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Panisi M, Pereira AR, Neto BC, de Sousa PJ, Oquiongo G, Palmeirim JM, de Lima RF, Nuno A. Trade and socioeconomic importance of an invasive giant snail in the endemic-rich island of São Tomé, Central Africa. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14357. [PMID: 39248756 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Managing invasive species is crucial to mitigate their negative impacts on ecosystems, yet conflicts may arise when their social benefits are disregarded. Human pressure on the endemic-rich forests of São Tomé has been high since the island was discovered by the Portuguese in the 15th century, and numerous species have been introduced. These include the invasive West African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata), which was introduced in the mid-20th century, is now widespread on the island, and is a potential threat to native flora and fauna. We assessed the frequency of consumption of this species and its socioeconomic importance to people across the island with household questionnaires, focus group discussions, and semistructured interviews. We explored the prevalence and potential drivers of use (e.g., wealth, household composition, and diversity of occupations) and characterized the commodity chain to identify demographic groups linked to the snail trade. We interviewed 672 people (1 person per household), conducted 6 focus groups, and interviewed 80 key actors belonging to 5 subcategories. The snail was the most widely consumed bushmeat and an important source of income, particularly for women and unemployed youth. Insecure and scarce livelihood alternatives, mostly in rural areas, were reported as drivers for trade involvement. Snail harvesting was more frequent in poorer households with low occupational diversity. Selling tended to occur in households that were well-established in the community and had a higher proportion of children. Both were stimulated by the proximity of communities to the native forest. Buying snails was common in all demographic groups, but it was linked to wealth and occupational diversity. Interventions to manage the impact of this introduced species on the valuable ecosystems of the island should involve multiple sectors of society to ensure societal support. This requires robust consideration of the welfare of vulnerable demographic groups that benefit from the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Panisi
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- DBA, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Alisei Onlus NGO, Rua Barrão de Água Izé, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Ana R Pereira
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- DBA, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruzinay C Neto
- Alisei Onlus NGO, Rua Barrão de Água Izé, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Paulo J de Sousa
- Alisei Onlus NGO, Rua Barrão de Água Izé, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Gabriel Oquiongo
- Associação Monte Pico, Monte Café, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Jorge M Palmeirim
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- DBA, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo F de Lima
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- DBA, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associação Monte Pico, Monte Café, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Ana Nuno
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Bramorska B, Komar E, Maugeri L, Ruczyński I, Żmihorski M. Socio-economic variables improve accuracy and change spatial predictions in species distribution models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171588. [PMID: 38461982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In an era marked by increasing anthropogenic pressure, understanding the relations between human activities and wildlife is crucial for understanding ecological patterns, effective conservation, and management strategies. Here, we explore the potential and usefulness of socio-economic variables in species distribution modelling (SDM), focusing on their impact on the occurrence of wild mammals in Poland. Beyond the environmental factors commonly considered in SDM, like land-use, the study tests the importance of socio-economic characteristics of local human societies, such as age, income, working sector, gender, education, and village characteristics for explaining distribution of diverse mammalian groups, including carnivores, ungulates, rodents, soricids, and bats. The study revealed that incorporating socio-economic variables enhances the predictive power for >60 % of species and overall for most groups, with the exception being carnivores. For all the species combined, among the 10 predictors with highest predictive power, 6 belong to socio-economic group, while for specific species groups, socio-economic variables had similar predictive power as environmental variables. Furthermore, spatial predictions of species occurrence underwent changes when socio-economic variables were included in the model, resulting in a substantial mismatch in spatial predictions of species occurrence between environment-only models and models containing socio-economic variables. We conclude that socio-economic data has potential as useful predictors which increase prediction accuracy of wildlife occurrence and recommend its wider usage. Further, to our knowledge this is a first study on such a big scale for terrestrial mammals which evaluates performance based on presence or absence of socio-economic predictors in the model. We recognise the need for a more comprehensive approach in SDMs and that bridging the gap between human socio-economic dynamics and ecological processes may contribute to the understanding of the factors influencing biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bramorska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.
| | - Ewa Komar
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - Luca Maugeri
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ruczyński
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - Michał Żmihorski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
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Aragão Silva JA, Dos Santos Soares LM, Ferreira FS, da Silva AB, Souto WMS. Use of wild vertebrates for consumption and bushmeat trade in Brazil: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:64. [PMID: 38111028 PMCID: PMC10729539 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bushmeat is a resource exploited by thousands of people around the world, especially in tropical and neotropical regions, constituting an important source of protein and income. But what is known, so far, about the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat (hereinafter "bushmeat") in a megadiverse country like Brazil? This question was answered through a systematic survey of publications on the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat made in Brazil between 2011 and 2021. METHODS We selected 63 scientific articles available on "Google Scholar," "Science Direct," "Scopus," " Web of Science" and "Portal de Periódico da CAPES." The articles were categorized as: exclusive to (1) consumption or (2) bushmeat trade, totals of 54 and three articles, respectively; both (3) consumption and trade bushmeat, totaling six articles. We applied a nonparametric Spearman's correlation analysis to verify the association between the number of papers and the species richness of wild vertebrates cited for consumption by Brazilian state. RESULTS The results revealed that the publications were concentrated in the Northeast (36), North (26) and Southeast (1) regions, distributed across 16 states of the federation. These data reinforce the need for more researches in states and other regions of the country. Our research hypothesis was confirmed, since the richness of species cited for meat consumption was positively associated with the amount of work carried out by the states of the federation. We identified a total of 321 species of wild vertebrates mentioned in the categories involving the consumption of bushmeat. We had a greater bird species richness mentioned for consumption (170) to the detriment of mammals (107), reptiles (40) and amphibians (4). Furthermore, in the articles involving the bushmeat trade categories we had 57 species of vertebrates mentioned, with mammals being the most representative in terms of species richness (29), to the detriment of birds (20) and reptiles (8). These data reinforce that birds and mammals have been the groups most used both for consumption and trade in bushmeat in the country's regions, and it is necessary to mitigate the hunting exploitation of these groups. We recorded that socioeconomic, biological, environmental and sociocultural factors were the most cited predictors of the consumption and trade of bushmeat in the articles. We identified that the bushmeat trade chain is dynamic and ramified, made up of several actors, including specialized and diversified hunters, intermediaries, market sellers, market vendors, restaurant owners and final customers. Public markets and open-air fairs were the most cited places for buying and selling wild meat in commerce. CONCLUSIONS In general, our results indicate that we have made significant advances in publications on the consumption and trade of bushmeat in Brazil over the last few years. However, we highlight the need to better understand the patterns of consumption and trade of bushmeat in different regions of the country, as well as the factors associated with the dynamics of the trade chain and uses of wildlife by local communities. We emphasized that a multidimensional understanding of hunting activities is important to face socio-ecological problems and improve the conservation of target species which have continually been explored for uses by populations in different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Aragão Silva
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil.
| | | | - Felipe Silva Ferreira
- Graduated Program in Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Vale de São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, PE, CEP: 56304-917, Brazil
| | - André Bastos da Silva
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
- State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Coelho Neto, MA, CEP: 65620-000, Brazil
| | - Wedson Medeiros Silva Souto
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
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Rural–urban mobility influences wildmeat access and consumption in the Brazilian Amazon. ORYX 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605321001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Research demonstrates substantial urban consumption of wildmeat and the existence of trade networks in the Brazilian Amazon. Yet rural–urban mobility persists in this urbanized region, with the circulation of people, goods and ideas, blurring boundaries between rural and urban lives. Here we examined the relationships between rural–urban mobility and wildmeat access in highly forested areas of central Brazilian Amazonia. We surveyed 798 urban households in four towns and 311 rural households in 63 riverine communities. Rural–urban mobility was common amongst urban households: 49.7% maintained rural livelihoods and 57.3% were headed by rural in-migrants. Although many urban consumers purchased wildmeat, gifting was equally important. Urban households with greater rural–urban mobility consumed more wildmeat and were less likely to purchase it. Buying wildmeat was rare in rural areas but emergent in larger rural communities. Rural consumption was greater in remote areas, non-floodplain communities and during the high-water season. Urban populations placed particular pressure on three preferred species: the lowland paca Cuniculus paca, tapir Tapirus terrestris and white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari. Rural consumption was more diverse, and per-capita wildmeat consumption was four times greater in rural than urban households (21 vs 5 kg/person/year). Total estimated annual wildmeat consumption was 3,732 t across 43 riverine urban centres compared to 11,351 t in surrounding rural areas. Because of poverty in these towns and socially mediated wildmeat acquisition, it is debatable whether urban consumers should or could be denied access to wildmeat. Nonetheless, the probable future increase in urban demand and related risks to sustainable, equitable resource use necessitate the monitoring and management of rural–urban wildmeat flows.
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Wit LA, Fisher B, Naidoo R, Ricketts TH. Economic incentives for the wildlife trade and costs of epidemics compared across individual, national, and global scales. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. Wit
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Bat Conservation International Austin Texas USA
| | - Brendan Fisher
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Environmental Program Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Robin Naidoo
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- World Wildlife Fund Washington, DC USA
- Institute for Resources Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Taylor H. Ricketts
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
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Abstract
Consuming wildmeat may protect against iron-deficiency anemia, a serious public health problem globally. Contributing to debates on the linkages between wildmeat and the health of forest-proximate people, we investigate whether wildmeat consumption is associated with hemoglobin concentration in rural and urban children (< 5 years old) in central Brazilian Amazonia. Because dietary practices mediate the potential nutritional benefits of wildmeat, we also examined whether its introduction into children's diets is influenced by rural/urban location or household socio-economic characteristics. Sampling 610 children, we found that wildmeat consumption is associated with higher hemoglobin concentration among the rural children most vulnerable to poverty, but not in the least vulnerable rural, or urban children. Rural caregivers share wildmeat with children earlier-in-life than urban caregivers, potentially because of cultural differences, lower access to domesticated meat, and higher wildmeat consumption by rural households (four times the urban average). If wildmeat becomes unavailable through stricter regulations or over-harvesting, we predict a ~ 10% increased prevalence of anemia among extremely poor rural children. This modest protective effect indicates that ensuring wildmeat access is, alone, insufficient to control anemia. Sustainable wildlife management could enhance the nutritional benefits of wildlife for vulnerable Amazonians, but reducing multidimensional poverty and improving access to quality healthcare are paramount.
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Physical geography trumps legal protection in driving the perceived sustainability of game hunting in Amazonian local communities. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Commerçon FA, Zhang M, Solomon JN. Social norms shape wild bird hunting: A case study from southwest China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Chaves WA, Valle D, Tavares AS, von Mühlen EM, Wilcove DS. Investigating illegal activities that affect biodiversity: the case of wildlife consumption in the Brazilian Amazon. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02402. [PMID: 34233059 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The illegal use of natural resources, manifested in activities like illegal logging, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade, poses a global threat to biodiversity. Addressing them will require an understanding of the magnitude of and factors influencing these activities. However, assessing such behaviors is challenging because of their illegal nature, making participants less willing to admit engaging in them. We compared how indirect (randomized response technique) and direct questioning techniques performed when assessing non-sensitive (fish consumption, used as negative control) and sensitive (illegal consumption of wild animals) behaviors across an urban gradient (small towns, large towns, and the large city of Manaus) in the Brazilian Amazon. We conducted 1,366 surveys of randomly selected households to assess the magnitude of consumption of meat from wild animals (i.e., wild meat) and its socioeconomic drivers, which included years the head of household lived in urban areas, age of the head of household, household size, presence of children, and poverty. The indirect method revealed higher rates of wildlife consumption in larger towns than did the direct method. Results for small towns were similar between the two methods. The indirect method also revealed socioeconomic factors influencing wild meat consumption that were not detected with direct methods. For instance, the indirect method showed that wild meat consumption increased with age of the head of household, and decreased with poverty and years the head of household lived in urban areas. Simultaneously, when responding to direct questioning, households with characteristics associated with higher wild meat consumption, as estimated from indirect questioning, tended to underreport consumption to a larger degree than households with lower wild meat consumption. Results for fish consumption, used as negative control, were similar for both methods. Our findings suggest that people edit their answers to varying degrees when responding to direct questioning, potentially biasing conclusions, and indirect methods can improve researchers' ability to identify patterns of illegal activities when the sensitivity of such activities varies across spatial (e.g., urban gradient) or social (e.g., as a function of age) contexts. This work is broadly applicable to other geographical regions and disciplines that deal with sensitive human behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willandia A Chaves
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Robertson Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas das Cidades da Amazônia Brasileira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Campus Universitário/Setor Norte/ICHL/NEPECAB, Manaus, AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, McCarty Hall C, Gainesville, Florida, 32011, USA
| | - Aline S Tavares
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas das Cidades da Amazônia Brasileira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Campus Universitário/Setor Norte/ICHL/NEPECAB, Manaus, AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M von Mühlen
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - David S Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Robertson Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
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Chaves WA, Valle D, Tavares AS, Morcatty TQ, Wilcove DS. Impacts of rural to urban migration, urbanization, and generational change on consumption of wild animals in the Amazon. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1186-1197. [PMID: 33124717 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time in history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas. This trend is likely to continue, driven largely by rural-to-urban migration. We investigated how rural-to-urban migration, urbanization, and generational change affect the consumption of wild animals. We used chelonian (tortoises and freshwater turtles), one of the most hunted taxa in the Amazon, as a model. We surveyed 1356 households and 2776 school children across 10 urban areas of the Brazilian Amazon (6 small towns, 3 large towns, and Manaus, the largest city in the Amazon Basin) with a randomized response technique and anonymous questionnaires. Urban demand for wild meat (i.e., meat from wild animals) was alarmingly high. Approximately 1.7 million turtles and tortoises were consumed in urban areas of Amazonas during 2018. Consumption rates declined as size of the urban area increased and were greater for adults than children. Furthermore, the longer rural-to-urban migrants lived in urban areas, the lower their consumption rates. These results suggest that wild meat consumption is a rural-related tradition that decreases as urbanization increases and over time after people move to urban areas. However, it is unclear whether the observed decline will be fast enough to conserve hunted species, or whether children's consumption rate will remain the same as they become adults. Thus, conservation actions in urban areas are still needed. Current conservation efforts in the Amazon do not address urban demand for wildlife and may be insufficient to ensure the survival of traded species in the face of urbanization and human population growth. Our results suggest that conservation interventions must target the urban demand for wildlife, especially by focusing on young people and recent rural to urban migrants. Article impact statement: Amazon urbanite consumption of wildlife is high but decreases with urbanization, over time for rural to urban migrants, and between generations. Impactos de la Migración del Campo a la Ciudad, la Urbanización y del Cambio Generacional sobre el Consumo de Animales Silvestres en el Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willandia A Chaves
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Cheatham Hall, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas das Cidades da Amazônia Brasileira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus AM. Campus Universitário, Setor Norte, ICHL, NEPECAB, Manaus, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, 32011, U.S.A
| | - Aline S Tavares
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas das Cidades da Amazônia Brasileira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus AM. Campus Universitário, Setor Norte, ICHL, NEPECAB, Manaus, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX30BP, U.K
- RedeFauna - Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da fauna da Amazônia, Brazil
| | - David S Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
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Аrtemieva Е. Urban mammal fauna under conditions of a large city (on the example of Ulyanovsk, Middle Volga Region). THERIOLOGIA UKRAINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/tu2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the topographic features of the spatial pattern of biodiversity of the urban fauna in general in the city are revealed: the number of urban fauna species has a maximum in the southern part of the city and a minimum in the western part. The mammal fauna as a component of urban fauna in general exhibits greater plasticity and adaptability in relation to humans compared to other groups of biota, for example, the insect fauna and avifauna. The urban mammal fauna in Ulyanovsk has historically formed due to the penetration of representatives of various faunal complexes that inhabit the region into the city area and its vicinities: (1) floodplain species associated with the river Sviyaga and its tributaries, 36.17%; (2) forest species living in pine-deciduous, deciduous-pine, and taiga forests, 46.81%; (3) upland-steppe species associated with Cretaceous landscapes of the right bank, 6.38%; (4) steppe species, including mammals of the left bank, common for the native feather grass–fescue steppes, 6.38%. Some animal species have remained in the city and in the region due to their spread by humans—introduced species and species kept in fur farms (10.64%). Synanthropic species are associated with human settlements (4.26%). The occurrence of species in different zones of the city (right bank and left bank) and habitats with an increase in the level of urbanization and a decrease in species diversity (1–5) are as follows: (1) green zones—parks and squares with woody vegetation, 31 species; (2) floodplain of the river Sviyaga within the city, 24 species; (3) summer cottages within the city, 15 species; (4) private sector with one-storey buildings, 5 species; (5) multi-storey buildings, 4 species. In general, in an urban environment, mammal species that coexist with humans make up 66.19 % of the total number of mammal species in the region. At the same time, the number of rare mammal species listed in the regional Red Book is 12.68%. Thus, when conservation measures for the protection of animal habitats within the urban environment are observed, most species are able to maintain stable populations.
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Lemos LP, Loureiro LF, Morcatty TQ, Fa JE, de Vasconcelos Neto CFA, de Souza Jesus A, da Silva VC, de Oliveira Ramalho ML, de Matos Mendes A, Valsecchi J, El Bizri HR. Social Correlates of and Reasons for Primate Meat Consumption in Central Amazonia. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Rizzolo JB. Wildlife Farms, Stigma and Harm. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1783. [PMID: 33019634 PMCID: PMC7601737 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife farming, the commercial breeding and legal sale of non-domesticated species, is an increasingly prevalent, persistently controversial, and understudied conservation practice. The adoption or rejection of wildlife farms is a complex process that incorporates numerous ethical considerations: conservation, livelihoods, animal welfare, and cultural practices. This paper uses qualitative interview data with key informants (academics) to analyze (a) the harms and benefits of wildlife farms and (b) the factors that influence whether wildlife farms are stigmatized or accepted. In evaluations of wildlife farming's harms and benefits, respondents incorporated multiple considerations: animal welfare, environmental impacts, scale disparities between sustenance and commercial farms, consumer preferences, species differences, the substitutability and accessibility of wildlife products, and governance. The results further indicated that the stigmatization or acceptance of wildlife farms is affected by the "wildlife farm" label, if there is a stigma around use of a species, a form of production, or the perceived quality of a wildlife product, cultural differences in wildlife use, wildlife consumer typology, geopolitical factors, and demand reduction efforts. This paper analyzes the complexities of wildlife farming such that stakeholders can understand the impacts of this practice on species, human communities, individual animals, and the legal and illegal wildlife trades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bell Rizzolo
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ingram
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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El Bizri HR, Morcatty TQ, Valsecchi J, Mayor P, Ribeiro JES, Vasconcelos Neto CFA, Oliveira JS, Furtado KM, Ferreira UC, Miranda CFS, Silva CH, Lopes VL, Lopes GP, Florindo CCF, Chagas RC, Nijman V, Fa JE. Urban wild meat consumption and trade in central Amazonia. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:438-448. [PMID: 31538670 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The switch from hunting wild meat for home consumption to supplying more lucrative city markets in Amazonia can adversely affect some game species. Despite this, information on the amounts of wild meat eaten in Amazonian cities is still limited. We estimated wild meat consumption rates in 5 cities in the State of Amazonas in Brazil through 1046 door-to-door household interviews conducted from 2004 to 2012. With these data, we modeled the relationship between wild meat use and a selection of socioeconomic indices. We then scaled up our model to determine the amounts of wild meat likely to be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers in central Amazonia. A total of 80.3% of all interviewees reported consuming wild meat during an average of 29.3 (CI 11.6) days per year. Most wild meat was reported as bought in local markets (80.1%) or hunted by a family member (14.9%). Twenty-one taxa were cited as consumed, mostly mammals (71.6%), followed by reptiles (23.2%) and then birds (5.2%). The declared frequency of wild meat consumption was positively correlated with the proportion of rural population as well as with the per capita gross domestic product of the municipality (administrative divisions) where the cities were seated. We estimated that as much as 10,691 t of wild meat might be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers within central Amazonia, the equivalent of 6.49 kg per person per year. In monetary terms, this amounts to US$21.72 per person per year or US$35.1 million overall, the latter figure is comparable to fish and timber production in the region. Given this magnitude of wild meat trade in central Amazonia, it is fundamental to integrate this activity into the formal economy and actively develop policies that allow the trade of more resilient taxa and restrict trade in species sensitive to hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani R El Bizri
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, U.K
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru
- RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Thaís Q Morcatty
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - João Valsecchi
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru
- RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mayor
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- FUNDAMAZONIA, Malecón Tarapacá, n°332, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Jéssica E S Ribeiro
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica S Oliveira
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Keilla M Furtado
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Urânia C Ferreira
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Carlos F S Miranda
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Ciclene H Silva
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Valdinei L Lopes
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Gerson P Lopes
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Caio C F Florindo
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
- Departamento de Físico-química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Romerson C Chagas
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - John E Fa
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, U.K
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia
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16
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Somaweera R, Nifong J, Rosenblatt A, Brien ML, Combrink X, Elsey RM, Grigg G, Magnusson WE, Mazzotti FJ, Pearcy A, Platt SG, Shirley MH, Tellez M, Ploeg J, Webb G, Whitaker R, Webber BL. The ecological importance of crocodylians: towards evidence‐based justification for their conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:936-959. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Somaweera
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Floreat WA 6014 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - James Nifong
- IFAS‐Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, University of Florida Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA
| | - Adam Rosenblatt
- University of North Florida 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Mathew L. Brien
- Queensland Parks and WildlifeDepartment of Environment and Science Cairns QLD 4870 Australia
| | - Xander Combrink
- Department of Nature ConservationTshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Ruth M. Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Grand Chenier LA 70643 USA
| | - Gordon Grigg
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional da Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus 69067 Brazil
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationEverglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32603 USA
| | - Ashley Pearcy
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BioScienceAarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Steven G. Platt
- Wildlife Conservation Society ‐ Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar
| | - Matthew H. Shirley
- Tropical Conservation InstituteFlorida International University Miami FL 33181 USA
| | | | - Jan Ploeg
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Grahame Webb
- Wildlife Management International Karama NT 0812 Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT 0810 Australia
| | - Rom Whitaker
- The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust & Centre for Herpetology Mahabalipuram 603104 India
| | - Bruce L. Webber
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Floreat WA 6014 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Western Australian Biodiversity Science Institute Perth WA 6000 Australia
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17
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Januchowski‐Hartley FA, Vigliola L, Maire E, Kulbicki M, Mouillot D. Low fuel cost and rising fish price threaten coral reef wilderness. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Januchowski‐Hartley
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- UMR 9220 ENTROPIEInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centré IRD de Nouméa Nouméa New Caledonia
- Department of Biosciences, College of ScienceSwansea University Abertawe UK
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- UMR 9220 ENTROPIEInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centré IRD de Nouméa Nouméa New Caledonia
| | - Eva Maire
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- UMR 9920 ENTROPIE, Laboratoire Excellence LABEX CorailInstitut de recherche pour le développement Perpignan France
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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18
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Van Vliet N, Muhindo J, Nyumu JK, Nasi R. From the Forest to the Dish: A Comprehensive Study of the Wildmeat Value Chain in Yangambi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Ponta N, Cornioley T, Dray A, van Vliet N, Waeber PO, Garcia CA. Hunting in Times of Change: Uncovering Indigenous Strategies in the Colombian Amazon Using a Role-Playing Game. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Velho N, DeFries RS, Tolonen A, Srinivasan U, Patil A. Aligning conservation efforts with resource use around protected areas. AMBIO 2019; 48:160-171. [PMID: 29949080 PMCID: PMC6346598 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A large number of economically disadvantaged people live around protected areas. Conservation efforts that focus on poverty alleviation, work on the premise that an increase in household wealth decreases use of forest resources. We surveyed 1222 households across four tiger reserves to test the paradigm that an increase in assets leads to reduced forest use and we also assess the effects of other socio-economic factors. We find that increase in assets may reduce Non-timber Forest Product (NTFP) collection, but may not necessarily reduce livestock numbers or use of wood as a cooking fuel. Households that faced more economic setbacks were more likely to state that they wanted more livestock in the future. Education is positively associated with choosing Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a cooking fuel in the future. We find site and resource-specific variation. Fifty percent of all households (range across sites: 6-98) want to collect NTFP while 91% (range: 87-96) want to retain or own more livestock over the next 5-10 years. Understanding current and future resource use will help plan context-specific conservation efforts that are better aligned with reducing specific pressures around protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Velho
- Earth Institute Fellow & Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, Schermerhorn Extension, 10th Floor, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Ruth S DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anja Tolonen
- Barnard College & Center for Development Economics and Policy, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Umesh Srinivasan
- Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, 405 A Robertson Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Aditi Patil
- , Shukan Sky Apartments, Kudasan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382421, India
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21
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dos Santos Soares VM, de Lucena Soares HK, da Silva Santos S, de Lucena RFP. Local knowledge, use, and conservation of wild birds in the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2018; 14:77. [PMID: 30514340 PMCID: PMC6280514 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-018-0276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of wild birds, for several purposes, is directly associated with cultural, ecological, and conservation issues. This study aimed to inventory the wild birds known and used in three communities in Paraíba state, northeast Brazil, and to investigate the sociocultural context in which these activities occur. METHODS A total of 179 people (98 women and 81 men) were interviewed. Data were collected through free interviews, using semi-structured forms, and posing questions about the use of local wild birds. The species were identified by direct observation of the birds, analysis of photographic records, and the use of a scientific guide. RESULTS Each species' use value (UV) was calculated in three different ways: UVgeneral, UVcurrent, and UVpotential. These UVs ranged from 0.01 to 1.15 for UVg, 0 to 0.21 for UVc, and 0.01 to 1.02 for UVp. A total of 99 species, 81 genera, and 40 families were recorded and classified into the use categories of food, breeding, and medicinal. Thraupidae (12 species), Columbidae, Accipitridae, and Icteridae (8 species each) were the most diverse families. CONCLUSIONS The use of wild birds is a widespread activity in the studied areas, where many species are used. This demonstrates the need to conduct studies to assess the pressure suffered by these bird species, as well as the need to create public policies that intervene in the use and conservation of wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moura dos Santos Soares
- Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Ciências Ambientais, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba CEP: 58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Hyago Keslley de Lucena Soares
- Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Ciências Ambientais, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba CEP: 58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Suellen da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Ciências Ambientais, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba CEP: 58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena
- Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Ciências Ambientais, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba CEP: 58.051-900 Brazil
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22
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van Vliet N. “Bushmeat Crisis” and “Cultural Imperialism” in Wildlife Management? Taking Value Orientations Into Account for a More Sustainable and Culturally Acceptable Wildmeat Sector. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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23
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Norris D, Michalski F, Gibbs JP. Community involvement works where enforcement fails: conservation success through community-based management of Amazon river turtle nests. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4856. [PMID: 29868271 PMCID: PMC5985759 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement is widely regarded as a cornerstone to effective natural resource management. Practical guidelines for the optimal use of enforcement measures are lacking particularly in areas protected under sustainable and/or mixed use management regimes and where legal institution are weak. Focusing on the yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) along 33 km of river that runs between two sustainable–use reserves in the Brazilian Amazon as an illustrative example, we show that two years of patrols to enforce lawful protection regulations had no effect on nest harvesting. In contrast, during one year when community-based management approaches were enacted harvest levels dropped nearly threefold to a rate (26%) that is likely sufficient for river turtle population recovery. Our findings support previous studies that show how community participation, if appropriately implemented, can facilitate effective natural resource management where law enforcement is limited or ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Norris
- School of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Programme in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Michalski
- Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Programme in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James P Gibbs
- Department of Forest and Environmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY, United States of America
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24
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Wallen KE, Daut E. The challenge and opportunity of behaviour change methods and frameworks to reduce demand for illegal wildlife. NATURE CONSERVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.26.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation is contingent upon managing human behaviour and, at times, changing behaviour. This is particularly relevant to the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products, both flora and fauna. Driven by dynamics of consumer demand and illicit supply, mitigation of illegal trade requires a fuller appreciation of human behaviour and methods to change it. In various sectors, social influence, behavioural insights, social marketing and human-centred approaches trend towards mainstream practice and policy application. However, in the context of conservation and wildlife trafficking, these approaches and their usefulness are not well-articulated nor application widespread. Here, we provide a practical overview of relevant behaviour change methods and frameworks. We discuss their usefulness and potential application to mitigating the illegal wildlife trade, in general and consumer demand, in particular.
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25
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Chaves WA, Valle DR, Monroe MC, Wilkie DS, Sieving KE, Sadowsky B. Changing Wild Meat Consumption: An Experiment in the Central Amazon, Brazil. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Willandia A. Chaves
- School of Natural Resources and Environment; University of Florida; FL USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Instituto Piagaçu; AM Brazil
| | - Denis R. Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Martha C. Monroe
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - David S. Wilkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Sieving
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Brooke Sadowsky
- Rare; VA USA
- brooke's2cents; P.O. Box 2811 Poughkeepsie NY 12603 USA
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26
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Tregidgo DJ, Barlow J, Pompeu PS, de Almeida Rocha M, Parry L. Rainforest metropolis casts 1,000-km defaunation shadow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8655-8659. [PMID: 28739913 PMCID: PMC5558991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical rainforest regions are urbanizing rapidly, yet the role of emerging metropolises in driving wildlife overharvesting in forests and inland waters is unknown. We present evidence of a large defaunation shadow around a rainforest metropolis. Using interviews with 392 rural fishers, we show that fishing has severely depleted a large-bodied keystone fish species, tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), with an impact extending over 1,000 km from the rainforest city of Manaus (population 2.1 million). There was strong evidence of defaunation within this area, including a 50% reduction in body size and catch rate (catch per unit effort). Our findings link these declines to city-based boats that provide rural fishers with reliable access to fish buyers and ice and likely impact rural fisher livelihoods and flooded forest biodiversity. This empirical evidence that urban markets can defaunate deep into rainforest wilderness has implications for other urbanizing socioecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tregidgo
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom;
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mayana de Almeida Rocha
- Departamento de Comunicação Social, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Luke Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
- Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, PA 66075-750, Brazil
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27
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Carignano Torres P, Morsello C, Parry L, Pardini R. Who Cares about Forests and Why? Individual Values Attributed to Forests in a Post-Frontier Region in Amazonia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167691. [PMID: 27942038 PMCID: PMC5152861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the multiple ways people value forests is important, as individual values regarding nature have been shown to partly determine willingness to participate in conservation initiatives. As individual values are influenced by past experiences, the way people value forests may be related to the ecosystem services they use and receive. We here aim to investigate if people value forests because of material and non-material benefits forest provide (material and non-material values), and if these values are defined by previous experiences associated with using forest resources and having frequent contact with forests. By interviewing 363 residents across 20 landscapes varying in forest cover in a post-frontier region in Amazonia, we evaluated: (1) if the use of forest resources-especially bushmeat, important for sustenance and cash income in virtually all tropical forests-is associated with attributing higher material value to forests; (2) whether the contact with forest (estimated by local forest cover and visits to forests) is associated with attributing higher non-material value to forests. As expected, respondents from households where hunting occurs and bushmeat consumption is more frequent attributed higher material value to forests, and those living in more deforested landscapes and that visited forests less often attributed lower non-material value to forests. The importance of bushmeat in shaping the way people value forests suggests that encouraging the sustainable use of this product will encourage forest conservation. Results also point to a potential dangerous reinforcing cycle: low forest cover and the loss of contact with forests may erode forest values and facilitate further deforestation. Engaging rural communities in forest conservation initiatives is challenging yet urgent in degraded landscapes, although harnessing appreciation for bushmeat could offer a starting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carignano Torres
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Morsello
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luke Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos (NAEA), Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Oda FH, Borteiro C, da Graça RJ, Tavares LER, Crampet A, Guerra V, Lima FS, Bellay S, Karling LC, Castro O, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Parasitism by larval tapeworms genus Spirometra in South American amphibians and reptiles: new records from Brazil and Uruguay, and a review of current knowledge in the region. Acta Trop 2016; 164:150-164. [PMID: 27613585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spargana are plerocercoid larvae of cestode tapeworms of the genus Spirometra, Family Diphyllobothriidae, parasitic to frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. This parasitic disease in humans can be transmitted through the use and consumption of amphibians and reptiles. The available knowledge about Spirometra in South America is scarce, and there are only a few reports on the occurrence of sparganum in amphibians and reptiles, many of them published in old papers not easily available to researchers. In this work we present a review on this topic, provide new records in two species of amphibians and 7 species of reptiles from Brazil and Uruguay respectively. We also summarize current knowledge of Spirometra in the continent, along with an updated of host taxonomy. We could gather from the literature a total of 15 studies about amphibian and reptile hosts, published between 1850 and 2016, corresponding to 43 case reports, mostly from Brazil (29) and Uruguay (8), Argentina (3), Peru (2), and Venezuela (1); the majority of them related to reptiles (five lizards and 26 snake species), and 14 corresponded to amphibians (9 anurans). Plerocercoid larvae were located in different organs of the hosts, such as subcutaneous tissue, coelomic cavity, peritoneum, and musculature. The importance of amphibians and reptiles in the transmission of the disease to humans in South America is discussed. Relevant issues to be studied in the near future are the taxonomic characterization of Spirometra in the region and the biological risk of reptile meat for aboriginal and other rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício H Oda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Centro Universitário Cesumar - UniCesumar, Avenida Guedner 1610, Jardim Aclimação, CEP 87050-390, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Borteiro
- Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de mayo 582, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rodrigo J da Graça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Eduardo R Tavares
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Alejandro Crampet
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Vinicius Guerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Flávia S Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sybelle Bellay
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Letícia C Karling
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04, s/n Comunidade de São Cristóvão, CEP 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Castro
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ricardo M Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto C Pavanelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Centro Universitário Cesumar - UniCesumar, Avenida Guedner 1610, Jardim Aclimação, CEP 87050-390, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Abstract
AbstractThe bushmeat trade in ecosystems in South America other than those within the Amazon basin is presumed to be insignificant, as alternative sources of protein (e.g. beef, chicken, fish) are considered to be more readily available in non-moist forests. However, studies and confiscation reports from countries such as Colombia suggest that bushmeat is consumed in a variety of ecosystems, although the nature of market chains, particularly in urban areas, is still unknown. We studied the urban bushmeat trade in markets in the five main ecoregions in Colombia. We recorded a total of 85 species, the most frequently traded being the paca Cuniculus paca, red brocket deer Mazama americana, grey brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira, capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, armadillo Dasypus spp. and black agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Most sales of wild meat occur through clandestine channels and involve a limited number of stakeholders. Bushmeat is a luxury product in urban areas of the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Andean regions. Further work is needed to quantify and monitor the volumes of bushmeat traded, comprehend motivations, explore ways of reducing threats, and engage with stakeholders to organize legal and sustainable use of bushmeat.
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30
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Castello L, Macedo MN. Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:990-1007. [PMID: 26700407 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrological connectivity regulates the structure and function of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems and the provisioning of services that sustain local populations. This connectivity is increasingly being disrupted by the construction of dams, mining, land-cover changes, and global climate change. This review analyzes these drivers of degradation, evaluates their impacts on hydrological connectivity, and identifies policy deficiencies that hinder freshwater ecosystem protection. There are 154 large hydroelectric dams in operation today, and 21 dams under construction. The current trajectory of dam construction will leave only three free-flowing tributaries in the next few decades if all 277 planned dams are completed. Land-cover changes driven by mining, dam and road construction, agriculture and cattle ranching have already affected ~20% of the Basin and up to ~50% of riparian forests in some regions. Global climate change will likely exacerbate these impacts by creating warmer and dryer conditions, with less predictable rainfall and more extreme events (e.g., droughts and floods). The resulting hydrological alterations are rapidly degrading freshwater ecosystems, both independently and via complex feedbacks and synergistic interactions. The ecosystem impacts include biodiversity loss, warmer stream temperatures, stronger and more frequent floodplain fires, and changes to biogeochemical cycles, transport of organic and inorganic materials, and freshwater community structure and function. The impacts also include reductions in water quality, fish yields, and availability of water for navigation, power generation, and human use. This degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems cannot be curbed presently because existing policies are inconsistent across the Basin, ignore cumulative effects, and overlook the hydrological connectivity of freshwater ecosystems. Maintaining the integrity of these freshwater ecosystems requires a basinwide research and policy framework to understand and manage hydrological connectivity across multiple spatial scales and jurisdictional boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castello
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Rd., Falmouth, MA 02540, United States
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SHIN CA 5, Bloco J2, Sala 309, , Bairro-Lago Norte, Brasília-DF 71503-505, Brazil
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31
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Expert elicitation as a method for exploring illegal harvest and trade of wild meat over large spatial scales. ORYX 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605315001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNew evidence of commercialization and consumption of wild meat in Amazonian cities has exposed an alarming yet poorly understood threat to Neotropical biodiversity. In response to the limitations of field sampling for large-scale surveys, we sought to develop a method of rapidly assessing wildlife harvest and trade in multiple areas using expert knowledge. Using caiman as a model taxon, we surveyed experts across the Brazilian Amazon. Expert responses to a Likert-style questionnaire suggest that caiman hunting, generally considered a localized rural activity, is in fact common and geographically widespread. Contrary to previous assumptions we found evidence that urban demand is partly driving the harvest, including via interstate trafficking. We highlight the need for further field validation of wild-meat trade and urban consumption patterns in Amazonia. We conclude that expert elicitation is a simple, cost-effective technique that can be a valuable precursor to inform and direct applied conservation research, especially where there are significant knowledge gaps and at large spatial scales.
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32
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Cawthorn DM, Hoffman LC. The bushmeat and food security nexus: A global account of the contributions, conundrums and ethical collisions. Food Res Int 2015. [PMCID: PMC7126303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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