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Li Q, Yuan D, Liu C, Herington F, Yang K, Ge H. Selective Oxidation of Benzo[ d]isothiazol-3(2 H)-Ones Enabled by Selectfluor. Molecules 2024; 29:3899. [PMID: 39202979 PMCID: PMC11357611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A metal-free and Selectfluor-mediated selective oxidation reaction of benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-ones in aqueous media is presented. This novel strategy provides a facile, green, and efficient approach to access important benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one-1-oxides with excellent yields and high tolerance to various functional groups. Furthermore, the purification of benzoisothiazol-3-one-1-oxides does not rely on column chromatography. Moreover, the preparation of saccharine derivatives has been achieved through sequential, double oxidation reactions in a one-pot aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Q.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Q.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Faith Herington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Q.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.L.); (F.H.)
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Obermeyer L, Dicke K, Skudlik C, Brans R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one in cutting fluids: A case series. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:520-522. [PMID: 38263711 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Obermeyer
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katja Dicke
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Symanzik C, Dicke K, Weinert P, Weisshaar E, Brans R, Skudlik C, John SM, Obermeyer L. Quality of patch testing patient's own material in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases throughout Germany: Interim results of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) research project FB 317b. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:291-298. [PMID: 38043569 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to limited availability of commercial test preparations, patch testing patient's own material (POM) is of great importance to diagnose occupational allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of performance and documentation of patch testing with POM in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases (OSD) in Germany. METHODS Retrospective-prospective analysis of protocols of patch tests with POM was conducted between 2013 and 2021 in patients with suspected OSD and submitted to statutory accident insurance institutions. Assessments were done by predefined criteria. RESULTS Three thousand and four patch tests with POM from 460 patients were included. A full description of the POM was provided in 73.3% of all tests. The test concentration, test vehicle and pH value were documented in 74.3%, 70.5% and 42.2% of tests, for which the respective parameters were considered relevant. One hundred and sixty-one positive reactions to POM were documented. In 72%, sufficient patch testing with commercial test substances was conducted to investigate the positive reaction. In 30.4%, consecutive patch testing of all ingredients of the POM was done. CONCLUSIONS The results not only show considerable shortcomings mainly in documentation but also to some extent performance of patch tests with POM in patients with suspected OSD in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Symanzik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katja Dicke
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patricia Weinert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lara Obermeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Wu Q, Deng Z, Xie D, Liu Y, Yang Q, Fu Y, Peng Y. Aminothiolation of 2-(2-bromophenyl)quinazolinones with elemental sulfur to access 7H-benzo[4,5]isothiazolo[3,2-b]quinazolinones through C–S/S–N bond formation under metal-free condition. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Brans R, Schoenmaker M, Kiewert A, Skudlik C. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to dicylohexylamine in a metalworking fluid. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:205-207. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Maarten Schoenmaker
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Kiewert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of isothiazolinones in the composition and emissions from consumer products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6617-6626. [PMID: 34498103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Isothiazolinones, a family of biocides, are used as preservatives for their fungicidal, bactericidal, and algacidal properties. These compounds can be found in a wide range of consumer and building products, such as paints, varnishes, shampoos, and liquid detergents. A robust analytical UPLC-MS/MS method to identify and quantify seven isothiazolinones (MIT, CMI, BIT, MBIT, BBIT, OIT, and DCOIT) in consumer products and their emissions was developed and validated according to ISO/IEC 17025. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.14 μg L-1 (BIT) to 0.54 μg L-1 (CMI). The method was applied for the quantification of the seven isothiazolinones in four types of consumer products (i.e., cosmetics, air fresheners, cleaning products, and building products) and the indoor emissions from a paint. Matrix effects were observed for the shampoo (63-74%), the shower gel (67-84%), and the ceramic glass cleaner (53-57%). All isothiazolinones indicated by the manufacturer (i.e., MIT, CMI, BIT, OIT, and DCOIT) were detected in the products and successfully quantified by the UPLC-MS/MS method.
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7
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Zhong Q, Xiong Z, Sheng S, Chen J. Electrochemical synthesis for benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones by dehydrogenative N S bond formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Nett RJ, Stanton M, Grimes GR. Occupational respiratory and skin diseases among workers exposed to metalworking fluids. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 21:121-127. [PMID: 33394701 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine respiratory and skin diseases that occur among workers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs) used during machining processes. RECENT FINDINGS Five cases of a severe and previously unrecognized lung disease characterized by B-cell bronchiolitis and alveolar ductitis with emphysema (BADE) were identified among workers at a machining facility that used MWFs, although MWF exposure could not be confirmed as the etiology. In the United Kingdom, MWF is now the predominant cause of occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Under continuous conditions associated with respiratory disease outbreaks, over a working lifetime of 45 years, workers exposed to MWF at 0.1 mg/m3 are estimated to have a 45.3% risk of acquiring HP or occupational asthma under outbreak conditions and a 3.0% risk assuming outbreak conditions exist in 5% of MWF environments. In addition to respiratory outcomes, skin diseases such as allergic and irritant contact dermatitis persist as frequent causes of occupational disease following MWF exposure. SUMMARY Healthcare providers need to consider MWF exposure as a potential cause for work-related respiratory and skin diseases. Additional work is necessary to more definitively characterize any potential association between MWF exposures and BADE. Medical surveillance should be implemented for workers regularly exposed to MWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Nett
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marcia Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - George R Grimes
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, NIOSH, CDC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Contact Allergy to Metalworking Fluids. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Frosch PJ, Mahler V, Weisshaar E, Uter W. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: General Aspects. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Jacobs MC, Herman A. Contact dermatitis from 2-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in a cutting fluid. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:414-415. [PMID: 32462655 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Yang K, Song M, Ali AIM, Mudassir SM, Ge H. Recent Advances in the Application of Selectfluor as a "Fluorine-free" Functional Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:729-741. [PMID: 32068956 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selectfluor, [1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate)], is not only an important electrophilic fluorinating agent but also a facile and efficient "fluorine-free" functional reagent in other organic reactions. In this Minireview, we will present a brief history of Selectfluor as a transition metal oxidant, fluorine cation and radical initiator in "fluorine-free" functionalizations over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Mengjie Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Ahmed I M Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Syed M Mudassir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
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14
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Contact Allergy to Metalworking Fluids. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_36-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Marrero-Alemán G, Borrego L, Antuña AG, Macías Montes A, Pérez Luzardo O. Isothiazolinones in cleaning products: Analysis with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of samples from sensitized patients and market. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:94-100. [PMID: 31657463 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI) contact dermatitis is a severe problem. The high concentrations of these substances and other isothiazolinones such as benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) contained in cleaning products may cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitized patients. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the exposure to isothiazolinones contained in cleaning products on the market and from sensitized patients, and to verify the accuracy of labeling. METHODS A total of 34 cleaning products were collected (17 supplied by sensitized patients and 17 bought randomly). Analysis was made of the concentrations of MI, MCI, BIT, and OIT using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS MI and BIT were the components most frequently detected. Of all the products analyzed, 76.5% contained at least one isothiazolinone. Twelve products had an MI concentration above the permitted level for rinse-off cosmetics. Most of them were coming into direct contact with the skin in daily use. Mislabeling occurred in eight products. CONCLUSIONS Some cleaning products with high concentrations of isothiazolinones may cause cutaneous symptoms in sensitized patients, especially in spray form. The labeling should be correct, also regarding the use of each article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marrero-Alemán
- Dermatology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Medical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Dermatology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Medical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana González Antuña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Medical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana Macías Montes
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Medical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio Pérez Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Medical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Foti C, Romita P, Stufano A, Lovreglio P, Vimercati L, Mazzoccoli S, Antelmi A, Svedman C. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by 2‐butyl‐1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2
H
)‐one in a metalworker. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:463-465. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological ClinicUniversity of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological ClinicUniversity of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of MedicineSection of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of MedicineSection of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of MedicineSection of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Stella Mazzoccoli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological ClinicUniversity of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
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Isothiazolinone Content of US Consumer Adhesives: Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Dermatitis 2019; 30:129-134. [PMID: 30829801 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data regarding the prevalence and concentration of isothiazolinone preservatives in consumer adhesives. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and concentration of 5 specific isothiazolinones (methylisothiazolinone [MI], methylchloroisothiazolinone [MCI], benzisothiazolinone [BIT], butyl BIT, and octylisothiazolinone) in US adhesives. METHODS Thirty-eight consumer adhesives were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. Fisher exact tests were used to test for isothiazolinone content and: 1) glue format (2) application purpose and 3) extraction method. RESULTS Nineteen adhesives (50%) had at least 1 isothiazolinone, and 15 contained 2 isothiazolinones. Frequencies and concentrations were as follows: MI (44.7%; 4-133 ppm), MCI (31.6%; 7-27 ppm), BIT (15.8%; 10-86 ppm), and octylisothiazolinone (2.6%; 1 ppm). Butyl BIT was not detected in any of the adhesives. Format (stick vs liquid) was not statistically associated with isothiazolinone presence. At least half of adhesives in the following application purposes had at least 1 isothiazolinone: shoe, craft, fabric, and school. All-purpose glues had a statistically significant lower concentration of MI and MCI, whereas craft glues were associated with higher concentrations of MI and MCI. Compared with other glues, fabric adhesives were associated with a higher risk of containing BIT. CONCLUSIONS Half of the tested adhesives contained at least 1 isothiazolinone. Methylisothiazolinone and MCI were the most common. Consumers and dermatologists should be aware of adhesives as a source of isothiazolinones.
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Isothiazolinone in Residential Interior Wall Paint: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Dermatitis 2019; 29:332-338. [PMID: 30346324 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding isothiazolinone content in residential wall paints in the United States. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of 5 isothiazolinones-methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone (BIT), butyl BIT, and octylisothiazolinone-in US residential wall paints. METHODS Forty-seven paints were obtained from retailers in Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota. Paint samples were assessed for the presence of the 5 isothiazolinones using high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. RESULTS At least 1 isothiazolinone was detected in all 47 paints. However, no paint contained butyl BIT, and only 1 paint had octylisothiazolinone. The MI and BIT were found in 96% and 94% of the paints, respectively. Methylisothiazolinone ranged in concentration from 17 to 358 ppm, whereas BIT varied from 29 to 1111 ppm. Methylchloroisothiazolinone was found solely in oil-based paints. Isothiazolinones were declared in 15% of Safety Data Sheets but did not correlate with high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. One "preservative-free" paint had BIT at 71.5 ppm. Paint sheen was not statistically associated with BIT or MI concentrations. Unpigmented paints and paints with volatile organic compound claims had significantly lower concentrations of MI, but not BIT. CONCLUSIONS All paints contained at least 1 isothiazolinone. Methylisothiazolinone and BIT were the most common. Safety Data Sheets are insufficient for ascertaining isothiazolinone content in US paints.
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Aerts O, Goossens A. Preservatives. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_85-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang K, Zhang H, Niu B, Tang T, Ge H. Benzisothiazol-3-ones through a Metal-Free Intramolecular N-S Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; 1 Gehu Road 213164 Changzhou Jiangsu China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Indiana University Purdue, University Indianapolis; 46202 Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; 1 Gehu Road 213164 Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Ben Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Indiana University Purdue, University Indianapolis; 46202 Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - Tiandi Tang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; 1 Gehu Road 213164 Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Indiana University Purdue, University Indianapolis; 46202 Indianapolis Indiana USA
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Herman A, Aerts O, de Montjoye L, Tromme I, Goossens A, Baeck M. Isothiazolinone derivatives and allergic contact dermatitis: a review and update. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 33:267-276. [PMID: 30284765 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from isothiazolinones has frequently been described in the literature. Following an epidemic of sensitization to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in the 1980s, and more recently to MI, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission banned their use in leave-on products, while restricting that in rinse-off cosmetics. Despite a decreasing prevalence of ACD from MCI/MI and MI, cases caused by occupational exposure and non-cosmetic isothiazolinone sources are on the rise. Moreover, sensitization to newer and lesser known isothiazolinones has been reported. This paper reviews the epidemiology of contact allergy to different isothiazolinones, clinical presentation of isothiazolinone-induced ACD, most relevant sensitization sources and potential cross-reactions between isothiazolinone derivatives. It also provides an update on recent legislative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L de Montjoye
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Tromme
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Baeck
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Li T, Yang L, Ni K, Shi Z, Li F, Chen D. An efficient approach to construct benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones via copper-catalyzed consecutive reaction of 2-halobenzamides and carbon disulfide. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6297-303. [PMID: 27273742 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00819d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient copper-catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones has been developed, starting from easily available 2-halobenzamides and carbon disulfide, which gave the corresponding target products in 30-89% yield for 25 examples. The reaction proceeds via a consecutive process with S-C bond and S-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China.
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