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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Sanguino L, Blanes M, Betlloch I. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Neonates Born to Asymptomatic Mothers: A Case Series. Cureus 2022; 14:e32393. [PMID: 36636533 PMCID: PMC9830649 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal herpes is a rare condition and it is normally acquired through vertical transmission in the peripartum period. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of this condition are associated with high morbidity and mortality. We present five cases of neonatal herpes in infants born to asymptomatic mothers. Three of these infants were girls, three were born preterm, three were born after prolonged rupture of membranes, three had herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, and one had central nervous system (CNS) involvement. In all cases, the dermatologist played a key role in establishing an early diagnosis. Given the absence of a vaccine or a cost-effective method of screening for HSV infection in asymptomatic mothers, the current management strategies focus on the prevention of maternal infection and mother-to-child transmission, as well as early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal infection.
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2
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Begazo L, Morante A, Espinoza Montes C. [Herpes simplex factors: Literature review]. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2022; 10:e099. [PMID: 38389913 PMCID: PMC10880724 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-1001-2022-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus, after the first infection, can remain dormant in the lymph nodes and reactivate at any time due to certain factors and/or stimuli causing effects in the patient. The purpose of this literature review is to update scientific information on the factors that predispose to the reactivation of herpes simplex virus. A comprehensive literature review was conducted in the LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus and the following keywords were used: herpes simplex, reactivation, latency and risks. A factor is reactivation by immunosuppression due to the intake of immunosuppressants or oncological therapy. Another factor is psychological stress, in which the hormones released act on mediating signs of reactivation. Sun exposure that reactivates the virus in infected neurons and infection in pregnant women can trigger complications in the fetus and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Begazo
- Carrera de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud. Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Alysson Morante
- Carrera de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud. Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Carlos Espinoza Montes
- Carrera de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud. Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Salud Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
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3
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Primary HSV-2 Infection in Early Pregnancy Results in Transplacental Viral Transmission and Dose-Dependent Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in a Novel Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101929. [PMID: 34696359 PMCID: PMC8538385 DOI: 10.3390/v13101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection affects 24 million births annually and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including neonatal herpes; however, the mechanisms underlying in utero transmission of HSV-2 are largely unknown. We examined the effects of primary HSV-2 infection during early pregnancy on gestational outcomes in a novel, clinically relevant mouse model. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were infected intravaginally with 102–105 pfu/mL HSV-2 on gestation day (gd) 4.5. Controls were infected, nonpregnant, diestrus-staged mice and pregnant, uninfected mice. Compared to nonpregnant mice, pregnant mice were 100-fold more susceptible to HSV-2 infection. Three days post-inoculation (gd7.5), viral DNA was present in implantation sites, but pregnancy outcomes were largely unaffected by infection. Eight days post-inoculation (gd12.5), HSV-2 DNA persisted in placental tissues, resulting in inflammation and hemorrhage. Fetal and placental weights were reduced and fetal loss was observed with high viral doses. HSV-2 DNA and increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators were detected in fetal tissues at gd12.5, signifying viral transmission and fetal infection, even with low viral doses. This mouse model shows a dose-dependent effect of primary HSV-2 infection on pregnancy outcomes and suggests that fetal loss may occur due to placental inflammation, thus providing valuable insight into in utero transmission of HSV-2.
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Campos EMN, Rodrigues LD, Oliveira LF, Dos Santos JCC. Dementia and cognitive impairment in adults as sequels of HSV-1-related encephalitis: a review. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:164-172. [PMID: 34345357 PMCID: PMC8283880 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the variety of mechanisms of Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) contamination and its broad invasive potential of the nervous system, a life-long latent infection is established. Infected adult individuals may be susceptible to viral reactivation when under the influence of multiple stressors, especially regarding immunocompromised patients. This guides a series of neuroinflammatory events on the cerebral cortex, culminating, rarely, in encephalitis and cytotoxic / vasogenic brain edema. A sum of studies of such processes provides an explanation, even though not yet completely clarified, on how the clinical evolution to cognitive impairment and dementia might be enabled. In addition, it is of extreme importance to recognize the current dementia and cognitive deficit worldwide panorama. The aim of this literature review is to elucidate the available data upon the pathophysiology of HSV-1 infection as well as to describe the clinical panorama of the referred afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Damasceno Rodrigues
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas Oliveira
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Christus University Center, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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5
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Seroprevalence of ToRCH Pathogens in Southeast Asia. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030574. [PMID: 33799699 PMCID: PMC7999562 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ToRCH is the acronym for several pathogens associated with pregnancy complications and sequelae in the unborn or newborn child. Particularly primary infections during pregnancy are associated with increased risk. Seroprevalence data of ToRCH infections are important, especially in countries with weak disease surveillance systems, to estimate immunity and vaccination levels, as well as exposure rates and thus the risk of infection during pregnancy. A systematic literature search spanning a 30-year time period was conducted to identify serosurveys on ToRCH pathogens in Southeast Asia. The 96 identified studies showed that some pathogens were well studied, while only limited data were available for others. Studies from the better-developed countries of the region were more abundant. Moreover, seroprevalence data were often limited to a certain geographical region within the country or to certain cohorts, there was an evident lack of recent serosurveys, and the study quality was often not adequate. Well-designed and area-wide serosurveys of ToRCH pathogens are clearly warranted. If combined with risk factor analysis, these studies may guide the development and implementation of effective measures for infection prevention, especially during pregnancy. In addition, educational programs for health care workers and for pregnant women during antenatal care are urgently needed.
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Haase R, Seliger G, Baier J. [Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Two Premature Infants - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2021; 225:441-444. [PMID: 33530114 DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV 1/2)-related infections in neonates are rare but associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially if specific treatment is delayed. Due to immaturity of the immunological system, premature infants are particularly at risk. In addition, symptoms of neonatal HSV infections may imitate prematurity-related problems, such as sepsis. So, a thorough patient's history and appropriate diagnostic measures are important to confirm the diagnosis. We present 2 premature infants with systemic HSV infections and discuss diagnostic and therapeutic management. Both were treated with intravenous acyclovir followed by enteral aciclovir suppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Haase
- Abteilung für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.,Klinik für Neonatologie und Kinderintensivmedizin, St. Elisabeth & St. Barbara Krankenhaus, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Gregor Seliger
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Jan Baier
- Abteilung für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
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7
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Schwartz DA, Morotti D, Beigi B, Moshfegh F, Zafaranloo N, Patanè L. Confirming Vertical Fetal Infection With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Neonatal and Pathology Criteria for Early Onset and Transplacental Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Infected Pregnant Mothers. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:1451-1456. [PMID: 32886737 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0442-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 are being reported around the world. The majority of neonates delivered to pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been negative for the virus, but a small number have tested positive for infection. It is important to determine whether vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 occurs and the mechanisms for its development. Based on a number of clinical and laboratory findings, it has been suggested that transplacental transmission may be occurring, but a method to confirm this is necessary. This communication analyzes and evaluates the covariables that have been discussed as potential indicators of vertical and, specifically, intrauterine transmission, including the timing of onset of neonatal illness, neonatal viral test positivity, neonatal antibody testing for immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM, and viral analysis of swabs of whole specimens of placental tissue. None of these methods can provide confirmatory evidence that infection developed prior to labor and delivery, or that transplacental transmission occurred. This commentary proposes that diagnosis of early-onset neonatal coronavirus disease 2019 infection should be limited to neonates with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 within the initial 72 hours of life. It also proposes that the occurrence of intrauterine transplacental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among infected mother-infant dyads be based upon identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in chorionic villus cells using immunohistochemistry or nucleic acid methods such as in situ hybridization. Evaluating placentas from neonates with coronavirus disease 2019 using these methods will be instrumental in determining the potential role and prevalence of transplacental transmission of the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schwartz
- From the Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta (Schwartz)
| | - Denise Morotti
- The Pathology Unit (Morotti), ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,The Medical Genetics Laboratory (Morotti), ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Babak Beigi
- The Department of Neonatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Universal Scientific and Educational Network, Tehran, Iran (Beigi)
| | - Fereshteh Moshfegh
- The Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Moshfegh, Zafaranloo)
| | - Nazanin Zafaranloo
- The Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Moshfegh, Zafaranloo)
| | - Luisa Patanè
- The Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (Patanè), ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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8
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Pahar B, Madonna S, Das A, Albanesi C, Girolomoni G. Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E517. [PMID: 32927756 PMCID: PMC7565865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as epithelial cells, and are an essential component of innate immunity system against infection, including several viral infections. AMPs, in particular the cathelicidin LL-37, also exert numerous immunomodulatory activities by inducing cytokine production and attracting and regulating the activity of immune cells. AMPs are scarcely expressed in normal skin, but their expression increases when skin is injured by external factors, such as trauma, inflammation, or infection. LL-37 complexed to self-DNA acts as autoantigen in psoriasis and lupus erythematosus (LE), where it also induces production of interferon by plasmocytoid dendritic cells and thus initiates a cascade of autocrine and paracrine processes, leading to a disease state. In these disorders, epidermal keratinocytes express high amounts of AMPs, which can lead to uncontrolled inflammation. Similarly, LL-37 had several favorable and unfavorable roles in virus replication and disease pathogenesis. Targeting the antiviral and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 opens a new approach to limit virus dissemination and the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Stefania Madonna
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
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9
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Happel AU, Varsani A, Balle C, Passmore JA, Jaspan H. The Vaginal Virome-Balancing Female Genital Tract Bacteriome, Mucosal Immunity, and Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes? Viruses 2020; 12:E832. [PMID: 32751611 PMCID: PMC7472209 DOI: 10.3390/v12080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides bacteria, fungi, protists and archaea, the vaginal ecosystem also contains a range of prokaryote- and eukaryote-infecting viruses, which are collectively referred to as the "virome". Despite its well-described role in the gut and other environmental niches, the vaginal virome remains understudied. With a focus on sexual and reproductive health, we summarize the currently known components of the vaginal virome, its relationship with other constituents of the vaginal microbiota and its association with adverse health outcomes. While a range of eukaryote-infecting viruses has been described to be present in the female genital tract (FGT), few prokaryote-infecting viruses have been described. Literature suggests that various vaginal viruses interact with vaginal bacterial microbiota and host immunity and that any imbalance thereof may contribute to the risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including infertility and adverse birth outcomes. Current limitations of vaginal virome research include experimental and analytical constraints. Considering the vaginal virome may represent the missing link in our understanding of the relationship between FGT bacteria, mucosal immunity, and adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, future studies evaluating the vaginal microbiome and its population dynamics holistically will be important for understanding the role of the vaginal virome in balancing health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Ursula Happel
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (C.B.); (J.-A.P.); (H.J.)
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center of Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA;
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Christina Balle
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (C.B.); (J.-A.P.); (H.J.)
| | - Jo-Ann Passmore
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (C.B.); (J.-A.P.); (H.J.)
- NRF-DST CAPRISA Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, 719 Umbilo Road, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (C.B.); (J.-A.P.); (H.J.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, 1510 San Juan Road NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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10
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Naidu SK, Nabi R, Cheemarla NR, Stanfield BA, Rider PJ, Jambunathan N, Chouljenko VN, Carter R, Del Piero F, Langohr I, Kousoulas KG. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with the human herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1) VC2 vaccine, but not its parental strain HSV-1(F) confers full protection against lethal ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) pathogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228252. [PMID: 32027675 PMCID: PMC7004361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) can cause severe ocular infection and blindness. We have previously shown that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain is protective in mice and guinea pigs against genital herpes infection following vaginal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of VC2 intramuscular vaccination in mice against herpetic keratitis following ocular challenge with lethal human clinical strain HSV-1(McKrae). VC2 vaccination in mice produced superior protection and morbidity control in comparison to its parental strain HSV-1(F). Specifically, after HSV-1(McKrae) ocular challenge, all VC2 vaccinated- mice survived, while 30% of the HSV-1(F)- vaccinated and 100% of the mock-vaccinated mice died post challenge. VC2-vaccinated mice did not exhibit any symptoms of ocular infection and completely recovered from initial conjunctivitis. In contrast, HSV-1(F)-vaccinated mice developed time-dependent progressive keratitis characterized by corneal opacification, while mock-vaccinated animals exhibited more severe stromal keratitis characterized by immune cell infiltration and neovascularization in corneal stroma with corneal opacification. Cornea in VC2-immunized mice exhibited significantly increased infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes and decreased infiltration of Iba1+ macrophages in comparison to mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccinated groups. VC2 immunization produced higher virus neutralization titers than HSV-1(F) post challenge. Furthermore, VC-vaccination significantly increased the CD4 T central memory (TCM) subsets and CD8 T effector memory (TEM) subsets in the draining lymph nodes following ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) challenge, then mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccination. These results indicate that VC2 vaccination produces a protective immune response at the site of challenge to protect against HSV-1-induced ocular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan K. Naidu
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nithya Jambunathan
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Renee Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Hassan M, Netchiporouk E, Litvinov IV. New dl5-29-Attenuated Replication-Deficient HSV Vaccine Provides a Ray of Hope for the Prevention of Neonatal HSV Infection. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 23:554-555. [PMID: 31478773 DOI: 10.1177/1203475419860506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hassan
- 1 Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- 1 Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- 1 Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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