IL-17A and IL-17F single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with lung cancer in Chinese population

The genomic landscape of the immune system in lung cancer: present insights and continuing investigations

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, contributing to over a million cancer-related deaths annually. Despite extensive research investigating the genetic factors associated with lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis, few studies have explored genetic predispositions regarding the immune system. This review discusses the most recent genomic findings related to the susceptibility to or protection against lung cancer, patient survival, and therapeutic responses. The results demonstrated the effect of immunogenetic variations in immune system-related genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses, cytokine, and chemokine secretions, and signaling pathways. These genetic diversities may affect the crosstalk between tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, influencing cancer progression, invasion, and prognosis. Given the considerable variability in the individual immunegenomics profiles, future studies should prioritize large-scale analyses to identify potential genetic variations associated with lung cancer using highthroughput technologies across different populations. This approach will provide further information for predicting response to targeted therapy and promotes the development of new measures for individualized cancer treatment.

Genetic association of Interleukin-17A polymorphism in Bangladeshi patients with breast and cervical cancer: a case-control study with functional analysis

BACKGROUND

Breast and cervical cancer are the two leading cancers in terms of incidence and mortality. Previous studies reported different interleukins, including interleukin-17A (IL-17A) to be responsible for the development and progression of these malignancies. Therefore, we speculated that the variants in this gene might be associated with these cancer developments in Bangladeshi population. For evaluating the hypothesis, we investigated the association of IL-17A rs3748067 polymorphism with the susceptibility of both breast and cervical cancer.

METHODS

This case-control study was performed on 156 breast cancer patients, 156 cervical cancer patients, and 156 controls using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction. The statistical software package SPSS (version 25.0) was applied for analyses. The genetic association was measured by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A statistically significant association was considered when p-value ≤ 0.05. Functional analysis was performed using GEPIA and UALCAN databases.

RESULTS

From the calculation of the association of IL-17A rs3748067 with breast cancer, it is found that no genotype or allele showed a statistically significant association (p>0.05). On the other hand, the analysis of IL-17A rs3748067 with cervical cancer demonstrated that CT genotype showed a significant association (CT vs. CC: OR=1.79, p=0.021). In the overdominant model, CT genotype also revealed a statistically significant association with cervical cancer, which is found to be statistically significant (OR=1.84, p=0.015).

CONCLUSION

Our study summarizes that rs3748067 polymorphism in the IL-17A gene may be associated with cervical cancer but not breast cancer in Bangladeshi patients. However, we suggest studies in the future with a larger sample size.

Endothelial cells-directed angiogenesis in colorectal cancer: Interleukin as the mediator and pharmacological target

Enhanced angiogenesis is a cancer hallmark and critical for colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion and metastasis. Upon exposure to proangiogenic factors, therefore, targeting tumor-associated proangiogenic factors/receptors hold great promise as a therapeutic modality to treat CRC, particularly metastatic CRC. Accumulating evidence from numerous studies suggests that tumor endothelial cells (ECs) are not only the target of proangiogenic factors, but also function as the cellular source of proangiogenic factors. Studies showed that ECs can produce different proangiogenic factors to participate in the regulation of angiogenesis process, in which ECs-derived interleukins (ILs) show a potential stimulatory effect on angiogenesis via either an direct action on their receptors expressed on progenitor of ECs or an indirect way through enhanced production of other proangiogenic factors. Although a great deal of attention is given to the effects of tumor-derived and immune cell-derived ILs, few studies describe the potential effects of vascular ECs-derived ILs on the tumor angiogenesis process. This review provides an updated summary of available information on proangiogenic ILs, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-22, IL-33, IL-34, and IL-37, released by microvascular ECs as potential drivers of the tumor angiogenesis process and discusses their potential as a novel candidate for antiangiogenic target for the treatment of CRC patients.

Interleukin-17 Genes Polymorphisms are Significantly Associated with Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Susceptibility

Tumour microenvironment has an important effect on the progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Using PCR with sequence-specific primers, this study analysed single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-17 genes of 150 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. GG homozygote rs8193036 A/G of interleukin-17A gene occurred less commonly in the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma group; however, patients with this single-nucleotide polymorphism experience significantly intense pruritus. Conversely, the rs2397084 AG heterozygote of interleukin-17F is more common in the lymphoma population. In addition, there were significant differences in the frequencies of interleukin-17 genotypes when comparing early (Ia to IIa) and advanced stages (IIb, III and IV) of this neoplasms. A similar result has been shown in comparison between Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. The current data may serve as a possible explanation for the increased bacterial infection rates in the course of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, especially caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In summary, specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms occur with different frequencies between cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and healthy patients. Moreover, genetic predisposition of several interleukin-17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms may be a factor causing impaired immune defence in cutaneous lymphomas.

Variable roles of interleukin-17F in different cancers

BACKGROUND

Interleukin (IL)-17 family is a group of six cytokines that plays a central role in inflammatory processes and participates in cancer progression. Interleukin-17A has been shown to have mainly a protumorigenic role, but the other members of the IL-17 family, including IL-17F, have received less attention.

METHODS

We applied systematic review guidelines to study the role of IL-17F, protein and mRNA expression, polymorphisms, and functions, in cancer. We carried out a systematic search in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries, yielding 79 articles that met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

The findings indicated that IL-17F has both anti- and protumorigenic roles, which depend on cancer type and the molecular form and location of IL-17F. As an example, the presence of IL-17F protein in tumor tissue and patient serum has a protective role in oral and pancreatic cancers, whereas it is protumorigenic in prostate and bladder cancers. These effects are proposed to be based on multiple mechanisms, such as inhibition of angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and aggravating the inflammatory process. No solid evidence emerged for the correlation between IL-17F polymorphisms and cancer incidence or patients' prognosis.

CONCLUSION

IL-17F is a multifaceted cytokine. There is a clear demand for more well-designed studies of IL-17F to elucidate its molecular mechanisms in different types of cancer. The studies presented in this article examined a variety of different designs, study populations and primary/secondary outcomes, which unfortunately reduces the value of direct interstudy comparisons.

Polymorphisms in IL-17A Gene and Susceptibility of Colorectal Cancer in Bangladeshi Population: A Case-Control Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) genetic polymorphisms are associated with multiple cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no previous study was performed in the Bangladeshi population to evaluate the association. Our study aimed to find the association between two IL-17A variants (rs10484879 C/A and rs3748067 G/A) and susceptibility of CRC.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This retrospective case-control study comprised 292 CRC patients and 288 age, sex, and BMI matched healthy volunteers. Genotyping of both variants was done by the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method, and the results were analyzed by the SPSS software package (version-25.0).

RESULTS

Logistic regression analysis indicated that in case of IL-17A rs10484879 polymorphism, AC and AA genotype carriers showed 2.44- and 3.27-times significantly increased risk for CRC development (OR = 2.44, P = .0008 and OR = 3.27, P = .0133, individually). A significant association was also observed for AC + AA genotype (OR = 2.58, P = .0001). Again, over-dominant and allelic model revealed statistically significant link to CRC risk (OR = 2.13, P = .0035 and OR = 2.22, P = .001). For rs3748067 polymorphism, AG and AA genotype carriers showed 2.30- and 2.45-times enhanced risk for CRC (OR = 2.30, P = .005 and OR = 2.45, P = .031). A statistically significant association was also observed for AG + AA genotype (OR = 2.35, P = .001), over-dominant model (OR = 2.05, P = .014), and allelic model (OR = 2.11, P = .0004).

CONCLUSION

This study highlights that IL-17A rs10484879 and rs3748067 polymorphisms may be associated with CRC development. However, further functional research with larger samples may reveal more statistically significant outcomes.

Associations of IL-17A -197G/A and IL-17F 7488T/C polymorphisms with cancer risk in asians: An updated meta-analysis from 43 studies

OBJECTIVE

Numerous epidemiological studies have been published to elucidate the potential associations of IL-17A -197G/A (rs2275913) and IL-17F 7488T/C (rs763780) with cancer risk in Asians. Nevertheless, the results from different studies remain controversial. To identify the roles of the two polymorphisms in cancer risk, we performed this current meta-analysis.

METHODS

The available literature was derived from five databases, covering relevant articles updated through February 17, 2021. Five different analysis models with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to appraise the gene-disease correlation.

RESULTS

In total, 43 case-control studies with 31,237 subjects were enrolled. Overall analyses indicated that there was significantly increased cancer risk led by IL-17A -197G/A under the five analysis models. A similar tendency was also identified in the subgroup analysis of cancer type, especially for gastric cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, and oral carcinoma. As for IL-17F 7488T/C, we revealed that patients who carried this variant had a higher cancer risk in the recessive model among the overall analyses, as well as subgroup analyses of cervical cancer or oral carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our work confirmed that IL-17A -197G/A acted as a risk factor for diverse cancer types and that IL-17F 7488T/C might be involved in cervical cancer and oral carcinoma.

Potential Impacts of Interleukin-17A Promoter Polymorphisms on the EGFR Mutation Status and Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Taiwan

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a typical inflammation-associated cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common histopathological subtype. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the most common driver mutations of LUAD, and they have been identified as important therapeutic targets by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Interleukin (IL)-17A secreted by T-helper 17 lymphocytes is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the possible associations among IL-17A genetic polymorphisms, EGFR mutation status, and the clinicopathologic development of LUAD in a Taiwanese population. Our study population consisted of 277 LUAD patients harboring the wild-type (WT) EGFR or a mutant (MT) EGFR. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-17A in the peripheral blood, including rs8193036(C > T), rs8193037(G > A), rs2275913(G > A), and rs3748067(C > T) loci, were genotyped using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Our results showed that none of these IL-17A SNPs were correlated with the risk of developing mutant EGFR. However, patients with a smoking habit who carried the GA genotype of IL-17A rs8193037 had a significantly lower susceptibility to EGFR mutations (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.225; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.056~0.900, p = 0.035). Moreover, compared to individuals carrying the CC genotype of rs8193036 at IL-17A, T-allele carriers (CT + TT) were at higher risk of developing more-advanced stages (stage III or IV; p = 0.020). In the WT EGFR subgroup analysis, IL-17A rs8193036 T-allele carriers had higher risks of developing an advanced tumor stage (p = 0.016) and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.049). Further analyses of clinical datasets revealed correlations of IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) and IL-17RC expressions with a poor prognosis of LUAD patients with a smoking history or with higher levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In conclusion, our results suggested that two functional promoter polymorphisms of IL-17A, i.e., rs8193036 and rs8193037, were associated with the EGFR mutation status and progression in LUAD patients, indicating that these two genetic variants might act as possible markers for predicting patients’ clinical prognoses.

Association of Polymorphisms in Cytokine genes with susceptibility to Precancerous Lesions and Cervical Cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes and the susceptibility to Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL), cervical cancer and HPV infection through a systematic review with meta-analysis. To verify the effect of SNPs, we also analyzed the transcription factor binding affinity using bioinformatics tools.Methods: Seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scielo, BIREME, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct) were searched for case-control studies.Results: A total of 35 relevant case-control studies were meta-analyzed, including 7 cytokine genes and 15 SNPs. SNPs in IL-17A (rs2275913, rs3748067); IL-17 F (rs763780); IL-12A (rs568408); IL-12B (rs3212227); TNFA (rs1800629, rs361525); IL-1B (rs16944); IL-6 (rs1800795); IL-10 (rs1800896) genes were associated with increased risk for cervical cancer. No association was observed between meta-analyzed polymorphisms and SIL. Additional bioinformatics analysis suggested a possible transcriptional regulation pathway of the TNFA and IL-10 genes through the MZF1 (TNFA -308 G > A and IL-10 - 1082A>G) and ZNF263 (TNFA -238 G > A) transcription factors binding.Conclusion: Overall, 10 SNPs in cytokine genes were associated with increased risk for cervical cancer. Therefore, in our meta-analysis, these SNPs demonstrated to be potential biomarkers for predicting or identifying cases of high risk for SIL and cervical cancer.

IL-17F expression correlates with clinicopathologic factors and biological markers in non-small cell lung cancer

Interleukin-17 F (IL-17F) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that participate in inflammatory responses. Studies showed that IL-17F is likely involved in tumor development, but the biological function of IL-17F in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the biological role of IL-17F in NSCLC and investigate its correlation with biological markers CD31, P53, Ki-67 and E-cadherin. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 55 NSCLC patients were collected to detect proteins expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). 12 normal lung tissues samples were used as control. IHC results showed that the expression of IL-17F in NSCLC cells (61.8%) was significantly higher compared with normal lung tissues (25.0%) (P <  0.05). The expression of IL-17F was positively associated with tumor differentiation and negatively associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging (P all < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that IL-17F expression was an independent factor associated with TNM staging (P <  0.01). Pearson's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between IL-17F and CD31 expression and a positive correlation between IL-17F and E-cadherin expression (P all < 0.05). There was no relationship between IL-17 F and P53 or Ki-67 expression in NSCLC tissues (P >  0.05). These data suggest that IL-17 F may be considered as a potential marker for predicting the progression of NSCLC.

Comprehensive genomic and prognostic analysis of the IL‑17 family genes in lung cancer

The six members of the interleukin (IL)‑17 gene family (IL‑17A‑F) have been identified in various types of cancer. Although lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‑related death worldwide and IL‑17A was found to play a critical role in lung cancer, there is little knowledge concerning the association between the other five members of the IL‑17 family and lung cancer. The genetic mutations and expression of IL‑17 family members were investigated using the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), Oncomine, and cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cBioPortal) databases. Prognostic values and interaction networks of the members were assessed by the Kaplan‑Meier plotter, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database and FunRich software. The results found that, across 5,238 lung cancer patients in the cBioPortal, the results of IL‑17 family gene alteration frequencies and types showed that IL‑17A, IL‑25 and IL‑17F exhibited higher alteration frequencies (2, 2.1 and 1.9%, respectively), and gene amplification accounted for the majority of changes. IL‑17B, IL‑17C and IL‑17D exhibited lower alteration frequencies (0.8, 1.1 and 1.1%, respectively), and deep deletion accounted for the majority of changes. The rates of point mutations in IL‑17A through IL‑17F family genes in lung cancer were 0.66, 0.18, 0.13, 0.09, 0.27 and 0.44% in the COSMIC database. Within the Oncomine database, five datasets showed that IL‑17D was significantly decreased in lung cancer, while no dataset showed a significant difference in the expression of IL‑17A, IL‑17B, IL‑17C, IL‑25 or IL17‑F between lung cancer and normal controls. The frequencies of IL‑17A, IL‑17B and IL‑17C mRNA upregulation in lung squamous cell carcinoma were lower than those in lung adenocarcinoma (2.7, 1.9 and 2.1%, respectively), whereas the frequencies of IL‑17D, IL‑25 and IL‑17F mRNA upregulation were higher in lung squamous cell carcinoma than those in lung adenocarcinoma (3, 6 and 6%, respectively). IL‑17A and IL‑17B were unrelated to overall survival (p=0.11; P=0.17), whereas IL‑17C, IL‑17D, IL‑25 and IL‑17F influenced prognosis (P=0.0023, P=0.0059, P=0.039 and P=0.0017, respectively) according to the Kaplan‑Meier plotter. Moreover, the expression level of IL‑17C was the highest in lung tissues, and IL‑17 family genes mainly participate in the 'IFN‑γ pathway' according to the STRING database and Funrich software. In conclusion, we performed the first comprehensive investigation of the IL‑17 gene family in lung cancer, including gene mutation, mRNA expression levels, prognostic values and network pathways. Our results revealed that IL‑17 family gene mutation rates were in general low and that amplification and deep deletion were the main mutation type. The expression and function of IL‑17A and IL‑17B in lung cancer are still not fully elucidated and warrant research with larger sample sizes. IL‑17D was significantly decreased in lung cancer and was correlated with better OS. Studies of IL‑17C‑F in lung cancer are limited. Further experimental studies on the association between IL‑17D and lung cancer progression are needed to identify more effective therapeutic targets for lung cancer.

IL-17 and colorectal cancer risk in the Middle East: gene polymorphisms and expression

Background

IL-17 expressed by Th17 cells play a crucial role in tissue inflammation by induction of proinflammatory and neutrophil mobilizing cytokines, and IL-17 polymorphisms are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC).

Objective

We investigated the expression of IL-17 and the association of IL-17 gene polymorphisms with CRC susceptibility in a Middle East population.

Materials and methods

The study included 117 diagnosed CRC patients and 100 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. IL-17A rs2275913 (G197A) and IL-17F rs763780 (T7488C) single nucleotide polymorphisms, mRNA, and protein levels of IL-17A were assessed.

Results

We observed significant association between rs2275913 in IL-17A and susceptibility to CRC (p = 0.016228). The AG and AA genotypes conferred 2-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively, higher risk of developing CRC compared with individuals having GG genotype. Stratification of the data based on gender and age revealed very strong association of CRC with IL17A rs2275913 only in males and “AG” genotype in patients ≤57 years of age at the time of disease diagnosis. The rs763780 in IL-17F was not linked with CRCs in our cohort. Furthermore, IL-17A mRNA expression in CRCs was significantly elevated compared to adjacent normal tissues, particularly in early stages of disease (p = 0.0005). Strong immunoreactivity to IL-17A protein was observed in 70% of early stage relative to 30% of late-stage tumors.

Conclusion

The IL-17A G197A variant may be utilized as a genetic screening marker in assessing CRC risk, and its expression can be used as a biomarker for early detection of CRC in the Saudi population.

The Role of Interleukin-17 in Lung Cancer

Tumour-associated inflammation is a hallmark of malignant carcinomas, and lung cancer is a typical inflammation-associated carcinoma. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an important inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and in inflammation-associated tumours. Numerous studies have shown that IL-17 directly or indirectly promotes tumour angiogenesis and cell proliferation and that it inhibits apoptosis via the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways. Therefore, IL-17 contributes to the metastasis and progression of lung cancer. Research advances with respect to the role of IL-17 in lung cancer will be presented as a review in this paper.

[Role of Interleukin 17 in Lung Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Progression]

白介素-17（interleukin 17, IL-17）是一个重要的炎症因子，参与介导了机体的抗感染免疫及自身免疫性疾病相关的病理性炎症；此外，IL-17还与多种炎症相关的肿瘤有着密切联系。吸烟是导致肺癌的重要危险因素之一，而吸烟等因素所致的肺部慢性炎症反应伴有IL-17过表达，提示IL-17可能与肺癌的发生存在潜在联系；同时，IL-17还通过多种机制影响肺癌进展，本文对这一领域的相关研究进展进行了综述。

Cytokine Regulation of Metastasis and Tumorigenicity

The human body combats infection and promotes wound healing through the remarkable process of inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by the recruitment of stromal cell activity including recruitment of immune cells and induction of angiogenesis. These cellular processes are regulated by a class of soluble molecules called cytokines. Based on function, cell target, and structure, cytokines are subdivided into several classes including: interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines. While cytokines regulate normal physiological processes, chronic deregulation of cytokine expression and activity contributes to cancer in many ways. Gene polymorphisms of all types of cytokines are associated with risk of disease development. Deregulation RNA and protein expression of interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines have been detected in many solid tumors and hematopoetic malignancies, correlating with poor patient prognosis. The current body of literature suggests that in some tumor types, interleukins and chemokines work against the human body by signaling to cancer cells and remodeling the local microenvironment to support the growth, survival, and invasion of primary tumors and enhance metastatic colonization. Some lymphokines are downregulated to suppress tumor progression by enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity and inhibiting tumor cell survival. In this review, we will describe the structure/function of several cytokine families and review our current understanding on the roles and mechanisms of cytokines in tumor progression. In addition, we will also discuss strategies for exploiting the expression and activity of cytokines in therapeutic intervention.