers and decision-makers to determine their perceptions about the Management and Exploitation Areas of Benthic Resources (known as MEABR) in Chile's Biobio region. We performed a field study from November 2018 to August 2019, applying a set of questionnaires to determine the ecological and human attributes that contribute to MEABR outcomes, and then constructed composite scores for those attributes according to a multidimensional scaling technique ("Rapfish"). We find that fishers have different perspectives: surprisingly, women highlighted that the institutional dimension was the most influential on MEABR performance, whereas men highlighted the ecological and economic outcomes. The decision-makers' role in the MEABR system was considered adequate, but communication and socialization of regulations were irregular. Results also showed that fishers expressed dissatisfaction with illegal fishing practices (poaching), productivity, profits, and conflicts inside and outside the MEABRs. Our study allowed us to better understand how the MEABR has developed in the region. We recommend strengthening local management strategies with particular attention paid to networking among stakeholders, including gender inclusive relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Franco-Meléndez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Manejo de Recursos Acuáticos Renovables, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS-Sur Austral, EPOMAR, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Tam
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Callao, Lima, Peru
| | - Ingrid van Putten
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Luis A. Cubillos
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS-Sur Austral, EPOMAR, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ibbett H, Jones JP, St John FA. Asking sensitive questions in conservation using Randomised Response Techniques. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 260:109191. [PMID: 34404956 PMCID: PMC8346952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conservation increasingly seeks knowledge of human behaviour. However, securing reliable data can be challenging, particularly if the behaviour is illegal or otherwise sensitive. Specialised questioning methods such as Randomised Response Techniques (RRTs) are increasingly used in conservation to provide greater anonymity, increase response rates, and reduce bias. A rich RRT literature exists, but successfully navigating it can be challenging. To help conservationists access this literature, we summarise the various RRT designs available and conduct a systematic review of empirical applications of RRTs within (n = 32), and beyond conservation (n = 66). Our results show increased application of RRTs in conservation since 2000. We compare the performance of RRTs against known prevalence of the sensitive behaviour and relative to other questioning techniques to assess how successful RRTs are at reducing bias (indicated by securing higher estimates). Findings suggest that RRT applications in conservation were less likely than those in other disciplines to provide prevalence estimates equal to, or higher than those derived from direct questions. Across all disciplines, we found reports of non-compliance with RRT instructions were common, but rarely accounted for in study design or analysis. For the first time, we provide conservationists considering RRTs with evidence on what works, and provide guidance on how to develop robust designs suitable for conservation research contexts. We highlight when alternate methods should be used, how to increase design efficiency and improve compliance with RRT instructions. We conclude RRTs are a useful tool, but their performance depends on careful design and implementation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alteration of coastal productivity and artisanal fisheries interact to affect a marine food web. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1765. [PMID: 33469119 PMCID: PMC7815714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Top-down and bottom-up forces determine ecosystem function and dynamics. Fisheries as a top-down force can shorten and destabilize food webs, while effects driven by climate change can alter the bottom-up forces of primary productivity. We assessed the response of a highly-resolved intertidal food web to these two global change drivers, using network analysis and bioenergetic modelling. We quantified the relative importance of artisanal fisheries as another predator species, and evaluated the independent and combined effects of fisheries and changes in plankton productivity on food web dynamics. The food web was robust to the loss of all harvested species but sensitive to the decline in plankton productivity. Interestingly, fisheries dampened the negative impacts of decreasing plankton productivity on non-harvested species by reducing the predation pressure of harvested consumers on non-harvested resources, and reducing the interspecific competition between harvested and non-harvested basal species. In contrast, the decline in plankton productivity increased the sensitivity of harvested species to fishing by reducing the total productivity of the food web. Our results show that strategies for new scenarios caused by climate change are needed to protect marine ecosystems and the wellbeing of local communities dependent on their resources.
Collapse
|
13
|
Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Seguel M, Marín A, Krock B. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111414. [PMID: 32753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom -38.4 × 103 cells L-1 in integrated hose sampler (0-10 m) - of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Miriam Seguel
- Centro Regional de Análisis de Recursos y Medio Ambiente (CERAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Andrés Marín
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Políticas Públicas (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donlan CJ, Wilcox C, Luque GM, Gelcich S. Estimating illegal fishing from enforcement officers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12478. [PMID: 32719385 PMCID: PMC7385102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a premier issue facing ocean sustainability, characterizing it is challenging due to its clandestine nature. Current approaches can be resource intensive and sometimes controversial. Using Chile as an example, we present a structured process leveraging existing capacity, fisheries officers, that provides a monitoring tool to produce transparent and stand-alone estimates on the level, structure, and characteristics of illegal fishing. We provide a national illegal fishing baseline for Chile, estimating illegal activity for 20 fisheries, representing ~ 70% of annual national landings. For four fisheries, we also estimate the relative importance of illegal activities across sectors, stakeholders, and infrastructure. While providing new information, our results also confirm previous evidence on the general patterns of illegality. Our approach provides an opportunity for government agencies to formalize their institutional knowledge, while accounting for potential biases and reducing fragmentation of knowledge that can prevent effective enforcement. Estimating illegal activity directly from fisheries enforcement officers is complementary to existing approaches, providing a cost-effective, rapid, and rigorous method to measure, monitor, and inform solutions to reduce IUU fishing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Josh Donlan
- Advanced Conservation Strategies, Midway, UT, 84049, USA. .,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gloria M Luque
- Advanced Conservation Strategies, Midway, UT, 84049, USA
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrfahrdt-Pähle E, Schlüter M, Olsson P, Folke C, Gelcich S, Pahl-Wostl C. Sustainability transformations: socio-political shocks as opportunities for governance transitions. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE : HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2020; 63:102097. [PMID: 32801482 PMCID: PMC7418449 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Faced with accelerating environmental challenges, research on social-ecological systems is increasingly focused on the need for transformative change towards sustainable stewardship of natural resources. This paper analyses the potential of rapid, large-scale socio-political change as a window of opportunity for transformative change of natural resources governance. We hypothesize that shocks at higher levels of social organization may open up opportunities for transformation of social-ecological systems into new pathways of development. However, opportunities need to be carefully navigated otherwise transformations may stall or lead the social-ecological system in undesirable directions. We investigate (i) under which circumstances socio-political change has been used by actors as a window of opportunity for initiating transformation towards sustainable natural resource governance, (ii) how the different levels of the systems (landscape, regime and niche) interact to pave the way for initiating such transformations and (iii) which key features (cognitive, structural and agency-related) get mobilized for transformation. This is achieved through analyzing natural resource governance regimes of countries that have been subject to rapid, large-scale political change: water governance in South Africa and Uzbekistan and governance of coastal fisheries in Chile. In South Africa the political and economic change of the end of the apartheid regime resulted in a transformation of the water governance regime while in Uzbekistan after the breakdown of the Soviet Union change both at the economic and political scales and within the water governance regime remained superficial. In Chile the democratization process after the Pinochet era was used to transform the governance of coastal fisheries. The paper concludes with important insight on key capacities needed to navigate transformation towards biosphere stewardship. The study also contributes to a more nuanced view on the relationship between collapse and renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja Schlüter
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Per Olsson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability & Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (Musels), Departamento de Ecologia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia Pahl-Wostl
- Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute of Geography, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Milner‐Gulland E. Motivations for (non‐)compliance with conservation rules by small‐scale resource users. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - E.J. Milner‐Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thiault L, Weekers D, Curnock M, Marshall N, Pert PL, Beeden R, Dyer M, Claudet J. Predicting poaching risk in marine protected areas for improved patrol efficiency. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109808. [PMID: 31739093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are effective resource management and conservation measures, but their success is often hindered by non-compliant activities such as poaching. Understanding the risk factors and spatial patterns of poaching is therefore crucial for efficient law enforcement. Here, we conducted explanatory and predictive modelling of poaching from recreational fishers within no-take zones of Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) using Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). Combining patrol effort data, observed distribution of reported incidents, and spatially-explicit environmental and human risk factors, we modeled the occurrence probability of poaching incidents and mapped poaching risk at fine-scale. Our results: (i) show that fishing attractiveness, accessibility and fishing capacity play a major role in shaping the spatial patterns of poaching; (ii) revealed key interactions among these factors as well as tipping points beyond which poaching risk increased or decreased markedly; and (iii) highlight gaps in patrol effort that could be filled for improved resource allocation. The approach developed through this study provide a novel way to quantify the relative influence of multiple interacting factors in shaping poaching risk, and hold promises for replication across a broad range of marine or terrestrial settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - Damian Weekers
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Michie Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Matt Curnock
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Nadine Marshall
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Petina L Pert
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Roger Beeden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Michelle Dyer
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thiault L, Gelcich S, Cinner JE, Tapia‐Lewin S, Chlous F, Claudet J. Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analysing trade‐offs and synergies in natural resource management. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Sebastian Tapia‐Lewin
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Frédérique Chlous
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gelcich S, Martínez‐Harms MJ, Tapia‐Lewin S, Vasquez‐Lavin F, Ruano‐Chamorro C. Comanagement of small‐scale fisheries and ecosystem services. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gelcich
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Avd. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340 Santiago Santiago Chile
- Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (Musels) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Santiago Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Santiago Chile
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Maria José Martínez‐Harms
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Avd. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340 Santiago Santiago Chile
- Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (Musels) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Santiago Chile
| | - Sebastián Tapia‐Lewin
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Felipe Vasquez‐Lavin
- Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (Musels) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Santiago Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP) Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Santiago Chile
- School of Business and Economics. Universidad del Desarrollo Concepción Chile
| | - Cristina Ruano‐Chamorro
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|