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Xiong X, Gao C, Meng X, Liu A, Gong X, Sun Y. Research progress in stem cell therapy for Wilson disease. Regen Ther 2024; 27:73-82. [PMID: 38525238 PMCID: PMC10959646 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD), also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disorganized copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Currently, the main treatment options for WD involve medications such as d-penicillamine, trientine hydrochloride, zinc acetate, and liver transplantation. However, there are challenges that encompass issues of poor compliance, adverse effects, and limited availability of liver sources that persist. Stem cell therapy for WD is currently a promising area of research. Due to the advancement in stem cell directed differentiation technology in vitro and the availability of sufficient stem cell donors, it is expected to be a potential treatment option for the permanent correction of abnormal copper metabolism. This article discusses the research progress of stem cell therapy for WD from various sources, as well as the challenges and future prospects of the clinical application of stem cell therapy for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlang Xiong
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Aihui Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, 410008, China
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2
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Wu S, Ouyang Y, Hu Y, Jiang L, Fu C, Lei L, Zhang Y, Guo H, Huang J, Chen J, Zeng Q. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor mediates skin aging via CD74: Insights from single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110199. [PMID: 38565329 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is crucial for regulating signaling and cellular function. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes remain poorly understood in skin aging. Based on single-cell and bulk RNA data, we explored the role of cell-cell ligand-receptor interaction in skin aging. We found that the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/CD74 ligand-receptor complex was significantly upregulatedin aged skin, showing the predominant paracrine effect of keratinocytes on fibroblasts. Enrichment analysis and in vitro experiment revealed a close association of the activation of the MIF/CD74 with inflammatory pathways and immune response. Mechanistically, MIF/CD74 could significantly inhibit PPARγ protein, which thus significantly increased the degree of fibroblast senescence, and significantly up-regulated the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors and FOS gene. Therefore, our study reveals that MIF/CD74 inhibits the activation of the PPAR signaling pathway, subsequently inducing the production of SASP factors and the upregulation of FOS expression, ultimately accelerating fibroblast senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjiang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yujie Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Department of Dermatology, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
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Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. The hope, hype and obstacles surrounding cell therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18359. [PMID: 38770886 PMCID: PMC11107145 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy offers hope, but it also presents challenges, most particularly the limited ability of human organs and tissues to regenerate. Since many diseases are associated with irreversible pathophysiological or traumatic changes, stem cells and their derivatives are unable to secure healing. Although regenerative medicine offers chances for improvements in many diseases, such as type one diabetes and Parkinson's disease, it cannot eliminate the primary cause of many of them. While successes can be expected for diseases such as sickle cell disease, this is not the case for hereditary diseases with varied mutation types or for ciliopathies, which start in embryogenesis. In this complicated medical environment, synthetic biology offers some solutions, but their implementation will take many years. Still, positive examples such as CAR-T therapy offer hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | | | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
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4
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Choi J, Cayabyab F, Perez H, Yoshihara E. Scaling Insulin-Producing Cells by Multiple Strategies. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:191-205. [PMID: 38572534 PMCID: PMC11066437 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to combat insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), allogenic pancreatic islet cell therapy sourced from deceased donors represents a significant therapeutic advance. However, the applicability of this approach is hampered by donor scarcity and the demand for sustained immunosuppression. Human induced pluripotent stem cells are a game-changing resource for generating synthetic functional insulin-producing β cells. In addition, novel methodologies allow the direct expansion of pancreatic progenitors and mature β cells, thereby circumventing prolonged differentiation. Nevertheless, achieving practical reproducibility and scalability presents a substantial challenge for this technology. As these innovative approaches become more prominent, it is crucial to thoroughly evaluate existing expansion techniques with an emphasis on their optimization and scalability. This manuscript delineates these cutting-edge advancements, offers a critical analysis of the prevailing strategies, and underscores pivotal challenges, including cost-efficiency and logistical issues. Our insights provide a roadmap, elucidating both the promises and the imperatives in harnessing the potential of these cellular therapies for IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Choi
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Harvey Perez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Harding J, Vintersten-Nagy K, Yang H, Tang JK, Shutova M, Jong ED, Lee JH, Massumi M, Oussenko T, Izadifar Z, Zhang P, Rogers IM, Wheeler MB, Lye SJ, Sung HK, Li C, Izadifar M, Nagy A. Immune-privileged tissues formed from immunologically cloaked mouse embryonic stem cells survive long term in allogeneic hosts. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:427-442. [PMID: 37996616 PMCID: PMC11087263 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of transplanted allogeneic cells and tissues is a major hurdle to the advancement of cell therapies. Here we show that the overexpression of eight immunomodulatory transgenes (Pdl1, Cd200, Cd47, H2-M3, Fasl, Serpinb9, Ccl21 and Mfge8) in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is sufficient to immunologically 'cloak' the cells as well as tissues derived from them, allowing their survival for months in outbred and allogeneic inbred recipients. Overexpression of the human orthologues of these genes in human ESCs abolished the activation of allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their inflammatory responses. Moreover, by using the previously reported FailSafe transgene system, which transcriptionally links a gene essential for cell division with an inducible and cell-proliferation-dependent kill switch, we generated cloaked tissues from mESCs that served as immune-privileged subcutaneous sites that protected uncloaked allogeneic and xenogeneic cells from rejection in immune-competent hosts. The combination of cloaking and FailSafe technologies may allow for the generation of safe and allogeneically accepted cell lines and off-the-shelf cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Harding
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Vintersten-Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Kit Tang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Shutova
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric D Jong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatiana Oussenko
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Puzheng Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian M Rogers
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - ChengJin Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad Izadifar
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Wang J, Deng G, Wang S, Li S, Song P, Lin K, Xu X, He Z. Enhancing regenerative medicine: the crucial role of stem cell therapy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1269577. [PMID: 38389789 PMCID: PMC10881826 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1269577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells offer new therapeutic avenues for the repair and replacement of damaged tissues and organs owing to their self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capabilities. In this paper, we conduct a systematic review of the characteristics of various types of stem cells and offer insights into their potential applications in both cellular and cell-free therapies. In addition, we provide a comprehensive summary of the technical routes of stem cell therapy and discuss in detail current challenges, including safety issues and differentiation control. Although some issues remain, stem cell therapy demonstrates excellent potential in the field of regenerative medicine and provides novel tactics and methodologies for managing a wider spectrum of illnesses and traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuhong He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Abe K, Tsumaki N. Regeneration of joint surface defects by transplantation of allogeneic cartilage: application of iPS cell-derived cartilage and immunogenicity. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:56. [PMID: 37964383 PMCID: PMC10644611 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of its poor intrinsic repair capacity, articular cartilage seldom heals when damaged. MAIN BODY Regenerative treatment is expected for the treatment of articular cartilage damage, and allogeneic chondrocytes or cartilage have an advantage over autologous chondrocytes, which are limited in number. However, the presence or absence of an immune response has not been analyzed and remains controversial. Allogeneic-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cartilage, a new resource for cartilage regeneration, reportedly survived and integrated with native cartilage after transplantation into chondral defects in knee joints without immune rejection in a recent primate model. Here, we review and discuss the immunogenicity of chondrocytes and the efficacy of allogeneic cartilage transplantation, including iPSC-derived cartilage. SHORT CONCLUSION Allogeneic iPSC-derived cartilage transplantation, a new therapeutic option, could be a good indication for chondral defects, and the development of translational medical technology for articular cartilage damage is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Abe
- Department of Tissue Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Tissue Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Tissue Biochemistry, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Moy AB, Kamath A, Ternes S, Kamath J. The Challenges to Advancing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Dependent Cell Replacement Therapy. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:4784. [PMID: 38188933 PMCID: PMC10768945 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i11.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) represent a potentially exciting regenerative-medicine cell therapy for several chronic conditions such as macular degeneration, soft tissue and orthopedic conditions, cardiopulmonary disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic disorders. The field of iPSC therapeutics currently exists at an early stage of development. There are several important stakeholders that include academia, industry, regulatory agencies, financial institutions and patients who are committed to advance the field. Yet, unlike more established therapeutic modalities like small and large molecules, iPSC therapies pose significant unique challenges with respect to safety, potency, genetic stability, immunogenicity, tumorgenicity, cell reproducibility, scalability and engraftment. The aim of this review article is to highlight the unique technical challenges that need to be addressed before iPSC technology can be fully realized as a cell replacement therapy. Additionally, this manuscript offers some potential solutions and identifies areas of focus that should be considered in order for the iPSC field to achieve its promise. The scope of this article covers the following areas: (1) the impact of different iPSC reprogramming methods on immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; (2) the effect of genetic instability on cell reproducibility and differentiation; (3) the role of growth factors and post-translational modification on differentiation and cell scalability; (4) the potential use of gene editing in improving iPSC differentiation; (5) the advantages and disadvantages between autologous and allogeneic cell therapy; (6) the regulatory considerations in developing a viable and reproducible cell product; and (7) the impact of local tissue inflammation on cell engraftment and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B. Moy
- Cellular Engineering Technologies, Inc. Coralville, IA, 52241
- John Paul II Medical Research Institute, Coralville, IA 52241
| | - Anant Kamath
- Cellular Engineering Technologies, Inc. Coralville, IA, 52241
| | - Sara Ternes
- Cellular Engineering Technologies, Inc. Coralville, IA, 52241
| | - Jay Kamath
- John Paul II Medical Research Institute, Coralville, IA 52241
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Chang Y, Hummel SN, Jung J, Jin G, Deng Q, Bao X. Engineered hematopoietic and immune cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2023; 127:14-27. [PMID: 37611730 PMCID: PMC10615717 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past decade, significant advances have been achieved in human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation for treating various blood diseases and cancers. However, challenges remain with the quality control, amount, and cost of HSCs and HSC-derived immune cells. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) may transform HSC transplantation and cancer immunotherapy by providing a cost-effective and scalable cell source for fundamental studies and translational applications. In this review, we discuss the current developments in the field of stem cell engineering for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) differentiation and further differentiation of HSPCs into functional immune cells. The key advances in stem cell engineering include the generation of HSPCs from hPSCs, genetic modification of hPSCs, and hPSC-derived HSPCs for improved function, further differentiation of HPSCs into functional immune cells, and applications of cell culture platforms for hematopoietic cell manufacturing. Current challenges impeding the translation of hPSC-HSPCs and immune cells as well as further directions to address these challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sydney N Hummel
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Juhyung Jung
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Gyuhyung Jin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qing Deng
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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Tsai HH, Kao HJ, Kuo MW, Lin CH, Chang CM, Chen YY, Chen HH, Kwok PY, Yu AL, Yu J. Whole genomic analysis reveals atypical non-homologous off-target large structural variants induced by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5183. [PMID: 37626063 PMCID: PMC10457329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has promising therapeutic potential for genetic diseases and cancers, but safety could be a concern. Here we use whole genomic analysis by 10x linked-read sequencing and optical genome mapping to interrogate the genome integrity after editing and in comparison to four parental cell lines. In addition to the previously reported large structural variants at on-target sites, we identify heretofore unexpected large chromosomal deletions (91.2 and 136 Kb) at atypical non-homologous off-target sites without sequence similarity to the sgRNA in two edited lines. The observed large structural variants induced by CRISPR-Cas9 editing in dividing cells may result in pathogenic consequences and thus limit the usefulness of the CRISPR-Cas9 editing system for disease modeling and gene therapy. In this work, our whole genomic analysis may provide a valuable strategy to ensure genome integrity after genomic editing to minimize the risk of unintended effects in research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Jung Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Min Chang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Huei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Human Genetics, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Sung TC, Maitiruze K, Pan J, Gong J, Bai Y, Pan X, Higuchi A. Universal and hypoimmunogenic pluripotent stem cells for clinical usage. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:271-296. [PMID: 37678974 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to prepare and store large numbers of clinical trial grade human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells for off-the-shelf use in stem cell therapies. However, stem cell banks, which store off-the-shelf stem cells, need financial support and large amounts of technicians for daily cell maintenance. Therefore, it is valuable to create "universal" or "hypoimmunogenic" hPS cells with genome editing engineering by knocking in or out immune-related genes. Only a small number of universal or hypoimmunogenic hPS cell lines should be needed to store for off-the-shelf usage and reduce the large amounts of instruments, consumables and technicians. In this article, we consider how to create hypoimmunogenic or universal hPS cells as well as the demerits of the technology. β2-Microglobulin-knockout hPS cells did not harbor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-expressing class I cells but led to the activation of natural killer cells. To escape the activities of macrophages and natural killer cells, homozygous hPS cells having a single allele of an HLA class I gene, such as HLA-C, were proposed. Major HLA class Ia molecules were knocked out, and CD47, HLA-G and PD-L1 were knocked in hPS cells utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Finally, some researchers are trying to generate universal hPS cells without genome editing. The cells evaded the activation of not only T cells but also macrophages and natural killer cells. These universal hPS cells have high potential for application in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kailibinuer Maitiruze
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital Area, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital Area, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Akon Higuchi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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12
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Cell-based and stem-cell-based treatments for spinal cord injury: evidence from clinical trials. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:659-670. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Lee OH, Lee S, Park M, Moon S, Hwang S, Kim B, Kim CY, Lee DR, Shim SH, Park KH, Chung HM, Choi Y. Generation of a B2M homozygous knockout human somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived embryonic stem cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stem Cell Res 2022; 59:102643. [PMID: 34971932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (B2M) is a subunit of human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) heterodimer that mediates immune rejection through activation of cytotoxic T cells. B2M binding to HLA-I proteins is essential for functional HLA-I on the cell surface. Here, we generated a B2M homozygous knockout somatic cell nuclear transfer-induced embryonic stem cell (SCNT-ESC) line using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. B2M KO cell line, which does not express HLA-I molecules on cell surface, has pluripotency and differentiation ability to three germ layers. This cell line provides a useful cell source for investigating immunogenicity of allogeneic ESCs and their derivatives for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Park
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Moon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Hwang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Han Shim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Su T, Wang H, Yao Y. Novel nucleic acid aptamer gold (Au)-nanoparticles (AuNPs-AptHLA-G5-1 and AuNPs-AptHLA-G5-2) to detect the soluble human leukocyte antigen G5 subtype (HLA-G5) in liquid samples. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1416. [PMID: 34733968 PMCID: PMC8506699 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The human leukocyte antigen G5 subtype (HLA-G5) is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule that is selectively expressed at the maternal-foetal tissue interface and is required for the successful implantation of the in vitro fertilized embryo. It is critical to detect HLA-G5, especially HLA-G5 expression in embryo fluid, during in vitro embryo incubation and culture. However, the specificity and sensitivity of traditional ELISA methods to detect sHLA-G5 are insufficient. This work aimed to explore novel nucleic acid aptamer gold (Au)-nanoparticles to detect soluble HLA-G5 in liquid samples. Methods Soluble HLA-G5 was obtained using a prokaryotic expression system, and two novel aptamers (HLA-G5-Apt1 and HLA-G5-Apt2) detecting HLA-G5 were screened by the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) method. Small (10 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incubated with AptHLAs to form two novel nucleic acid aptamers: Au-nanoparticles (AuNPs-AptHLA-G5-1 and AuNPs-AptHLA-G5-2). Results The results showed that AptHLA-G5-1 and AptHLA-G5-2 have a high affinity for HLA-G5 and can detect its presence in liquid samples. Using the colorimetric sensing method, AuNPs-AptHLA-G1 had a detection limit as low as 20 ng/mL (recovery range between 98.7% to 102.0%), while AuNPs-AptHLA-G2 had a detection limit as low as 20 ng/mL (recovery range between 98.9% to 103.6%). Conclusions Our work demonstrates that novel AuNPs are efficient detectors for HLA-G5 and are useful for diagnosis and treatment in the field of obstetrics-gynaecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Reproductive Center, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Reproductive Center, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Reproductive Center, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Wszoła M, Nitarska D, Cywoniuk P, Gomółka M, Klak M. Stem Cells as a Source of Pancreatic Cells for Production of 3D Bioprinted Bionic Pancreas in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:1544. [PMID: 34207441 PMCID: PMC8234129 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the third most common autoimmune disease which develops due to genetic and environmental risk factors. Often, intensive insulin therapy is insufficient, and patients require a pancreas or pancreatic islets transplant. However, both solutions are associated with many possible complications, including graft rejection. The best approach seems to be a donor-independent T1D treatment strategy based on human stem cells cultured in vitro and differentiated into insulin and glucagon-producing cells (β and α cells, respectively). Both types of cells can then be incorporated into the bio-ink used for 3D printing of the bionic pancreas, which can be transplanted into T1D patients to restore glucose homeostasis. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about stem cells sources and their transformation into key pancreatic cells. Last, but not least, we comment on possible solutions of post-transplant immune response triggered stem cell-derived pancreatic cells and their potential control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wszoła
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
- Medispace Medical Centre, 01-044 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Cywoniuk
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Magdalena Gomółka
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Klak
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
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16
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Germena G, Hinkel R. iPSCs and Exosomes: Partners in Crime Fighting Cardiovascular Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060529. [PMID: 34207562 PMCID: PMC8230331 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms at the basis of these diseases is necessary in order to generate therapeutic approaches. Recently, cardiac tissue engineering and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming has led to a skyrocketing number of publications describing cardiovascular regeneration as a promising option for cardiovascular disease treatment. Generation of artificial tissue and organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells is in the pipeline for regenerative medicine. The present review summarizes the multiple approaches of heart regeneration with a special focus on iPSC application. In particular, we describe the strength of iPSCs as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms driving cardiovascular pathologies, as well as their potential in drug discovery. Moreover, we will describe some insights into novel discoveries of how stem-cell-secreted biomolecules, such as exosomes, could affect cardiac regeneration, and how the fine tuning of the immune system could be a revolutionary tool in the modulation of heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Germena
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Rabea Hinkel
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (R.H.)
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17
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Sung TC, Jiang YP, Hsu JY, Ling QD, Chen H, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Hsu ST, Ye Q, Higuchi A. Transient characteristics of universal cells on human-induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated cells derived from foetal stem cells with mixed donor sources. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12995. [PMID: 33522648 PMCID: PMC7941237 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is important to prepare ‘hypoimmunogenic’ or ‘universal’ human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with gene‐editing technology by knocking out or in immune‐related genes, because only a few hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSC lines would be sufficient to store for their off‐the‐shelf use. However, these hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSCs prepared previously were all genetically edited, which makes laborious processes to check and evaluate no abnormal gene editing of hPSCs. Methods Universal human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated without gene editing, which were reprogrammed from foetal stem cells (human amniotic fluid stem cells) with mixing 2‐5 allogenic donors but not with single donor. We evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐expressing class Ia and class II of our hiPSCs and their differentiated cells into embryoid bodies, cardiomyocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We further evaluated immunogenic response of transient universal hiPSCs with allogenic mononuclear cells from survival rate and cytokine production, which were generated by the cells due to immunogenic reactions. Results Our universal hiPSCs during passages 10‐25 did not have immunogenic reaction from allogenic mononuclear cells even after differentiation into cardiomyocytes, embryoid bodies and mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, the cells including the differentiated cells did not express HLA class Ia and class II. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from transient universal hiPSCs at passage 21‐22 survived and continued beating even after treatment with allogenic mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Sung
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jhe-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Suresh S Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Pingjen City, Taiwan
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Skeletal Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akon Higuchi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, China.,Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, Riken Cluster for Pioneering Research, Riken, Japan
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18
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Ye Q, Sung TC, Yang JM, Ling QD, He Y, Higuchi A. Generation of universal and hypoimmunogenic human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12946. [PMID: 33174655 PMCID: PMC7705897 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to store very large numbers of conventional human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines for their off‐the‐shelf usage in stem cell therapy. Therefore, it is valuable to generate “universal” or “hypoimmunogenic” hPSCs with gene‐editing technology by knocking out or in immune‐related genes. A few universal or hypoimmunogenic hPSC lines should be enough to store for their off‐the‐shelf usage. Here, we overview and discuss how to prepare universal or hypoimmunogenic hPSCs and their disadvantages. β2‐Microglobulin‐knockout hPSCs did not harbour human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐expressing class I cells but rather activated natural killer (NK) cells. To avoid NK cell and macrophage activities, homozygous hPSCs expressing a single allele of an HLA class I molecule, such as HLA‐C, were developed. Major HLA class I molecules were knocked out, and PD‐L1, HLA‐G and CD47 were knocked in hPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. These cells escaped activation of not only T cells but also NK cells and macrophages, generating universal hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Ye
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Skeletal Biology Research Center, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tzu-Cheng Sung
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ming Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan He
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Akon Higuchi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Matter Science, Riken, Saitama, Japan
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