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Ahlström MG, Wennervaldt M, McCombie G, Blaser P, Lidén C. Regulatory action needed to combat nickel contact allergy in the population. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37137290 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Glindvad Ahlström
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Michael Wennervaldt
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Pia Blaser
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Metal Allergy: State-of-the-Art Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Hypersensitivity to Implants. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236971. [PMID: 36498546 PMCID: PMC9739320 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal allergy is mainly an environmental disorder which can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Environmental metal exposures include jewelry, everyday metal items, mobile phones, leather, metal-rich food and implants, including stents or anchors. While consumer exposure is liable for the majority of metal hypersensitivity cases, the significance of occupational exposure to metals remains relevant. Although the most common metal allergens are nickel, chromium, and cobalt; however, lately, gold, palladium, titanium, and some others have also attracted attention. This review highlights advances in metal allergy mechanisms, biomarkers for potential patients' stratification as well as biological treatments. The most recent evidence of human exposure to metal for risk assessment is discussed, as well as the relationship between the occurrence of metal hypersensitivity and implanted devices, including non-characteristic symptoms. The latest data on the diagnosis of metal hypersensitivity are also reported.
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Symanzik C, Uter W, Becker SM, Skudlik C, John SM. Nickel and cobalt release from beauty tools: a field study in the German cosmetics trade. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:162-169. [PMID: 35288948 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relevant nickel and cobalt release from hairdressing tools has recently been evidenced. Comparable data are not available for tools used in beauty salons. OBJECTIVES Screening of beauty tools for nickel and cobalt release. METHODS/MATERIALS Three hundred eight beauty tools were tested in seven beauty salons located in two North-German states. A nickel spot test and a cobalt spot test were used to test the tools for nickel release and cobalt release, respectively. RESULTS 143 of 308 beauty tools overall (46.4%; 95%CI: 40.8-52.2%) released nickel and 18 of 308 beauty tools overall (5.8%; 95%CI: 3.5-9.1%) released cobalt. Nickel release was found in 22 of 99 metal tools (22.2%; 95%CI: 14.5-31.7%) and 121 of 209 tools with metallic parts (57.9%; 95%CI: 50.9-64.7%); cobalt release was detected in 3 of 99 metal tools (3.0%; 95%CI: 0.63-8.6%) and 15 of 209 tools with metallic parts (7.2%; 95%CI: 4.1-11.6%). CONCLUSIONS Nickel and cobalt are emitted at allergologically relevant levels by a wide range of beauty tools (i.e., metal tools and tools with metallic parts) utilized in the German cosmetics trade. Beauty tools should thus be considered occupational sources of nickel and cobalt exposure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Symanzik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMBE), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Selina-Marie Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Wennervaldt M, Ahlström MG, Menné T, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Copper release from metals may mask positive nickel spot test results. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:431-433. [PMID: 35048382 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wennervaldt
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Malin G Ahlström
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
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Blaser P, Rothmund B, Schmid P, Stadler R, Gemperle C, McCombie G. Nickel release from metal items in contact with skin: a comparison of methods and practical implications for regulation in Europe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:45-51. [PMID: 34983324 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.2024058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contact allergy to Nickel is the most prevalent contact allergy in western societies. This has led to regulation for metallic items that come into prolonged and direct contact with the skin, such as buttons on clothing, belt buckles, jewelry and watches. In Europe, the legal provision is based on a test in which there is a limit to the amount of nickel that may be released from the item to an artificial sweat solution (EN 1811). This test is costly and has reproducibility issues. The resulting undertesting of items placed on the market, leads to many nickel releasing non-compliant articles being available in spite of the regulations that are in place. In this study, the performance of the standard release test is compared to the performance of a rapid nickel spot test based on dimethylglyoxime (DMG-test). The data suggest that using the rapid DMG-test for compliance testing is sufficiently equivalent to the current gold standard of EN 1811. Previously published comparisons between the DMG-test and EN 1811 did not consider the effect of accelerated wear and corrosion testing according to EN 12472. This study shows that by applying EN 12472, the number of deviating results between the DMG-test and EN 1811 decreases significantly. Regarding consumer protection, it is necessary for wear and corrosion resistance to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Blaser
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Boris Rothmund
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Reto Stadler
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Claudius Gemperle
- Food and Veterinary Office (Amt für Verbraucherschutz Aargau), Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wennervaldt M, Ahlström MG, Menné T, Haulrig MB, Alinaghi F, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Chromium and cobalt release from metallic earrings from the Danish market. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:523-530. [PMID: 34148232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium and cobalt are important skin sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to identify causative exposures. Studies on nickel allergy have demonstrated piercing as critical for both sensitization and elicitation. It may be speculated that the same applies for chromium and cobalt. OBJECTIVE To examine the content and release of chromium and cobalt from earrings randomly purchased in Denmark. METHODS Three hundred four earrings were examined with x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Earrings with measured content of chromium or cobalt were spot tested with diphenylcarbazide spot test (n = 166) or Nitroso-R spot-test (n = 99), respectively. Chromium and cobalt release were quantified in a selected subsample (n = 100) with the artificial sweat test (EN 1811). RESULTS Chromium was present in 54.6% (166/304) of earrings and cobalt was present in 72.0% (219/304),- measured by XRF. All chromium spot tests for chromium VI were negative. The cobalt spot test was positive for one component. Chromium release was found from 59/100 (median concentration = -0.06 μg/cm2 /week) and cobalt release from 29/100 (median concentration = -0.06 μg/cm2 /week) of earrings in tested subsample. CONCLUSION Earrings for piercing release chromium and cobalt and may on a case basis be a source of chromium and cobalt allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wennervaldt
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Malin G Ahlström
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten B Haulrig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
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