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Peled Y, Ducharme A, Kittleson M, Bansal N, Stehlik J, Amdani S, Saeed D, Cheng R, Clarke B, Dobbels F, Farr M, Lindenfeld J, Nikolaidis L, Patel J, Acharya D, Albert D, Aslam S, Bertolotti A, Chan M, Chih S, Colvin M, Crespo-Leiro M, D'Alessandro D, Daly K, Diez-Lopez C, Dipchand A, Ensminger S, Everitt M, Fardman A, Farrero M, Feldman D, Gjelaj C, Goodwin M, Harrison K, Hsich E, Joyce E, Kato T, Kim D, Luong ML, Lyster H, Masetti M, Matos LN, Nilsson J, Noly PE, Rao V, Rolid K, Schlendorf K, Schweiger M, Spinner J, Townsend M, Tremblay-Gravel M, Urschel S, Vachiery JL, Velleca A, Waldman G, Walsh J. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Evaluation and Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates-2024. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:1529-1628.e54. [PMID: 39115488 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The "International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Evaluation and Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates-2024" updates and replaces the "Listing Criteria for Heart Transplantation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates-2006" and the "2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation Listing Criteria for Heart Transplantation: A 10-year Update." The document aims to provide tools to help integrate the numerous variables involved in evaluating patients for transplantation, emphasizing updating the collaborative treatment while waiting for a transplant. There have been significant practice-changing developments in the care of heart transplant recipients since the publication of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines in 2006 and the 10-year update in 2016. The changes pertain to 3 aspects of heart transplantation: (1) patient selection criteria, (2) care of selected patient populations, and (3) durable mechanical support. To address these issues, 3 task forces were assembled. Each task force was cochaired by a pediatric heart transplant physician with the specific mandate to highlight issues unique to the pediatric heart transplant population and ensure their adequate representation. This guideline was harmonized with other ISHLT guidelines published through November 2023. The 2024 ISHLT guidelines for the evaluation and care of cardiac transplant candidates provide recommendations based on contemporary scientific evidence and patient management flow diagrams. The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association modular knowledge chunk format has been implemented, allowing guideline information to be grouped into discrete packages (or modules) of information on a disease-specific topic or management issue. Aiming to improve the quality of care for heart transplant candidates, the recommendations present an evidence-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Peled
- Leviev Heart & Vascular Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Anique Ducharme
- Deparment of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Michelle Kittleson
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neha Bansal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Josef Stehlik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shahnawaz Amdani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Diyar Saeed
- Heart Center Niederrhein, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian Clarke
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fabienne Dobbels
- Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maryjane Farr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jignesh Patel
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deepak Acharya
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dimpna Albert
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Paediatric Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant, Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Aslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alejandro Bertolotti
- Heart and Lung Transplant Service, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael Chan
- University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sharon Chih
- Heart Failure and Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Colvin
- Department of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Crespo-Leiro
- Cardiology Department Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), CIBERCV, INIBIC, UDC, La Coruna, Spain
| | - David D'Alessandro
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Daly
- Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carles Diez-Lopez
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Dipchand
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Melanie Everitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander Fardman
- Leviev Heart & Vascular Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marta Farrero
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Feldman
- Newark Beth Israel Hospital & Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Christiana Gjelaj
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Goodwin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly Harrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eileen Hsich
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emer Joyce
- Department of Cardiology, Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Department of Cardiology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daniel Kim
- University of Alberta & Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Me-Linh Luong
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haifa Lyster
- Department of Heart and Lung Transplantation, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK
| | - Marco Masetti
- Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Vivek Rao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrine Rolid
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kelly Schlendorf
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Joseph Spinner
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine Townsend
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay-Gravel
- Deparment of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université?de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Urschel
- Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Vachiery
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angela Velleca
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Georgina Waldman
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Walsh
- Allied Health Research Collaborative, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane; Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Townsend M, Pidborochynski T, Cantor RS, Khoury M, Campbell P, Halpin A, Urschel S, Kim D, Nahirniak S, West LJ, Buchholz H, Conway J. Prospective examination of HLA sensitization after VAD implantation in children and adults. Transpl Immunol 2023; 80:101892. [PMID: 37419373 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have improved survival to heart transplantation (HTx). However, VADs have been associated with development of antibodies against human leukocyte antigen (HLA-Ab) which may limit the donor pool and decrease survival post-HTx. Since HLA-Ab development after VAD insertion is poorly understood, the purpose of this prospective single-center study was to quantify the incidence of and evaluate risk factors for HLA-Ab development across the age spectrum following VAD implantation. METHODS Adult and pediatric patients undergoing VAD placement as bridge to transplant or transplant candidacy between 5/2016 and 7/2020 were enrolled. HLA-Ab were assessed pre-VAD and at 1-, 3-, and 12-months post-implant. Factors associated with HLA-Ab development post-VAD implant were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 15/41 (37%) adults and 7/17 (41%) children developed new HLA-Ab post-VAD. The majority of patients (19/22) developed HLA-Ab within two months of implant. New class I HLA-Ab were more common (87% adult, 86% pediatric). Prior pregnancy was strongly associated with HLA-Ab development in adults post-VAD (HR 16.7, 95% CI 1.8-158, p = 0.01). Of the patients who developed new HLA-Ab post-VAD, in 45% (10/22) the HLA-Ab resolved while in 55% (12/22) the HLA-Ab persisted. CONCLUSION More than one-third of adult and pediatric VAD patients developed new HLA-Ab early after VAD implant with the majority having class I antibodies. Prior pregnancy was strongly associated with post-VAD HLA-Ab development. Further studies are needed to predict regression or persistence of HLA-Ab developed post-VAD, to understand modulation of individuals' immune responses to sensitizing events, and to determine whether transiently detected HLA-Ab post-VAD recur and have long-term clinical impact post-heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Townsend
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Tara Pidborochynski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan S Cantor
- Kirklin Solutions, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Michael Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Canada Donation And Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia Campbell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anne Halpin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simon Urschel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Canada Donation And Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Kim
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Nahirniak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Canada Donation And Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holger Buchholz
- Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Andrade JF, Dalboni MA, Clemente OC, Silva BM, Domingues BF, Rodrigues AM, Canziani ME, Zarjou A, Cendoroglo M, Goes MA. A retrospective view of the relationship of soluble Fas with anemia and outcomes in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286854. [PMID: 37390095 PMCID: PMC10313056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with outcomes. In addition, serum soluble Fas (sFas) levels are related to anemia and erythropoietin (EPO) resistance. OBJECTIVES Firstly, to compare clinical data and serum levels of sFas, EPO, and pro-inflammatory markers between patients with non-dialytic CKD (NDD-CKD) and healthy subjects. Subsequently, to compare and evaluate the relationship of serum EPO, sFas levels with anemia, and outcomes in patients with NDD-CKD over a long follow-up period. METHODS We performed a retrospective study in 58 NDD-CKD patients compared with 20 healthy subjects on complete blood count, kidney function, serum EPO, sFas, and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL- 6, and IFN-γ) at baseline. We then compared the same baseline data between patients with NDD-CKD who evolved to anemia and those who did not have anemia over the follow-up. We also evaluated the frequency of outcomes in patients with CKD with higher sFas levels. Finally, we performed a multivariate analysis of factors associated with CKD anemia. RESULTS There were lower eGFR and Hb but higher serum inflammatory markers, sFas levels, sFas/eGFR, and EPO/Hb ratios in patients with NDD-CKD. Comparatively, on the other hand, NDD-CKD patients with anemia had lower eGFR but were older, had more diabetes, and had higher sFas/ eGFR, EPO/Hb ratios, and serum levels of IL-6 and sFas than NDD-CKD without anemia for an extended period. In addition, there was an association in a multivariate analysis of diabetes, age, and sFas levels with kidney anemia. Furthermore, there were higher frequencies of outcomes in increased serum sFas levels. CONCLUSION As an elective risk factor, serum sFas levels, in addition to age and diabetes, were independently associated with kidney anemia for an extended period. Thus, more studies are necessary to analyze the proper relationship of sFas with kidney anemia and its outcomes and therapy in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A. Dalboni
- Department of Research and Graduate, Universidade Nove de Julho/UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Miguel Cendoroglo
- Department of Superintendence and Board, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angelo Goes
- Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Medical School, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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De novo human leukocyte antigen allosensitization patterns in patients bridged to heart transplantation using left ventricular assist devices. Transpl Immunol 2022; 72:101567. [PMID: 35278648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the impact and time course of de novo human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allosensitization following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty patients had a calculated panel reactive antibody (cPRA) prior to LVAD surgery between January 2014 and December 2018. Of these patients, we retrospectively studied 33 patients who had pre-LVAD cPRA <10%. De novo allosensitization was defined as cPRA ≥10% within 3 months following LVAD surgery, and "persistent allosensitization" was defined as cPRA ≥10% at time of heart transplant or death. One-third (11/33) of our cohort developed de novo allosensitization within 3-months post-LVAD. Median duration of follow-up during LVAD support was 588 days (IQR 337-1071 days), or approximately 19 months. In an adjusted, multivariable analysis, female sex remained associated with de novo allosensitization (adjusted odds ratio [95%CI]: 11 (1.4-85), P = 0.026). De novo allosensitization was subsequently associated with persistent allosensitization (P = 0.024). Both axial-flow and centrifugal-flow LVADs had similar rates of allosensitization. Compared to those with no allosensitization, patients with de novo allosensitization did not appear to have inferior post-transplant outcomes of death or treated rejection. CONCLUSION In our single-center experience, one-third of patients developed de novo allosensitization which did not appear to associate with inferior post-transplant outcomes. Female sex was associated with de novo allosensitization.
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Jain R, Habal MV, Clerkin KJ, Latif F, Restaino SW, Zorn E, Takeda K, Naka Y, Yuzefpolskaya M, Farr MA, Colombo PC, Sayer GT, Uriel N, Topkara VK. De Novo Human Leukocyte Antigen Allosensitization in Heartmate 3 Versus Heartmate II Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients. ASAIO J 2022; 68:226-232. [PMID: 33883507 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are associated with the development of antihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies, which can create a challenge for future transplantation in these patients. The differential effects of Heartmate 3 (HM3) versus Heartmate II (HMII) on de novo HLA allosensitization remain unknown. Patients who underwent HMII or HM3 implantation and had no prior HLA antibodies by solid-phase assay (Luminex) testing were included in this study. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels and Luminex antibody profiles were followed until cardiac transplantation, device explantation, or death. Electronic medical records were reviewed to examine posttransplant outcomes. Thirty-eight HM3 and 34 HMII patients with complete data were followed for 1.5 ± 1.1 years on device support. HM3 and HMII groups had similar age at implant, female gender, ischemic heart failure etiology, bridge strategy at implant, as well as intraoperative and postoperative transfusion requirements. 39.5% of HM3 and 47.1% of HMII patients developed detectable HLA antibodies by Luminex testing (p = 0.516). Development of high-level (mean fluorescence intensity >10,000) antibodies was significantly lower in HM3 than HMII patients (5.3 vs. 20.6%, p = 0.049). CDC PRA testing showed fewer HM3 patients with a positive result (PRA > 0%) than HMII patients (39.4 vs. 70.0%, p = 0.015). Among transplanted patients, those who had developed de novo sensitization on LVAD support showed a trend toward incidence of moderate to severe grade rejection compared with unsensitized patients (23.8 vs. 4.8%, p = 0.078). HM3 is associated with lower risk of de novo HLA sensitization compared with HMII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jain
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marlena V Habal
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin J Clerkin
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Farhana Latif
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Susan W Restaino
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Koji Takeda
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Melana Yuzefpolskaya
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maryjane A Farr
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Gabriel T Sayer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nir Uriel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Veli K Topkara
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Rodriguez ER, Santos-Martins C, Tan CD. Pathology of cardiac transplantation. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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