Fundamentals of Cancer Immunology and Their Application to Cancer Vaccines

Advances in DNA- and RNA-Based Oncolytic Viral Therapeutics and Immunotherapies

The role of viruses has been studied extensively for use as curative cancer therapies. However, the natural immunogenicity of viruses and their interaction with the host’s immune system needs to be examined to determine the full effectiveness of the viral treatment. The prevalence of cancer is increasing globally, and treatments are needed to support the increasing body of patient care. Oncolytic viral therapies used existing pathogenic viruses, which are genetically modified to not cause disease in humans when administered using a vaccine viral vector. Immunotherapies are another avenue of recent interest that has gained much traction. This review will discuss oncolytic viral approaches using three DNA-based viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), vaccinia virus, and adenovirus; as well as four RNA-based viruses, including reovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poliovirus, and measles virus (MV). It also examines the novel field of cancer-based immunotherapies.