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Murad-Regadas SM, Regadas FSP, Regadas Filho FSP, Nogueira FR, Holanda EDC, Dias Mont'Alverne RE, da Cunha CMQ, Ferreira DG. Use of 3D Anorectal Ultrasonography in the Preoperative Assessment of Complex Anal Fistulas and Patterns of Healing, Failure, and Recurrence After Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract (LIFT). JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2024. [PMID: 39051749 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography (3D-US) to evaluate the outcome of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in patients with crypto-glandular transsphincteric fistula and describing the patterns of healing, failure, and recurrence rate. METHODS After classifying the fistula and determining the length of the sphincter muscle to be transected, the patients were submitted to LIFT. The accuracy of pre- and postoperative 3D-US with 360° endoprobe (16 MHz) with automatic scanning and clinical findings was evaluated against surgical findings. Three outcomes were considered: healing, failure (persistent anal fistula through the original external opening or intersphincteric), and recurrence (reappearance of the anal fistula). RESULTS Sixty-three patients of both sexes were evaluated. The 3D-US assessment revealed primary healing in 50 (79.3%) patients, although in 6 (9.5%) cases healing was delayed and the cavity was without communication with the anal canal. The procedure failed in 9 (15.9%) and fistula recurred in 4 (6.3%), all of whom underwent a second surgery based on a new 3D-US, resulting in a 92.3% (12/13) healing rate on 3D-US. CONCLUSIONS A 3D-US was found to be useful in the preoperative assessment of fistulas by quantifying the percentage of muscle to be transected, and in the postoperative assessment by identifying healing, types of failure, and recurrence. The 3D-US was accurate and consistent with surgical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthela M Murad-Regadas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe R Nogueira
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Erico de C Holanda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - David G Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Dualim DM, Wong MPK, Rusli SM, Elnaim Ali ALK, Sagap I. Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract as an Emergency Treatment for Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula. Malays J Med Sci 2024; 31:62-70. [PMID: 38456116 PMCID: PMC10917591 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2024.31.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a sphincter-preserving procedure for treating anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin. Our prospective study aimed to determine the postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing LIFT in emergency and elective settings. Methods This was a single-centre prospective observational study of the LIFT procedure for the treatment of anal fistulas. The differences in the 6-month postoperative outcomes between the emergency and elective procedures were analysed, including the healing rate, healing time, recurrence rate, recurrence time, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. Results Twenty-two patients were recruited for this study: 11 patients underwent LIFT as an emergency procedure (EM-LIFT), while the others underwent LIFT as an elective procedure (EL-LIFT). The healing rate for the EM-LIFT group was 90.9% (n = 10), with a median healing time of 2 months (range 0.5-4). For the EL-LIFT group, the healing rate was 100% (n = 11), with the same median healing time of 2 months (range 0.5-4). Two of the patients in the EM-LIFT group developed recurrence, with a median recurrence time of 5 months (range 4-6) and three developed recurrence in the EL-LIFT group, with the same median recurrence time of 5 months (range 4-6). There were minor postoperative complications of pain and subcutaneous infection, with no faecal incontinence. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative outcomes between the groups. Conclusion EM-LIFT is a feasible and safe primary procedure for active cryptoglandular-type anal fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Melissa Dualim
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michael Pak-Kai Wong
- School of Medical Sciences and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Mayuha Rusli
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ismail Sagap
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Elshamy MT, Emile SH, Abdelnaby M, Khafagy W, Elbaz SA. A pilot randomized controlled trial on ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) versus modified parks technique and two-stage seton in treatment of complex anal fistula. Updates Surg 2022; 74:657-666. [PMID: 35038136 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-022-01240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex anal fistula (CAF) is a challenging condition for surgeons. This randomized trial aimed to compare ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), modified Parks technique, and two-stage seton in the treatment of complex anal fistula in terms of the success of treatment and complications. This was a pilot randomized trial conducted in the period of January 2019 to December 2019 on adult patients with CAF who were allocated to one of three groups: LIFT, modified Parks technique, and two-stage seton. The main outcome measures were healing rates, time to healing, complications, operation time, and quality of life. Sixty-six patients (75.7% males) of a mean age of 45.2 years were included. Mean operation time of LIFT was significantly shorter than the other two procedures (p < 0.0001). There was a significant difference between the three groups in terms of success rate (p = 0.04) but not in regard to complications (p = 0.59). The modified Parks technique had a significantly higher success rate than LIFT (95.2% vs 68.1%, p = 0.045) whereas the success rates of two-stage seton and LIFT were not significantly different (86.9% vs 68.1%, p = 0.16). The average time to healing after LIFT was significantly shorter than the other two procedures. The quality-of-life scores were comparable among the three groups. There was a significant difference in healing rates after the three procedures as the modified Parks technique achieved the highest success rate followed by two-stage seton and then the LIFT procedure. Time to complete healing after LIFT was significantly shorter than the other two procedures. The three procedures achieved similar quality of life and complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tarek Elshamy
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Sameh Hany Emile
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Abdelnaby
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Wael Khafagy
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Samy Abbas Elbaz
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
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An Affordable Approach of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Treating Perianal Fistula Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:73-95. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Van Hoof S, Van Dessel E, Cools P. LIFT: a feasible option for primary and recurrent fistulas. Acta Chir Belg 2021; 121:420-426. [PMID: 33108254 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2020.1841488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a surgical solution for anal fistulas with minimal recurrence and morbidity remains a challenge. Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), however, is a sphincter sparing technique that provides complete resolution of the transsphincteric fistula as well as minimizing recurrence and fecal incontinence. Our goal is to evaluate the efficacy of fistula tract ligation for primary and recurrent fistulas. METHODS A retrospective single-center case study was conducted from data between 2015 and 2019 in a large district hospital in Antwerp, Belgium. Patients who underwent LIFT were included. Demographic patient data as well as primary outcome during the follow-up period were collected. A systematic literature review and analysis was conducted with terms [ANAL FISTULA] [TREATMENT] [LIFT] [LIGATION OF INTERSPHINCTERIC FISTULA]. Primary healing and recurrence associated with surgical modifications were investigated. RESULTS 4 out of 25 patients presented with early failure (84% primary success rate) after a median follow-up period of 7 months. The median time until recurrence was 105 days. The success rate after a redo ligation was 100%. Twenty-eight studies were included for review and divided into three groups depending on the technical variation of the used technique. The success rate was 74.2% for the LIFT group, 72.9% in the LIFT + group, and 77.5% in the mLIFT group p = .92. CONCLUSION LIFT is a feasible treatment option for primary and recurrent fistulas, with excellent success rates where fistula characteristics rather than chosen technique dictate the surgical outcome.
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Seton Technique in Perianal Fistula: Clinical Results of Two Separate Seton Materials. ANADOLU KLINIĞI TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.903232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sarmiento-Cobos M, Rosen L, Wasser E, Yang F, Wexner SD. High failure rates following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for transsphincteric anal fistulas: are preoperative MRI measurements of the fistula tract predictive of outcome? Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:932-936. [PMID: 33222365 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Treatment of transsphincteric fistulas (TSFs) with fistulotomy after an indwelling seton is tempered by risks of incontinence and litigation. Thus, ligation of the TSF tract has been popularized as an alternative option. We previously reported on 107 patients who underwent ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), with a 46% failure rate. Posterior fistula was the only predictor of recurrence. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the length, width or depth of the fistula measured on preoperative MRI was correlated with recurrence. METHOD Following institutional review board approval, a retrospective analysis of our prospective Complex Anal Fistula Database from 1 January 2011 to 31 August 2019 was performed. Patients with TSF who underwent preoperative MRI and LIFT were included. Fistula location was classified as anterior, posterior or lateral. MRI measurements of fistula length, width and depth (in the intersphincteric groove) were performed. The type and rate of postoperative recurrence were analysed. RESULTS 173 patients underwent MRI for an anal fistula; of these 40 underwent LIFT and 22/40 (55%) had preoperative MRI. There was no difference in the length, width or depth of anterior (n = 9), posterior (n = 7) or lateral (n = 6) fistula tracts. The overall recurrence rate was 9/22 (41%). Posterior TSFs had the highest recurrence rate (5/7, 71%). CONCLUSION The mean length, width, and depth of the fistula tract, measured at the preoperative site of LIFT in the intersphincteric groove, did not correlate with recurrence regardless of fistula location.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lester Rosen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Elliot Wasser
- Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Steven D Wexner
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
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Systematic review of efficacy of LIFT procedure in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background fistula-in-ano is a common problem. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a new addition to the list of operations available to deal with complex fistula-in-ano.
Objective we sought to qualitatively analyze studies describing LIFT for crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano and determine its efficacy.
Data sources MEDLINE (Pubmed, Ovid), Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library were searched.
Study selection all clinical trials which studied LIFT or compared LIFT with other methods of treatment for anal fistulae, prospective observational studies, clinical registry data and retrospective case series which reported clinical healing of the fistula as the outcome were included. Case reports, studies reporting a combination with other technique, modified technique, abstracts, letters and comments were excluded.
Intervention the intervention was ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano.
Main outcome measure primary outcome measured was success rate (fistula healing rate) and length of follow-up.
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Ji L, Zhang Y, Xu L, Wei J, Weng L, Jiang J. Advances in the Treatment of Anal Fistula: A Mini-Review of Recent Five-Year Clinical Studies. Front Surg 2021; 7:586891. [PMID: 33644110 PMCID: PMC7905164 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.586891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anal fistula, with its complicated pathogenesis, has been considered as a clinical challenge for centuries. The risk of frequent recurrence and incontinence constitutes a considerable threat in the long-term treatment of anal fistula. In this work, we narratively reviewed the scientific literature of new techniques that have been used for anal fistula treatment over the recent 5 years, objectively evaluated the pros and cons of each technique on the basis of clinical outcomes, and tried to disclose the effective strategies for anal fistula treatment. Up to date, surgery is the main method used for treating anal fistula, but there is no simple technique that can completely heal complex anal fistula. In the course of surgery treatment, the healing outcome, and the protection of anal function should be weighed comprehensively. Among the innovative techniques that have emerged in recent years, combined techniques based on drainage Seton and LIFT-plug seem to be the relatively effective therapies, but their effectiveness requires more multi-center prospective randomized controlled trials with large sample size and long-term follow-up to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Ji
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Colorectal Disease Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
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Madbouly KM, Emile SH, Issa YA, Omar W. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) with or without injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in management of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano: Short-term outcomes of a prospective, randomized trial. Surgery 2021; 170:61-66. [PMID: 33536119 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Success rate after ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract ranges from 40% to 75%. Platelet-rich plasma is hypothesized to improve healing by slowly releasing growth factors. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and outcome of ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma local injection versus ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract alone in the management of high trans-sphincteric anal fistula in regards to postoperative pain, time for healing, morbidity, fistula closure rate, recurrence, and quality of life. METHODS This was a prospective randomized trial. Patients with trans-sphincteric anal fistulas involving >50% of anal sphincters were included. Patients were randomly assigned to either ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma or ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract (49 in each group). The primary endpoints were successful complete fistula closure and duration needed for healing. Secondary endpoints were morbidity, recurrence after 1 year of follow-up, postoperative pain, and quality of life. RESULTS Complete primary healing was recorded in 42 patients in the ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma group and 32 patients in the ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = .03). The mean time to complete healing after ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma was significantly shorter than after ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract alone (15.7 ± 4 days vs 21.6 ± 5.4 days; P = .03). One year after complete healing of anal fistula, recurrence was recorded in 4/42 patients in the ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma group and 3/32 patients in the ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract group with no statistically significant difference (P = .99). Patients in the ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma group had significantly lower pain scores after both 1 and 7 days. Quality of life and level of happiness were significantly better 1 month after ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma. CONCLUSION Ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano is a safe modality with significantly higher successful healing rate, shorter healing time, and less postoperative pain compared with ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract alone. Ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract plus platelet-rich plasma does not improve the rate of recurrence; however, it results in significantly higher short-term quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Madbouly
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sameh Hany Emile
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Amr Issa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Waleed Omar
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Mansoura, Egypt
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Li YB, Chen JH, Wang MD, Fu J, Zhou BC, Li DG, Zeng HQ, Pang LM. Transanal Opening of Intersphincteric Space for Fistula-in-Ano. Am Surg 2021; 88:1131-1136. [PMID: 33517706 DOI: 10.1177/0003134821989048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the intersphincteric space in the pathogenesis of fistula-in-ano is being increasingly recognized. Submucosal and intersphincteric rectal abscesses have been surgically managed by laying open and draining the intersphincteric space as well as by the modified ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure. In 2017, the transanal opening of intersphincteric space (TROPIS) technique was reported for the treatment of high, complex anal fistulae. AIM We aim to investigate the advantages of performing the TROPIS procedure in patients with fistula-in-ano. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study investigating the outcomes in patients who had undergone a procedure using the TROPIS technique for the treatment of fistula-in-ano. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans and electronic colonoscopies were performed on all patients. A clinical database evaluating the following variables was constructed: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), previous fistula surgery, type of fistula, postoperative complications, duration of follow-up, success rate, and incontinence scores pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS The TROPIS procedure was performed on 41 patients with fistula-in-ano with a follow-up time of 6-23 months. The characteristics of the patients were as follows: 36 males, 6 females, mean age 38.6±13.2 years, and mean BMI 23.5±3.9 kg·m-2. All patients (41) had transsphincteric fistulae, and 90.2% (37) had high fistula. Of the 41 patients, 22% (9) had recurrent fistulae, 29.27% (12) had horseshoe fistulae, 7.3% (3) had supralevator fistulae, and 14.6% (6) had an associated abscess. The fistula healed completely in 85.3% (35) of patients and failed to heal in 14.7% (6) of patients, and the healing of high fistula was 86.5% (32). Of those patients who had not healed completely, 2 were found to have contracted iatrogenic infections due to foreign residues and underwent surgery with the passing of a loose seton. The additional 4 patients who had not healed underwent a fistulotomy and healed completely thereafter. There were no significant changes in incontinence scores. The incontinence scores were .15 ± .36 preoperatively and .22 ± .47 3 months postoperatively (t = -1.438, P = .16). CONCLUSIONS The TROPIS technique is a novel sphincter-preserving procedure, which can be effectively used in treating fistula-in-ano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Li
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ju-Hua Chen
- Colorectal Surgery Division, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meng-di Wang
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bing-Chuan Zhou
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - De-Gang Li
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Qing Zeng
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li-Ming Pang
- Colorectal Surgery Division, The People Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Lightner AL, Ashburn JH, Brar MS, Carvello M, Chandrasinghe P, van Overstraeten ADB, Fleshner PR, Gallo G, Kotze PG, Holubar SD, Reza LM, Spinelli A, Strong SA, Tozer PJ, Truong A, Warusavitarne J, Yamamoto T, Zaghiyan K. Fistulizing Crohn's disease. Curr Probl Surg 2020; 57:100808. [PMID: 33187597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Emile SH, Khan SM, Adejumo A, Koroye O. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in treatment of anal fistula: An updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the predictors of failure. Surgery 2019; 167:484-492. [PMID: 31648932 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract has gained increasing popularity as a sphincter-sparing technique for complex anal fistula. The present review aimed to investigate the pooled success and complication rates of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract in the published literature and to explore the risk factors for failure after ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract. METHODS A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant literature search was conducted. Electronic databases were searched in the period of January 2007 through April 2019 for studies that assessed the outcome of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure. The main outcomes of the review were the pooled success and complication rates of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, predictors of failure after ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, operation time, hospital stay, and how failures were managed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies comprising 1,378 patients (996 male) were included in this review. The mean age of patients was 42.3 ± 4.2 years. The weighted mean rate of success was 76.5%. The median follow-up duration was 16.5 months. The weighted mean complication rate was 13.9%. The most common complication was wound dehiscence. Fecal incontinence was recorded in 1.4% of patients. Factors that were statistically significantly associated with failure after the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure were horseshoe fistulas, fistulas associated with Crohn's disease, and those with a history of previous fistula surgery. CONCLUSION The pooled success and complication rates of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure were about 76% and 14%, respectively. Horseshoe fistulas, Crohn's disease, and previous fistula surgery were identified as predictors for failure after ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Hany Emile
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Sualeh Muslim Khan
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adeyinka Adejumo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria
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Göttgens KWA, Wasowicz DK, Stijns J, Zimmerman D. Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract for High Transsphincteric Fistula Yields Moderate Results at Best: Is the Tide Turning? Dis Colon Rectum 2019; 62:1231-1237. [PMID: 31490832 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract is a well-accepted and often used surgical procedure for perianal fistulas. OBJECTIVE This study aims to confirm results of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract in a specialized colorectal center. DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. SETTING This study took place in a large colorectal surgical department with a tertiary referral center for perianal fistulas. PATIENTS Consecutive patients were operated on with ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for a transsphincteric perianal fistula between 2012 and December 2018. INTERVENTIONS Patients underwent ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measured was the healing rate. The secondary outcomes measured were conversion into an intersphincteric perianal fistula, risk of recurrence, complications, and postoperative continence status. RESULTS Forty-six patients were treated with a ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure. All patients (100%) had preoperative imaging in their workup. Forty patients (87%) had a high transsphincteric fistula. The primary healing rate was a disappointing 17 of 46 patients (37%). The median time until failure was 4.2 months (interquartile range, 3.5-6.5). Of the failures, 16 converted to an intersphincteric fistula (55% of failures and 35% of all patients). The mean duration of follow-up in patients without a recurrence was 9.5 months (SD 11.9). Four patients (9%) were lost to follow-up. The mean Fecal Incontinence Severity Index postoperatively was only 2.35 (SD 5.7; range, 0-30). This resulted in 9 patients (20%) having a newly impaired continence status postoperatively. Continence impairment was mild in all these patients. The risk of developing a recurrence 1 year after surgery is 64.2% (95% CI, 49%-80%). LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective design and the small numbers with possible selection bias. CONCLUSIONS Results with the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure were not as good as hoped. The effect on fecal continence, however, was minimal. The procedure might be more suitable for low transsphincteric fistulas. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A992. LA LIGADURA DEL TRACTO DE LA FÍSTULA INTERESFINTÉRICA PARA UNA FÍSTULA TRANSESFINTÉRICA ALTA, PRODUCE RESULTADOS MODERADOS EN EL MEJOR DE LOS CASOS: ¿ESTÁ CAMBIANDO LA MAREA?: La ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica es un procedimiento quirúrgico bien aceptado y de uso frecuente para las fístulas perianales. OBJETIVO Confirmar los resultados de la ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica en un centro colorrectal especializado. DISEÑO:: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. AJUSTE Gran departamento de cirugía colorrectal y con centro de referencia terciaria para fístulas perianales. PACIENTES Pacientes consecutivos operados con ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica para una fístula perianal transesfintérica, entre 2012 y diciembre de 2018. INTERVENCIONES Ligadura del tracto de fístula interesfintérica. PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO Tasa de cicatrización, resultados secundarios: conversión a una fístula perianal interesfintérica, riesgo de recurrencia, complicaciones y estado de continencia postoperatoria. RESULTADOS Cuarenta y seis pacientes fueron tratados con una ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica. Todos los pacientes (100 por ciento) tenían imagenología en su preparación preoperatoria. Cuarenta pacientes (87 por ciento) tenían una fístula transesfintérica alta. La tasa de cicatrización primaria fue decepcionante en 17 de 46 pacientes (37 por ciento). El tiempo medio hasta el fracaso fue de 4.2 meses (rango intercuartil 3.5-6.5). De los fracasos, 16 se convirtieron en una fístula interesfintérica (55 por ciento de los fracasos y 35 por ciento de todos los pacientes). La duración media del seguimiento en pacientes sin recurrencia fue de 9.5 meses (desviación estándar de 11.9). Se perdieron durante el seguimiento a cuatro pacientes (9 por ciento). Después de la operación, el promedio del índice de severidad de incontinencia fecal fue de solo 2.35 (desviación estándar de 5.7, rango 0-30). Esto resultó en que 9 pacientes (20 por ciento) tuvieran una continencia deteriorada postoperatoria. El deterioro de la continencia fue leve en todos estos pacientes. El riesgo de desarrollar una recurrencia a un año después de la cirugía es del 64.2 por ciento (intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento: 49-80 por ciento). LIMITACIONES Diseño retrospectivo, números pequeños con posible sesgo de selección. CONCLUSIONES Los resultados del procedimiento con la ligadura del tracto de fístula interesfintérica no fueron tan buenos como se esperaba. El efecto sobre la continencia fecal, sin embargo, fue mínimo. El procedimiento podría ser más adecuado para las fístulas transesfintéricas bajas. Vea el Resumen del video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/A992.
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Stellingwerf ME, van Praag EM, Tozer PJ, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of endorectal advancement flap and ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for cryptoglandular and Crohn's high perianal fistulas. BJS Open 2019; 3:231-241. [PMID: 31183438 PMCID: PMC6551488 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High perianal fistulas require sphincter‐preserving surgery because of the risk of faecal incontinence. The ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure preserves anal sphincter function and is an alternative to the endorectal advancement flap (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of these procedures in patients with cryptoglandular and Crohn's perianal fistulas. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All RCTs, cohort studies and case series (more than 5 patients) describing one or both techniques were included. Main outcomes were overall success rate, recurrence and incontinence following either technique. A proportional meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model. Results Some 30 studies comprising 1295 patients were included (AF, 797; LIFT, 498). For cryptoglandular fistula (1098 patients), there was no significant difference between AF and LIFT for weighted overall success (74·6 (95 per cent c.i. 65·6 to 83·7) versus 69·1 (53·9 to 84·3) per cent respectively) and recurrence (25·6 (4·7 to 46·4) versus 21·9 (14·8 to 29·0) per cent) rates. For Crohn's perianal fistula (64 patients), no significant differences were observed between AF and LIFT for overall success rate (61 (45 to 76) versus 53 per cent respectively), but data on recurrence were limited. Incontinence rates were significantly higher after AF compared with LIFT (7·8 (3·3 to 12·4) versus 1·6 (0·4 to 2·8) per cent). Conclusion Overall success and recurrence rates were not significantly different between the AF and LIFT procedure, but continence was better preserved after LIFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Stellingwerf
- Department of Surgery Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - E M van Praag
- Department of Surgery Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - P J Tozer
- Robin Phillips Fistula Research Unit, St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute Harrow HA1 3UJ UK
| | - W A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - C J Buskens
- Department of Surgery Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Sun XL, Wen K, Chen YH, Xu ZZ, Wang XP. Long-term outcomes and quality of life following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for high transsphincteric fistulas. Colorectal Dis 2019; 21:30-37. [PMID: 30184334 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Published outcomes following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for high transsphincteric fistulas (HTFs) are equivocal probably because most trials are small and comprise mixed patient populations. The aim of this study was to highlight the long-term efficacy of LIFT for HTFs in a large homogeneous sample and to determine the risk factors that contribute to non-healing resulting in failure and recurrence. METHOD A retrospective study was performed which assessed patients with HTFs treated by LIFT without prior loose setons from September 2012 to December 2017. Continence function was evaluated by the Wexner incontinence scale and anal manometry. Quality of life was assessed by using the faecal incontinence quality of life (FIQL) scale with four domains: lifestyle, coping, depression and embarrassment. RESULTS Seventy patients with HTFs underwent 71 LIFT procedures. The primary healing rate was 81.7% with a median follow-up duration of 16.5 (range 4.5-68) months. The healing rates of mature and immature fistulas were 83.7% and 77.3%, respectively. Two patients suffered failure with an unhealed intersphincteric wound. Recurrence occurred in 11 patients. Incontinence of flatus, present in four patients before surgery, improved postoperatively. Two patients undergoing LIFT combined with fistulotomy complained of flatus incontinence after surgery. No significant differences between preoperative and postoperative Wexner score, maximum resting pressure and maximum squeeze pressure were detected. The FIQL was improved in lifestyle, coping and depression. No risk factor for non-healing was found. CONCLUSION LIFT has a promising long-term outcome for HTFs, with negligible impairment on continence and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-L Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - K Wen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y-H Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z-Z Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - X-P Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Wen K, Gu YF, Sun XL, Wang XP, Yan S, He ZQ, Zhen SG. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF LIGATION OF INTERSPHINCTERIC FISTULA TRACT FOR COMPLEX FISTULA-IN-ANO: MODIFIED OPERATIVE PROCEDURE EXPERIENCE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:e1404. [PMID: 30539979 PMCID: PMC6284392 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: It is important but difficult to treat complex fistula-in-ano due to the high
recurrent rate and following incontinence. Ligation of the intersphincteric
fistula tract (LIFT), a novel surgical procedure with the advantage of
avoiding anal incontinence, has a variable success rate of 57-94.4 %. Aim: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of modified LIFT operative procedure -
ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract - to treat complex
fistula-in-ano. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 62 cases of complex fistula-in-ano. The group was
treated with the modified approach of LIFT (curved incision was made in the
anal canal skin; purse-string suture was performed around the fistula; the
residual fistulas were removed in a tunnel-based way) and had a follow-up
time of more than one year. Patient´s preoperative general condition,
postoperative efficacy and their anal function were compared. Results: The median age of the participants was 34, and 43 (69.4%) cases were male.
Forty-one (66.1%) cases were of high transsphincteric fistula, four (6.5%)
cases of high intrasphincter fistula, and 17 (27.4%) cases of anterior anal
fistula in female. The median follow-up duration was 24.5 (range, 12-51)
months. The success rate in the end of follow-up was 83.9% (52/62). The
anorectal pressure and Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence (CCF-FI)
evaluated three months before and after the operation did not find apparent
changes. Conclusions: Compared with LIFT, the modified LIFT remarkably reduces postoperative
failure and the recurrence rate of complex fistula with acceptable long-term
outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing, Jiang su, China.,Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
| | - Yun-Fei Gu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing, Jiang su, China
| | - Xue-Liang Sun
- Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
| | - Zong-Qi He
- Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
| | - Shu-Guang Zhen
- Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Colorectal Surgery, Su zhou, Jiang su, China
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18
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Koh SZ, Tsang CB. Reprint of: The LIFT procedure. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Araújo SEA, Marcante MT, Mendes CRS, Bertoncini AB, Seid VE, Horcel LA, Perez RO, Klajner S. INTERESFINCTERIAL LIGATION OF FISTULA TRACT (LIFT) FOR PATIENTS WITH ANAL FISTULAS: A BRAZILIAN BI-INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 30:235-238. [PMID: 29340544 PMCID: PMC5793138 DOI: 10.1590/0102-6720201700040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: The best treatment for anal fistula should extirpate infection and promote healing of the tract, whilst preserving the anal sphincter complex and full continence. Aim: To analyze the success rate after a modified technique for ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for patients with anal fistulas. Methods: A prospective (observational cohort study) Brazilian bi-institutional experience with a modified (ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract without excision) LIFT technique was undertaken. A clinical database was settled for the following variables: age, gender, BMI, comorbidities, distance between external orifice and the anus, previous fistula surgery, type of fistula, operative time, intra- and postoperative complications, duration of follow-up, and success rate. Results: Between November 2015 and January 2017, 38 patients with transsphincteric fistulas were operated on using the modified LIFT procedure. Seventeen (44.7%) were men. Median age was 41 (18-67) years. Median BMI was 26.4 (22-38) kg/m2. Five (13.2%) had undergone previous surgery. The fistula was transsphincteric in all cases. Median follow-up was 32 (range, 14-56) weeks. Success was observed in 30 (79%) patients. Conclusions: The LIFT technique without excision of the fistula tract proved to be safe and effective for transsphincteric anal fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sidney Klajner
- Coloproctology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP
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20
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Williams G, Williams A, Tozer P, Phillips R, Ahmad A, Jayne D, Maxwell-Armstrong C. The treatment of anal fistula: second ACPGBI Position Statement - 2018. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20 Suppl 3:5-31. [PMID: 30178915 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is over 10 years since the first ACPGBI Position Statement on the management of anal fistula was published in 2007. This second edition is the result of scrutiny of the literature published during this time; it updates the original Position Statement and reviews the published evidence surrounding treatments for anal fistula that have been developed since the original publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Williams
- Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - A Williams
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Tozer
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, UK
| | | | - A Ahmad
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - D Jayne
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Maxwell-Armstrong
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract for Fistula in Ano: Lessons Learned From a Decade of Experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60:1065-1070. [PMID: 28891850 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract is a well-described sphincter-preserving technique for the management of fistula in ano. In 2007, we reported our early experience demonstrating a primary success rate of 94.4%. These findings have since been supported by several short-term studies, but long-term results and secondary cure rates after ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract failure remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to report a 10-year experience of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract with extended long-term follow-up. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of single-center data from May 2006 to October 2010 was performed. SETTINGS This study was conducted at a large tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. PATIENTS All patients with primary or recurrent fistula in ano who underwent a ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure were included. Patients with malignancy, incontinent patients, and patients with rectovaginal fistula were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Healing as defined by the absence of symptoms with no visible external opening on clinical examination. Follow-up was continued until May 2016. RESULTS In total, 251 patients were identified, with a primary healing rate of 87.65% at a median follow-up of 71 months. The healing rates for low transsphincteric, intersphincteric, high transsphincteric, semihorseshoe, and horseshoe fistulas were 92.1%, 85.2%, 60.0%, 89.0%, and 40.0%. Of the 42 patients who had an unhealed fistula after previous non-ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract surgery, 38 (90.48%) healed after the first attempt at ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract. There were 31 patients with unhealed fistulas after the first ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract. Of these, 3 healed spontaneously, and the rest underwent either repeat ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, fistulotomy (if the recurrence was intersphincteric), or simple curettage (if no internal opening was found). Ultimately, only 2 of the original 251 patients remained unhealed, and there was no change in subjective continence status after surgery. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSION Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract is an effective technique for the treatment of fistula in ano, including recurrent or unhealed fistula after other procedures. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A387.
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Wright M, Thorson A, Blatchford G, Shashidharan M, Beaty J, Bertelson N, Aggrawal P, Taylor L, Ternent CA. What happens after a failed LIFT for anal fistula? Am J Surg 2017; 214:1210-1213. [PMID: 29146001 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) was developed to treat transsphincteric anal fistulas. The aftermath of a failed LIFT has not been well documented. METHODS Retrospective chart review of LIFT procedure for transsphincteric anal fistula between March 2012 and September 2016. RESULTS 53 patients with LIFT procedure were identified, 20 (37.7%) had persistent fistula with median followup of 4 months. Following LIFT, recurrence of fistula was transsphincteric (75%) or intersphincteric (25%) (p = NS). Persistent transsphincteric fistulas after LIFT were treated with seton (71.4%) followed by advancement flap (20%) or fistulotomy (50%). Of the recurrent intersphincteric fistulas, 50% underwent seton placement followed by fistulotomy, or advancement flap. Of the patients who underwent surgery after failed LIFT, 50% have had resolution of the fistula; 31.7% are still undergoing treatment. CONCLUSION Patients who underwent surgery after failed LIFT had 50% healing with placement of seton followed by fistulotomy or rectal advancement flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah Wright
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alan Thorson
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Garnet Blatchford
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maniamparampil Shashidharan
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jennifer Beaty
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Noelle Bertelson
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Piyush Aggrawal
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lindsay Taylor
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Charles A Ternent
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, CHI Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Fabiani B, Menconi C, Martellucci J, Giani I, Toniolo G, Naldini G. Permacol™ collagen paste injection for the treatment of complex anal fistula: 1-year follow-up. Tech Coloproctol 2017; 21:211-215. [PMID: 28210857 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-017-1590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal surgical treatment for anal fistula should result in healing of the fistula track and preserve anal continence. The aim of this study was to evaluate Permacol™ collagen paste (Covidien plc, Gosport, Hampshire, UK) injection for the treatment of complex anal fistulas, reporting feasibility, safety, outcome and functional results. METHODS Between May 2013 and December 2014, 21 consecutive patients underwent Permacol paste injection for complex anal fistula at our institutions. All patients underwent fistulectomy and seton placement 6-8 weeks before Permacol™ paste injection. Follow-up duration was 12 months. RESULTS Eighteen patients (85.7%) had a high transsphincteric anal fistula, and three female patients (14.3%) had an anterior transsphincteric fistula. Fistulas were recurrent in three patients (14.3%). Seven patients (33%) had a fistula with multiple tracts. After a follow-up of 12 months, ten patients were considered healed (overall success rate 47.6%). The mean preoperative FISI score was 0.33 ± 0.57 and 0.61 ± 1.02 after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Permacol™ paste injection was safe and effective in some patients with complex anal fistula without compromising continence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fabiani
- Proctological and Perineal Surgical Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Menconi
- Proctological and Perineal Surgical Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Martellucci
- General, Emergency and Minimaly Invasive Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - I Giani
- Proctological and Perineal Surgical Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Toniolo
- Proctological and Perineal Surgical Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Naldini
- Proctological and Perineal Surgical Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract Is Suitable for Recurrent Anal Fistulas from Follow-Up of 16 Months. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3152424. [PMID: 28271064 PMCID: PMC5320375 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3152424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 2007, ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for the management of anal fistula was all introduced with initial success and excitement. It remains controversial which surgical procedure is suitable for transsphincteric fistula, especially to complex anal fistula. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the results in patients with recurrent anal fistula by LIFT. A retrospective study of 55 complex fistula patients who underwent LIFT procedure in a single medical center was analyzed. Patients and fistula characteristics, complications, and recurrences were reviewed. All 55 patients underwent the procedure with a median follow-up of 16 months. Median operative time was 44 (range 23–88) minutes. Of the 55 patients, 33 (60%) healed completely and did not require any further surgical treatment at end of follow-up. Twenty-two (40%) recurrences and six complications were observed. Compared with patients who had undergone more than two surgical procedures, LIFT was more suitable for patients who had undergone one to two surgical procedures, and significant difference was observed in number of operations before LIFT (p = 0.002). Clinicians can consider the use of LIFT for the treatment of recurrent anal fistulas. A larger number of patients and prospective study are needed to be performed.
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Ommer A, Herold A, Berg E, Farke S, Fürst A, Hetzer F, Köhler A, Post S, Ruppert R, Sailer M, Schiedeck T, Schwandner O, Strittmatter B, Lenhard BH, Bader W, Krege S, Krammer H, Stange E. S3-Leitlinie: Kryptoglanduläre Analfisteln. COLOPROCTOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00053-016-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract: a Sphincter-Sparing Option for Complex Fistula-in-Ano. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20:439-44. [PMID: 26394877 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-015-2947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fistulae-in-ano represent one of the more challenging anorectal diseases faced by surgeons, as appropriate management requires careful balance between the need for local sepsis control and patients' desire to maintain fecal continence. The ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure, first described by Rojanasakul and colleagues in 2007, represents a sphincter-sparing technique for fistula management which has become our method of choice for transsphincteric fistulas. With this technique, patients frequently enjoy successful fistula healing., or, at worst, conversion to a less complex fistula tract. Here, we describe and illustrate our surgical approach and review success and recurrence rates presented in the published literature.
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Keogh KM, Smart NJ. The proposed use of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of fistula-in-ano. Med Hypotheses 2016; 86:39-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Patton V, Chen CM, Lubowski D. Long-term results of the cutting seton for high anal fistula. ANZ J Surg 2015; 85:720-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Patton
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; St George Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Chung Ming Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; St George Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre; Affinity Surgery Centre; Singapore
| | - David Lubowski
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; St George Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Limura E, Giordano P. Modern management of anal fistula. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12-20. [PMID: 25574077 PMCID: PMC4284327 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ideal surgical treatment for anal fistula should aim to eradicate sepsis and promote healing of the tract, whilst preserving the sphincters and the mechanism of continence. For the simple and most distal fistulae, conventional surgical options such as laying open of the fistula tract seem to be relatively safe and therefore, well accepted in clinical practise. However, for the more complex fistulae where a significant proportion of the anal sphincter is involved, great concern remains about damaging the sphincter and subsequent poor functional outcome, which is quite inevitable following conventional surgical treatment. For this reason, over the last two decades, many sphincter-preserving procedures for the treatment of anal fistula have been introduced with the common goal of minimising the injury to the anal sphincters and preserving optimal function. Among them, the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure appears to be safe and effective and may be routinely considered for complex anal fistula. Another technique, the anal fistula plug, derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa, is safe but modestly effective in long-term follow-up, with success rates varying from 24%-88%. The failure rate may be due to its extrusion from the fistula tract. To obviate that, a new designed plug (GORE BioA®) was introduced, but long term data regarding its efficacy are scant. Fibrin glue showed poor and variable healing rate (14%-74%). FiLaC and video-assisted anal fistula treatment procedures, respectively using laser and electrode energy, are expensive and yet to be thoroughly assessed in clinical practise. Recently, a therapy using autologous adipose-derived stem cells has been described. Their properties of regenerating tissues and suppressing inflammatory response must be better investigated on anal fistulae, and studies remain in progress. The aim of this present article is to review the pertinent literature, describing the advantages and limitations of new sphincter-preserving techniques.
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Management of complex anorectal fistulas with seton drainage plus partial fistulotomy and subsequent ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT). Tech Coloproctol 2014; 19:89-95. [PMID: 25403769 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-014-1245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a relatively new technique in the treatment of complex anorectal fistulas. As it spares the anal sphincter, rates of post-operative incontinence may be lower when compared to conventional treatment. To date, there have not been enough reports of long-term fistula recurrence rates. We performed a long-term follow-up study of 75 patients who underwent LIFT following seton drainage and partial fistulotomy. METHODS Only patients with complex cryptogenic anorectal fistulas were included. After seton insertion and partial fistulotomy, the tract was reviewed at 4 months for the absence of anorectal sepsis. Patients then underwent LIFT in a day surgery setting. Operative time, complications, recurrences and incontinence were evaluated. RESULTS Between May 2008 and June 2013, 75 patients [51 men, mean age 49.5 years, standard error of the mean (SEM) 1.4 years] were treated with a LIFT protocol. The mean operating time for LIFT was 13.2 min (SEM 1.5 min). Complications included minor bleeding, superficial wound dehiscence and perianal pain. At a mean follow-up of 14.6 months (SEM 1.7 months), there were nine (12 %) recurrences, diagnosed at a mean 9.2 months (SEM 2.7 months). They were treated with seton insertion followed by LIFT with biomesh or anorectal advancement flap, and there were no subsequent recurrences. Review of preoperative and post-operative continence scores revealed only one (1.3 %) patient with minor incontinence following LIFT. Recurrences were significantly related to fistulas with multiple tracts (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the protocol of seton insertion and partial fistulotomy followed by LIFT is associated with a low recurrence rate comparing well with published results from studies involving other techniques and protocols for treating anal fistula.
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Abstract
Anal fistulas require surgical treatment to cure the fistula. Fistulotomy is the treatment of choice because of its high success rate, but it also carries a risk of postoperative incontinence. Different methods have been proposed to overcome the need for dividing part or all of the sphincter, so-called "sphincter saving techniques" (SST), such as flap advancement, intrafistular injection of glue, or the insertion of a bio-prosthesis (collagen plug). However, the success rate of SSTs is lower than that of fistulotomy. Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract (LIFT) is one of the most recent SSTs. It aims to ligate and transect the fistula by an approach through the intersphincteric space. The methodological quality of most published studies has been only average, but several studies have reported attractive success rates of 70 to 95% without postoperative incontinence. Other techniques such as endo-anal clip or injection of autologous stem cells are still anecdotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pommaret
- Service de proctologie médico-chirurgicale, groupe hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, institut Léopold-Bellan, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - P Benfredj
- Service de proctologie médico-chirurgicale, groupe hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, institut Léopold-Bellan, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014 Paris, France
| | - D Soudan
- Service de proctologie médico-chirurgicale, groupe hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, institut Léopold-Bellan, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014 Paris, France
| | - V de Parades
- Service de proctologie médico-chirurgicale, groupe hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, institut Léopold-Bellan, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014 Paris, France
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Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract versus mucosal advancement flap in patients with high transsphincteric fistula-in-ano: a prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57:1202-8. [PMID: 25203377 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula track with the mucosal advancement flap in the treatment of high transsphincteric anal fistulas. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a prospective randomized study performed at academic medical centers. PATIENTS Patients with transsphincteric anal fistulas involving the upper part of anal sphincter were included. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to either ligation of intersphincteric fistula track or mucosal advancement flap. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end points of the study were fistula closure, recurrence within 1 year, and continence by using the Wexner score. Secondary end points were morbidity, postoperative pain with the use of the visual analog scale, and quality of life with the use of the Cleveland Global Quality of Life score. RESULTS There were 70 patients (35 in each group). Mean age was 36.1 years in patients undergoing ligation of the intersphincteric fistula track vs 32.9 years in patients undergoing mucosal advancement flap (p = 0.33). Mean visual analog scale after 1 week was significantly higher in the mucosal advancement flap group than in the ligation of intersphincteric fistula track group (3.1 vs 4.8, p = 0.04), but no significant difference was found after 4 weeks. Primary healing was achieved in 33 patients undergoing ligation of the intersphincteric fistula track vs 32 patients undergoing mucosal advancement flap (p = 0.99). Mean healing time was 22.6 days in the ligation of intersphincteric fistula track group vs 32.1 days in mucosal advancement flap group (p = 0.01). After 1 year of follow-up, successful outcome was achieved in 26 patients (74.3%) undergoing ligation of intersphincteric fistula track and in 20 patients (65.7%) undergoing mucosal advancement flap (p = 0.58). No significant change in Wexner score occurred 4 weeks postoperatively. There was no significant difference between groups regarding Cleveland Global Quality of Life score (p = 0.5 and 0.07 after 4 and 12 weeks). LIMITATIONS The short-term follow-up is a probable limitation. Although the sample size was calculated to detect difference with 80% power at a significance level of 5%, the negative result within this relatively small number of patients might have resulted from type II statistical error. CONCLUSIONS In patients with high transsphincteric anal fistulas, both ligation of intersphincteric fistula track procedure and mucosal advancement flap have a similar long-term healing rate, recurrences, continence, and quality of life. However, ligation of the intersphincteric fistula track has the advantage of less postoperative pain.
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A new minimally invasive treatment for anal fistula. Front Med 2014; 9:77-81. [PMID: 25238933 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In colorectal surgery, eradicating the fistula and maintaining continence are still complex challenges for a colorectal surgeon. A minimally invasive method using a novel device was performed to consecutively treat 14 patients with anal fistula from August 2008 to November 2009. After a follow-up period of 36 months, 13 patients achieved successful closure of their fistula tracts, and recurrence occurred only in one patient. Recurrence was due to the delay of dressing change. No patient had interference with continence, and no major intra- and postoperative complications were identified. Using the novel device with invasive methods can be a promising alternative for managing anal fistulas.
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Hong KD, Kang S, Kalaskar S, Wexner SD. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) to treat anal fistula: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol 2014; 18:685-91. [PMID: 24957361 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-014-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphincter-preserving approaches to treat anal fistula do not jeopardize continence; however, healing rates are suboptimal. In this context, ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) can be considered promising offering high success rates and a relatively simple procedure. This review aimed to investigate the outcomes of LIFT to treat anal fistula. We conducted a systematic review of the Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, to retrieve all relevant scientific original articles and scientific abstracts (Web of Science) related to the LIFT procedure for anal fistula between January 2007 and March 2013. The search yielded 24 original articles including 1,110 patients; these included one randomized controlled study, three case control studies, and 20 case series. Most studies included patients with trans-sphincteric or complex fistula, not amenable to fistulotomy. During a pooled mean 10.3 months of follow-up, the mean success, incontinence, intraoperative, and postoperative complication rates were 76.4, 0, 0, and 5.5%, respectively. A sensitivity analysis showed that the impact on success in terms of follow-up duration, study size, and combining other procedures was limited. There was no association between pre-LIFT drainage seton and success of LIFT. Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract appears to be an effective and safe treatment for trans-sphincteric or complex anal fistula. Combining other procedures and a pre-LIFT drainage seton does not seem to confer any added benefit in terms of success. However, given the lack of prospective randomized trials, interpretation of these data must be cautious. Further trials are mandatory to identify predictive factors for success, and true effectiveness of the LIFT compared to other sphincter-preserving procedures to treat anal fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hong
- Department of colorectal surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Deng C, Jin HY. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract for treatment of complex anal fistula. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:359-363. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligation of intershpincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a novel surgical procedure for complex fistula, especially transsphincteric fistula which was first proposed by Thailand doctor Rojanasakul.This sphincter-saving procedure has a high success rate, and more importantly, a very low continence rate. Recent clinical research of LIFT has showed that its efficacy varies greatly. In this article, we will review the recent advances in research on ligation of intershpincteric fistula tract for complex anal fistula.
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Vergara-Fernandez O, Espino-Urbina LA. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract: What is the evidence in a review? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6805-6813. [PMID: 24187455 PMCID: PMC3812479 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly, complex fistulas are those that are not low transsphincteric or intersphincteric. The objectives of surgical management are to achieve fistula healing, prevent recurrences and maintain continence. The risk of incontinence associated with treatment ranges from 10% to 57%. The objective of this manuscript is to review the current literature to date on the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure (LIFT procedure) as a treatment option in these types of fistula. A search was conducted in Medline, PUBMED, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge, and studies published from January 2009 to May 2013 were included. The primary outcomes were fistula healing rates, mean healing time and patient satisfaction with this surgical technique. Eighteen studies were included in this review. The total number of patients included was 592 (65% male). The median age reported was 42.8 years. The most common type of fistula included was transsphincteric (73.3% of cases). The mean healing rate reported was 74.6%. The risk factors for failure discovered were obesity, smoking, multiple previous surgeries and the length of the fistula tract. The mean healing time was 5.5 wk, and the mean follow-up period was 42.3 wk. The patient satisfaction rates ranged from 72% to 100%. No de novo incontinence developed secondary to the LIFT procedure. There is not enough evidence that variants in the surgical technique achieve better outcomes (Bio-LIFT, LIFT-Plug, LIFT-Plus). This review indicates that the LIFT procedure is primarily effective for transsphincteric fistulas with an overall fistula closure of 74.6% and has a low impact on fecal continence. This procedure produces better outcomes at the first surgical attempt.
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Steiner RW, Omachi AS. A Bartter's-like syndrome from capreomycin, and a similar gentamicin tubulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 21:476-80. [PMID: 2420173 DOI: 10.1177/1553350613508018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Marked renal potassium and magnesium wasting, alkalosis, and a progressive increase in plasma renin and eventual hyperaldosteronemia developed during a 15-month course of in-hospital capreomycin therapy that was necessary for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. A prominent feature of the present case was renal chloride wasting, a feature of the capreomycin syndrome that has previously received little attention. Similar potentially life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, which resemble those found in Bartter's syndrome, can occur during prolonged therapy with the antibiotic gentamicin. In the present case, electrolyte abnormalities were unaffected by three days of indomethacin therapy but were partially corrected by large doses of spironolactone. Capreomycin, viomycin (an antibiotic closely related to capreomycin), and gentamicin are highly basic polypeptide antibiotics that may induce strikingly similar and potentially fatal syndromes of renal tubular dysfunction that can feature multiple electrolyte abnormalities.
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