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Mahmoudzadeh Laki R, Pourbasheer E. 3D-QSAR Modeling on 2-Pyrimidine Carbohydrazides as Utrophin Modulators for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by Combining CoMFA, CoMSIA, and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24707-24720. [PMID: 38882130 PMCID: PMC11171099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The 3D-QSAR models were developed using CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques to investigate essential molecular fields, optimization strategies, and structure-activity relationships for utrophin-modulating compounds. The data set (71 molecules) was divided into two training and test sets using the hierarchical clustering approach. The training set was aligned based on the most active compound. The built and optimized models based on the PLS approach provided acceptable results. The results were q 2 = 0.528 and r 2 = 0.776 for CoMFA and q 2 = 0.600 and r 2 = 0.811 for CoMSIA models. According to the statistical results, it was found that both the CoMFA models with and without regional focusing and also the CoMSIA model have good estimation ability. Molecular docking was also performed with high-activity compounds (as ligands) and target receptors (protein), and its results, together with the results of 3D-QSAR, give new insights for the design of compounds with higher biological activity. Finally, based on the overall results, the design of new compounds with higher utrophin modulation activity was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahmoudzadeh Laki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Eslam Pourbasheer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
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Wu R, Song Y, Wu S, Chen Y. Promising therapeutic approaches of utrophin replacing dystrophin in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:885-893. [PMID: 38933385 PMCID: PMC11197810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a serious genetic neuromuscular rare disease that is prevalent and caused by the mutation/deletion of the X-linked DMD gene that encodes dystrophin. Utrophin is a dystrophin homologous protein on human chromosome 6. Dystrophin and utrophin are highly homologous. They can recruit many dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC)-related proteins and co-localize at the sarcolemma in the early stage of human embryonic development. Moreover, utrophin is overexpressed naturally at the mature myofiber sarcolemma in DMD patients. Therefore, utrophin is considered the most promising homologous protein to replace dystrophin. This review summarizes various modulating drugs and gene therapy approaches for utrophin replacement. As a universal method to treat DMD disease, utrophin has a promising therapeutic prospect and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research & Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yafeng Song
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No.48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research & Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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Yang W, Zhou C, Sun Q, Guan G. Anisomycin inhibits angiogenesis, growth, and survival of triple-negative breast cancer through mitochondrial dysfunction, AMPK activation, and mTOR inhibition. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:612-620. [PMID: 35852219 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is observed in breast cancer and holds potential therapeutic option. In our work, we showed that inhibition of mitochondrial function by anisomycin is effective against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Anisomycin inhibits growth and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in a panel of TNBC cell lines. Of note, anisomycin at a tolerable dose remarkably suppresses growth of TNBC in mice. In addition, anisomycin effectively targets breast cancer angiogenesis through inhibiting capillary network formation, migration, proliferation, and survival. Mechanistic studies show that although anisomycin activates p38 and JNK, their activations are not required for anisomycin's action. In contrast, anisomycin inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level. The inhibitory effect of anisomycin is significantly reversed in mitochondria respiration-deficient ρ0 cells. As a consequence, anisomycin activates AMPK and inhibits mammalian target-of-rapamycin signaling pathways. Our work demonstrated that anisomycin is a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiling Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441100, People's Republic of China
| | - Gege Guan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441100, People's Republic of China
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Soblechero-Martín P, López-Martínez A, de la Puente-Ovejero L, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Arechavala-Gomeza V. Utrophin modulator drugs as potential therapies for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:711-723. [PMID: 33999469 PMCID: PMC8518368 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utrophin is an autosomal paralogue of dystrophin, a protein whose deficit causes Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD). Utrophin is naturally overexpressed at the sarcolemma of mature dystrophin‐deficient fibres in DMD and BMD patients as well as in the mdx Duchenne mouse model. Dystrophin and utrophin can co‐localise in human foetal muscle, in the dystrophin‐competent fibres from DMD/BMD carriers, and revertant fibre clusters in biopsies from DMD patients. These findings suggest that utrophin overexpression could act as a surrogate, compensating for the lack of dystrophin, and, as such, it could be used in combination with dystrophin restoration therapies. Different strategies to overexpress utrophin are currently under investigation. In recent years, many compounds have been reported to modulate utrophin expression efficiently in preclinical studies and ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype in animal models of the disease. In this manuscript, we discuss the current knowledge on utrophin protein and the different mechanisms that modulate its expression in skeletal muscle. We also include a comprehensive review of compounds proposed as utrophin regulators and, as such, potential therapeutic candidates for these muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soblechero-Martín
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Clinical Laboratory Service, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao-Basurto Integrated Health Organisation, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andrea López-Martínez
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | | | - Virginia Arechavala-Gomeza
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Valencia C, Pérez FA, Matus C, Felmer R, Arias ME. Activation of bovine oocytes by protein synthesis inhibitors: new findings on the role of MPF/MAPKs†. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:1126-1138. [PMID: 33550378 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the mechanism by which protein synthesis inhibitors activate bovine oocytes. The aim was to analyze the dynamics of MPF and MAPKs. MII oocytes were activated with ionomycin (Io), ionomycin+anisomycin (ANY) and ionomycin+cycloheximide (CHX) and by in vitro fertilization (IVF). The expression of cyclin B1, p-CDK1, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-P38 were evaluated by immunodetection and the kinase activity of ERK1/2 was measured by enzyme assay. Evaluations at 1, 4, and 15 hours postactivation (hpa) showed that the expression of cyclin B1 was not modified by the treatments. ANY inactivated MPF by p-CDK1Thr14-Tyr15 at 4 hpa (P < 0.05), CHX increased pre-MPF (p-CDK1Thr161 and p-CDK1Thr14-Tyr15) at 1 hpa and IVF increased p-CDK1Thr14-Tyr15 at 17 hours postfertilization (hpf) (P < 0.05). ANY and CHX reduced the levels of p-ERK1/2 at 4 hpa (P < 0.05) and its activity at 4 and 1 hpa, respectively (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, IVF increased p-ERK1/2 at 6 hpf (P < 0.05); however, its kinase activity decreased at 6 hpf (P < 0.05). p-JNK in ANY, CHX, and IVF oocytes decreased at 4 hpa (P < 0.05). p-P38 was only observed at 1 hpa, with no differences between treatments. In conclusion, activation of bovine oocytes by ANY, CHX, and IVF inactivates MPF by CDK1-dependent specific phosphorylation without cyclin B1 degradation. ANY or CHX promoted this inactivation, which seemed to be more delayed in the physiological activation (IVF). Both inhibitors modulated MPF activity via an ERK1/2-independent pathway, whereas IVF activated the bovine oocytes via an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Finally, ANY does not activate the JNK and P38 kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Valencia
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Alonso Pérez
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carola Matus
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ricardo Felmer
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - María Elena Arias
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Agricultural Production Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Pryce BR, Labrèche C, Hamoudi D, Abou-Hamad J, Al-Zahrani KN, Hodgins JJ, Boulanger-Piette A, Bossé S, Balog-Alvarez C, Frénette J, Ardolino M, Kornegay JN, Sabourin LA. Muscle-specific deletion of SLK/Stk2 enhances p38 activity and myogenesis in mdx mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118917. [PMID: 33259860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disorder characterized by the loss of dystrophin expression, muscle necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Ongoing muscle regeneration is impaired by persistent cytokine stress, further decreasing muscle function. Patients with DMD rarely survive beyond their early 20s, with cardiac and respiratory dysfunction being the primary cause of death. Despite an increase in our understanding of disease progression as well as promising preclinical animal models for therapeutic intervention, treatment options for muscular dystrophy remain limited and novel therapeutic targets are required. Many reports suggest that the TGFβ signalling pathway is activated in dystrophic muscle and contributes to the pathology of DMD in part by impairing the differentiation of myoblasts into mature myofibers. Here, we show that in vitro knockdown of the Ste20-like kinase, SLK, can partially restore myoblast differentiation downstream of TGFβ in a Smad2/3 independent manner. In an mdx model, we demonstrate that SLK is expressed at high levels in regenerating myofibers. Muscle-specific deletion of SLK reduced leukocyte infiltration, increased myogenin and utrophin expression and enhanced differentiation. This was accompanied by resistance to eccentric contraction-induced injury in slow fiber type-enriched soleus muscles. Finally, we found that these effects were partially dependent on the upregulation of p38 signalling. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SLK downregulation can restore some aspects of disease progression in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Pryce
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cédrik Labrèche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dounia Hamoudi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre Hospitalier de L'Université Laval, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Abou-Hamad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Khalid N Al-Zahrani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan J Hodgins
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antoine Boulanger-Piette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre Hospitalier de L'Université Laval, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Bossé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre Hospitalier de L'Université Laval, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cindy Balog-Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jérôme Frénette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre Hospitalier de L'Université Laval, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Letrozole Suppresses the Fusion of Osteoclast Precursors through Inhibition of p38-Mediated DC-STAMP Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218396. [PMID: 33182361 PMCID: PMC7664929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Letrozole is a reversible nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that is widely used in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. It is well established that letrozole decreases bone density owing to estrogen depletion; however, few studies have reported its direct effect on bone cells in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the effect of letrozole on bone metabolism, focusing on osteoclastogenesis. Letrozole did not affect the viability, proliferation, or migration of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs); however, it reduced the multinucleation of immature osteoclasts and subsequent bone resorption in vitro. Overall, letrozole inhibited the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, calcitonin receptor, and cathepsin K. Among them, the reduced expression of DC-STAMP was the most prominent. However, this downregulation of DC-STAMP expression following letrozole treatment was not related to the inhibition of major osteoclastogenesis pathways, such as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-Fos, and nuclear factor of activated T cell c1 (NFATc1) pathways, but was attributed to the inhibition of p38, which is known to reside upstream of DC-STAMP expression. Notably, the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of letrozole was abolished following treatment with the p38 activator anisomycin. Contrary to our expectations, these results strongly suggest a previously unknown anti-osteoclastogenic activity of letrozole, mediated by the downregulation of the p38/DC-STAMP pathway.
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Zhang Y, Liao Y, Chen C, Sun W, Sun X, Liu Y, Xu E, Lai M, Zhang H. p38-regulated FOXC1 stability is required for colorectal cancer metastasis. J Pathol 2019; 250:217-230. [PMID: 31650548 DOI: 10.1002/path.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) promotes tumor metastasis in multiple human malignant tumors. However, the upstream modulating mode and downstream molecular mechanism of FOXC1 in metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Herein we describe a systematic analysis of FOXC1 expression and prognosis in CRC performed on our clinical data and public databases, which indicated that FOXC1 upregulation in CRC samples was significantly associated with poor prognosis. FOXC1 knockdown inhibited migration and invasion, whereas FOXC1 overexpression caused the opposite phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, MMP10, SOX4 and SOX13 were verified as the target genes of FOXC1 for promoting CRC metastasis. MMP10 was demonstrated as the direct target and mediator of FOXC1. Interestingly, Ser241 and Ser272 of FOXC1 were identified as the key sites to interact with p38 and phosphorylation, which were critically required for maintaining the stability of FOXC1 protein. Moreover, FOXC1 was dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and phosphorylated by p38, which maintained FOXC1 protein stability through inhibiting ubiquitination. Expression of p38 was correlated with FOXC1 and MMP10 expression, indirectly indicating that FOXC1 was regulated by p38 MAPK. Therefore, FOXC1 is strongly suggested as a pro-metastatic gene in CRC by transcriptionally activating MMP10, SOX4 and SOX13; p38 interacts with and phosphorylates the Ser241 and ser272 sites of FOXC1 to maintain its stability by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation. In conclusion, the protein stability of FOXC1 mediated by p38 contributes to the metastatic effect in CRC. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yan Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chaoyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China.,Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
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