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Savarino JR, Rubin E, Masiakos PT, McLellan R, Rolle ML, Nanda P, Stapleton CJ, Sacks CA. The Experience of Survivors of Firearm Suicide Attempts: A Retrospective Case Series. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2024; 5:e418. [PMID: 38911645 PMCID: PMC11191906 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to identify people who survived firearm suicide attempts to describe the acute stressors, substance use, and mental health conditions related to the attempt. Background Most firearm deaths in the United States are the result of suicide. Because firearm suicide attempts have a case fatality rate of approximately 90%, little is known about the precipitating factors that lead to firearm suicide attempts. Methods We conducted a retrospective case series of patients admitted to a large hospital system between 2000 and 2019 who survived intentional, self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the head. Through the electronic medical record, we collected information about acute stressors, substance use, and mental health diagnoses before or at the time of the suicide attempt. Results Thirty-four patients were included in the study cohort. Patients were predominantly White (74%) and male (88%), with a mean age of 44 (range, 14-82). Nineteen (56%) patients were acutely intoxicated with alcohol upon hospitalization and 17 (50%) patients had a positive urine drug screen. Acute stressors involving interpersonal relationships (53%), work/school (32%), and legal disputes (18%), among others, were documented in 82% of patients. Most patients (65%) had been diagnosed with depression before their index hospitalization. Most patients were discharged to an acute rehabilitation center (41%) or an inpatient psychiatric facility (41%). Conclusions Acute stress and alcohol intoxication were common in this cohort of patients who attempted suicide using firearms. These data offer an ability to learn from the experience of survivors of firearm suicide attempts, a rare population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Rubin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter T. Masiakos
- Pediatric Trauma Service, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel McLellan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Myron L. Rolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pranav Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher J. Stapleton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chana A. Sacks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Robins JE, Morley KI, Hayes RD, Pritchard M, Kornblum D, Kalk NJ. Outcomes following suicidal crisis among hazardous and harmful alcohol users in the Crisis Resolution Team. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:590-602. [PMID: 36594457 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite associations between alcohol use and suicidal acts, little research measures prognoses of alcohol-using patients treated by Crisis Resolution Teams (CRTs), an intensive community-based intervention. We estimated the association of alcohol use amongst patients accepted following suicidal acts or ideation in four London-based Crisis Resolution Teams, with death-by-any-cause or recontact with crisis care. We analysed the electronic health records of 1615 CRT patients accepted following suicidal acts or ideation over 38 months, following STROBE guidelines. Using logistic regression we estimated the association of alcohol use (indicated by risk-assessment, AUDIT, or ICD-10 diagnosis) with death-or-recontact at (i) 30-days and (ii) 1-year after treatment start, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, psychiatric diagnosis, and severity of need. Hazardous, harmful, or dependent drinking was identified in 270 cases at baseline (16.7%); 73 (4.5%) were alcohol dependent. By 1-year, 622 patients (38.5%) had recontacted crisis care or died. After adjustment, alcohol use at a hazardous, harmful, or dependent level was not associated with increased odds of death-or-recontact at 30-days (AOR 1.17, 95%CI 0.73, 1.88) or 1-year (AOR 1.17, 95%CI 0.85, 1.60). Patients with hazardous, harmful, and dependent alcohol use are a small proportion of CRT patients, despite being more commonly encountered in emergency settings from which patients may be referred to CRTs, indicating a potential gap in provision. Those who are included in CRTs are not at increased risk of death-or-recontact within 1 year of treatment, suggesting that their inclusion can work, at least in a sample with predominantly hazardous or harmful alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Robins
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IOPPN) King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Katherine I Morley
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IOPPN) King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Innovation, Health, and Science, RAND Europe, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Hayes
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine and NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Megan Pritchard
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Daisy Kornblum
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IOPPN) King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Robins JE, Morley KI, Hayes RD, Ross KR, Pritchard M, Curtis V, Kalk NJ. Alcohol dependence and heavy episodic drinking are associated with different levels of risk of death or repeat emergency service attendance after a suicide attempt. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 224:108725. [PMID: 33940325 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a multidimensional risk factor for suicidal behaviour. However, suicide prevention strategies often take 'one-size-fits-all' approaches to alcohol use, reflecting an evidence base built on unidimensional measures. Latent Class Analysis can use a range of measures to differentiate distinct patterns of alcohol using behaviour and their associated risks. METHODS We analysed Electronic Health Record data from 650 suicidal adults detained for up to 36 h using police powers (Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983, amended 2007) to facilitate psychiatric assessment at a Health-Based Place of Safety, a dedicated emergency psychiatric care centre in London, UK. We conducted a Latent Class Analysis of alcohol using behaviours at first detention, and used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association of each identified latent class with subsequent death or recontact with emergency psychiatric care over a median follow-up of 490 days, adjusting for sex, age and past-year psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS Three classes of alcohol use were identified: low risk drinkers, heavy episodic drinkers and dependent drinkers. The dependent drinking class had twice the odds of death or recontact with emergency psychiatric care as the low risk drinking class (OR 2.32, 95 %CI 1.62-3.32, p < 0.001). Conversely, the heavy episodic drinking class was associated with lower odds of death or recontact than the low risk drinking class (OR 0.66, 95 %CI 0.53-0.81, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The risk of adverse outcomes after a suicide attempt are not uniform for different alcohol use classes. Clinical assessment and suicide prevention efforts should be tailored accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Robins
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Katherine I Morley
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK; Innovation, Health, and Science, RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre/Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 1YG, UK; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard D Hayes
- Department of Psychological Medicine and NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Kezia R Ross
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Megan Pritchard
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK; CRIS Training & Development Lead, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), UK; King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Vivienne Curtis
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK; CRIS Training & Development Lead, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), UK; Health Education England, 4 Stewart House, 32 Russell Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1B 5DN, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
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