Wu KY, Serhan O, Faucher A, Tran SD. Advances in Sjögren's Syndrome Dry Eye Diagnostics: Biomarkers and Biomolecules beyond Clinical Symptoms.
Biomolecules 2024;
14:80. [PMID:
38254680 PMCID:
PMC10812982 DOI:
10.3390/biom14010080]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) is a subset of Sjögren's syndrome marked by dry eye symptoms that is distinct from non-Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (NSSDE). As SSDE can lead to severe complications, its early detection is imperative. However, the differentiation between SSDE and NSSDE remains challenging due to overlapping clinical manifestations. This review endeavors to give a concise overview of the classification, pathophysiology, clinical features and presentation, ocular and systemic complications, clinical diagnosis, and management of SSDE. Despite advancements, limitations in current diagnostic methods underscore the need for novel diagnostic modalities. Thus, the current review examines various diagnostic biomarkers utilized for SSDE identification, encompassing serum, salivary, and tear analyses. Recent advancements in proteomic research and exosomal biomarkers offer promising diagnostic potential. Through a comprehensive literature review spanning from 2016 to 2023, we highlight molecular insights and advanced diagnostic modalities that have the potential to enhance our understanding and diagnosis of SSDE.
Collapse