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Theron KJ, Pryke JS, Samways MJ. Identifying managerial legacies within conservation corridors using remote sensing and grasshoppers as bioindicators. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02496. [PMID: 34783414 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation under global change requires effective management of key biodiversity areas, even areas not under formal protection. Natural grassland conservation corridors between plantation forests are such areas, as they improve landscape connectivity, mitigate the impact of landscape fragmentation, and conserve biodiversity. However, empirical evidence is required to identify the extent to which past management actions promote effectiveness of conservation corridors into the future. We address this issue using grasshoppers, which are well-established indicators of habitat quality. In particular, we assess grasshopper response within corridors to historic grassland photosynthetic activity using a 25-yr normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series. We then use vegetation characteristics measured in the field to understand the potential mechanisms driving grasshopper response. Furthermore, we explore the efficacy of satellite remote sensing for monitoring grasshopper habitat using additive models. We found that grasshopper evenness responded positively to deviation in NDVI within a 3-yr period, whereas assemblage composition responded positively over a shorter time of two years. Grasshopper richness and evenness responded strongly to the local vegetation height and bare ground, whereas grasshopper assemblage composition also responded to plant species richness. We found a major negative impact of the invasive alien bramble (Rubus cuneifolius) on large-sized grasshoppers and species of conservation concern. Overall, the results illustrate the importance of maintaining primary high-quality habitat for maintaining grasshopper diversity, alongside removal of invasive bramble. We recommend prescribed burning to maintain high-quality habitat heterogeneity, with sites burned within three years. Furthermore, high-resolution satellite imagery is effective for monitoring grasshopper richness and assemblage composition response to changes in vegetation within the corridors. Grassland conservation corridors do conserve biodiversity, although effective management and monitoring needs to be in place to ensure biodiversity resembles that of neighbouring protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jurie Theron
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - James S Pryke
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Battisti C, Fanelli G. Alien-dominated plant communities’ syntopic with seabird’s nests: evidence and possible implication from a Mediterranean insular ecosystem. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2020.1870568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Battisti
- Torre Flavia LTER (Long Term Ecological Research) Station, Protected Areas – Regional Park Service, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Viale G. Ribotta 41, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Fanelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Comparative litter decomposability traits of selected native and exotic woody species from an urban environment of north-western Siwalik region, India. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7888. [PMID: 32398761 PMCID: PMC7217892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic plants can potentially modify ecosystem functions like cycling of nutrients by adjusting their decomposition rates. However, these effects are largely unknown for urban ecosystems, though they act as reservoirs of exotic plants. The present study evaluated the decomposition rates of five native and five exotic (three invasive and two non-invasive) species by conducting the litter bag experiment. Our study, however, did not find any significant differences in overall decomposition rates of native and exotic species but decomposition rates were strongly correlated with initial chemical quality of the litter. Further, litter carbon, lignin to nitrogen ratio and carbon to nitrogen ratio seemed to be good predictors for decomposition rates in this study. Interestingly, invasive exotic species had higher decomposition rate while non-invasive exotic species showed a slower rate as compared to the native species. In conclusion, our study indicates that invasive exotic plants try to maintain a higher chemical quality of litter than native and non-invasive exotic species which promotes their rapid decomposition. Thus, the better chemical quality of litter may facilitate the naturalisation and invasion of exotic plants irrespective of their origin.
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Bonebrake TC, Guo F, Dingle C, Baker DM, Kitching RL, Ashton LA. Integrating Proximal and Horizon Threats to Biodiversity for Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:781-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Strength in Numbers: Combining Multi-Source Remotely Sensed Data to Model Plant Invasions in Coastal Dune Ecosystems. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A common feature of most theories of invasion ecology is that the extent and intensity of invasions is driven by a combination of drivers, which can be grouped into three main factors: propagule pressure (P), abiotic drivers (A) and biotic interactions (B). However, teasing apart the relative contribution of P, A and B on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) distributions is typically hampered by a lack of data. We focused on Mediterranean coastal dunes as a model system to test the ability of a combination of multi-source Remote Sensing (RS) data to characterize the distribution of five IAS. Using generalized linear models, we explored and ranked correlates of P, A and B derived from high-resolution optical imagery and three-dimensional (3D) topographic models obtained from LiDAR, along two coastal systems in Central Italy (Lazio and Molise Regions). Predictors from all three factors contributed significantly to explaining the presence of IAS, but their relative importance varied among the two Regions, supporting previous studies suggesting that invasion is a context-dependent process. The use of RS data allowed us to characterize the distribution of IAS across broad, regional scales and to identify coastal sectors that are most likely to be invaded in the future.
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Waryszak P, Lenz TI, Leishman MR, Downey PO. Herbicide effectiveness in controlling invasive plants under elevated CO 2: Sufficient evidence to rethink weeds management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:400-407. [PMID: 30138839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that chemical weed control will be less effective for some weed species under future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Such reductions in plant sensitivity to herbicides under elevated CO2 may be due to greater biomass accumulation and differences among growth types. However, these studies have been limited to few growth types (herbaceous and grass species) and to a single herbicide (glyphosate). This study tested a more extensive range of weed species (both in number and growth form) and herbicides to assess general patterns of plant response. We grew 14 environmental weed species representing four different growth forms (grasses, herbs, shrubs and vines), that are commonly found in south-eastern Australia, under ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (550 ppm) CO2 concentrations. We then applied the recommended and double-recommended concentrations of two herbicides: glyphosate and fluroxypyr-meptyl. We found that responses of the weed species to herbicide under elevated CO2 were species-specific. However, the C3 grasses tended to be the most sensitive to herbicide application followed by the herbs and C4 grasses while shrubs and vines demonstrated the highest resistance. Our results highlight the need for broader testing to determine the species most likely to exhibit increased tolerance to herbicide in the future in order to improve management options beforehand and thus offset a future liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Waryszak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Tanja I Lenz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Paul O Downey
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Assaeed AM, Al-Rowaily SL, El-Bana MI, Abood AAA, Dar BAM, Hegazy AK. Impact of off-road vehicles on soil and vegetation in a desert rangeland in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1187-1193. [PMID: 31516348 PMCID: PMC6733387 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-road vehicle driving is considered as main contributor to land degradation in arid regions. This study examined the impact of off-road vehicles (ORV) on soil and vegetation in a natural recreational desert meadow of Raudhat Khuraim, Saudi Arabia. Vegetation canopy cover and plant height away from road tracks were assessed. Also, species density and canopy cover, bare ground cover and soil attributes were assessed in four microhabitats; tracks, inter-tracks, verges, and away from vehicle tracks (undisturbed natural areas). Results show that the cover of forbs and grasses was negatively associated with distance from road verges. It was observed that the height of woody species responded negatively to distance away from tracks. Cover of native species decreased under verge, inter-track and track microhabitats giving more opportunity for weeds to flourish. Bare ground was highest (60.7%) in tracks. ORV impact on soil bulk density was clear with an increase of 38% under tracks compared to soils of undisturbed natural vegetation and a similar decrease in porosity was observed. On the other hand, soil electrical conductivity was significantly higher (5.45 mS cm-1) under disturbance compared to 1.32 mS cm-1 in undisturbed natural vegetation. Organic matter and nitrogen were not affected significantly by ORV disturbance. The results emphasize that managing off-road vehicle driving is essential for conserving native vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M Assaeed
- Department of Plant Production, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud L Al-Rowaily
- Department of Plant Production, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy I El-Bana
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A A Abood
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basharat A M Dar
- Department of Plant Production, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad K Hegazy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Toral-Granda MV, Causton CE, Jäger H, Trueman M, Izurieta JC, Araujo E, Cruz M, Zander KK, Izurieta A, Garnett ST. Alien species pathways to the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184379. [PMID: 28902860 PMCID: PMC5597199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alien species, one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystems worldwide, are of particular concern for oceanic archipelagos such as Galápagos. To enable more effective management of alien species, we reviewed, collated and analysed all available records of alien species for Galápagos. We also assembled a comprehensive dataset on pathways to and among the Galápagos Islands, including tourist and resident numbers, tourist vessels, their itineraries and visitation sites, aircraft capacity and occupancy, air and sea cargo and biosecurity interceptions. So far, 1,579 alien terrestrial and marine species have been introduced to Galápagos by humans. Of these, 1,476 have become established. Almost half of these were intentional introductions, mostly of plants. Most unintentional introductions arrived on plants and plant associated material, followed by transport vehicles, and commodities (in particular fruit and vegetables). The number, frequency and geographic origin of pathways for the arrival and dispersal of alien species to and within Galápagos have increased over time, tracking closely the increase in human population (residents and tourists) on the islands. Intentional introductions of alien species should decline as biosecurity is strengthened but there is a danger that unintentional introductions will increase further as tourism on Galápagos expands. This unique world heritage site will only retain its biodiversity values if the pathways for invasion are managed effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Verónica Toral-Granda
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Heinke Jäger
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Mandy Trueman
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Juan Carlos Izurieta
- Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador-Observatorio de Turismo de Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Eddy Araujo
- Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Marilyn Cruz
- Agencia de Bioseguridad de Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Kerstin K. Zander
- Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Arturo Izurieta
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
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Can heat waves change the trophic role of the world's most invasive crayfish? Diet shifts in Procambarus clarkii. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183108. [PMID: 28873401 PMCID: PMC5584761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, the globally increasing temperatures are expected to be accompanied by longer heat waves. Commonly assumed to benefit cold-limited invasive alien species, these climatic changes may also change their feeding preferences, especially in the case of omnivorous ectotherms. We investigated heat wave effects on diet choice, growth and energy reserves in the invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. In laboratory experiments, we fed juvenile and adult crayfish on animal, plant or mixed diets and exposed them to a short or a long heat wave. We then measured crayfish survival, growth, body reserves and Fulton’s condition index. Diet choices of the crayfish maintained on the mixed diet were estimated using stable isotopes (13C and 15N). The results suggest a decreased efficiency of carnivorous diets at higher temperatures, as juveniles fed on the animal diet were unable to maintain high growth rates in the long heat wave; and a decreased efficiency of herbivorous diets at lower temperatures, as juveniles in the cold accumulated less body reserves when fed on the plant diet. Heat wave treatments increased the assimilation of plant material, especially in juveniles, allowing them to sustain high growth rates in the long heat wave. Contrary to our expectations, crayfish performance decreased in the long heat wave, suggesting that Mediterranean summer heat waves may have negative effects on P. clarkii and that they are unlikely to boost its populations in this region. Although uncertain, it is possible that the greater assimilation of the plant diet resulted from changes in crayfish feeding preferences, raising the hypotheses that i) heat waves may change the predominant impacts of this keystone species and ii) that by altering species’ trophic niches, climate change may alter the main impacts of invasive alien species.
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Chai SL, Zhang J, Nixon A, Nielsen S. Using Risk Assessment and Habitat Suitability Models to Prioritise Invasive Species for Management in a Changing Climate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165292. [PMID: 27768758 PMCID: PMC5074526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accounting for climate change in invasive species risk assessments improves our understanding of potential future impacts and enhances our preparedness for the arrival of new non-native species. We combined traditional risk assessment for invasive species with habitat suitability modeling to assess risk to biodiversity based on climate change. We demonstrate our method by assessing the risk for 15 potentially new invasive plant species to Alberta, Canada, an area where climate change is expected to facilitate the poleward expansion of invasive species ranges. Of the 15 species assessed, the three terrestrial invasive plant species that could pose the greatest threat to Alberta’s biodiversity are giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), and alkali swainsonpea (Sphaerophysa salsula). We characterise giant knotweed as ‘extremely invasive’, with 21 times the suitable habitat between baseline and future projected climate. Tamarisk is ‘extremely invasive’ with a 64% increase in suitable habitat, and alkali swainsonpea is ‘highly invasive’ with a 21% increase in suitable habitat. Our methodology can be used to predict and prioritise potentially new invasive species for their impact on biodiversity in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna-Lee Chai
- Ecosystem Management, Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy Nixon
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Jia J, Dai Z, Li F, Liu Y. How Will Global Environmental Changes Affect the Growth of Alien Plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1623. [PMID: 27847511 PMCID: PMC5088532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental changes can create novel habitats, promoting the growth of alien plants that often exhibit broad environmental tolerance and high phenotypic plasticity. However, the mechanisms underlying these growth promotory effects are unknown at present. Here, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis using data from 111 published studies encompassing the responses of 129 alien plants to global warming, increased precipitation, N deposition, and CO2 enrichment. We compared the differences in the responses of alien plants to the four global environmental change factors across six categories of functional traits between woody and non-woody life forms as well as C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. Our results showed that all four global change factors promote alien plant growth. Warming had a more positive effect on C4 than C3 plants. Although the effects of the four factors on the functional traits of alien plants were variable, plant growth was mainly promoted via an increase in growth rate and size. Our data suggest that potential future global environmental changes could further facilitate alien plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhicong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology and Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yanjie Liu,
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12
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Cho KH, Lee SH. Prediction of Changes in the Potential Distribution of a Waterfront Alien Plant, Paspalum distichum var. indutum, under Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17820/eri.2015.2.3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Roger E, Duursma DE, Downey PO, Gallagher RV, Hughes L, Steel J, Johnson SB, Leishman MR. A tool to assess potential for alien plant establishment and expansion under climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 159:121-127. [PMID: 26063516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the influence of climate change on the potential distribution of naturalised alien plant species is an important and challenging task. While prioritisation of management actions for alien plants under current climatic conditions has been widely adopted, very few systems explicitly incorporate the potential of future changes in climate conditions to influence the distribution of alien plant species. Here, we develop an Australia-wide screening tool to assess the potential of naturalised alien plants to establish and spread under both current and future climatic conditions. The screening tool developed uses five spatially explicit criteria to establish the likelihood of alien plant population establishment and expansion under baseline climate conditions and future climates for the decades 2035 and 2065. Alien plants are then given a threat rating according to current and future threat to enable natural resource managers to focus on those species that pose the largest potential threat now and in the future. To demonstrate the screening tool, we present results for a representative sample of approximately 10% (n = 292) of Australia's known, naturalised alien plant species. Overall, most alien plant species showed decreases in area of habitat suitability under future conditions compared to current conditions and therefore the threat rating of most alien plant species declined between current and future conditions. Use of the screening tool is intended to assist natural resource managers in assessing the threat of alien plant establishment and spread under current and future conditions and thus prioritise detailed weed risk assessments for those species that pose the greatest threat. The screening tool is associated with a searchable database for all 292 alien plant species across a range of spatial scales, available through an interactive web-based portal at http://weedfutures.net/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Roger
- Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales 2000, Australia.
| | - Daisy Englert Duursma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Paul O Downey
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Lesley Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jackie Steel
- Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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