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Buss DL, Dierickx K, Falahati-Anbaran M, Elliot D, Rankin LK, Whitridge P, Frasier B, Richard JS, van den Hurk Y, Barrett JH. Archaeological evidence of resource utilisation of walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, over the past two millennia: A systematic review protocol. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2024; 4:86. [PMID: 39070944 PMCID: PMC11283631 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.17197.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, is an iconic pinniped and predominant molluscivore that is well adapted to Arctic and subarctic environments. Its circumpolar distribution, large body size and ivory tusks facilitated its vital role as food, raw material (for tools and art), income, and cultural influence on many Arctic Indigenous communities for millennia. Intensification of hunting (often due to the arrival of Europeans, especially between the 16 th and 19 th centuries) to obtain ivory, hide, blubber and meat, resulted in diminished, sometimes extirpated, walrus populations. Zooarchaeological, artefactual and documentary evidence of walrus material has been collated at local and regional scales and is frequently focused on a specific culture or period of time. Systematic collation of this evidence across the Northern Hemisphere will provide insight into the chronology and circumpolar distribution of walrus hunting and provide a tool to document societal change in walrus resource use. Here, we lay out a systematic review protocol to collate records of archaeological walrus artefacts, tusks and bones that have been documented primarily within published literature to archive when and where (as feasible) walrus extractions occurred between 1 CE and 2000 CE. These data will be openly available for the scientific community. The resulting dataset will be the first to provide spatiotemporal information (including the recognition of knowledge gaps) regarding past walrus populations and extirpations on a circumpolar scale. Our protocol is published to ensure reproducibility and comparability in the future, and to encourage the adoption of systematic review methodology (including pre-published protocols) in archaeology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Buss
- Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Trøndelag, 7491, Norway
| | - Katrien Dierickx
- Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Trøndelag, 7491, Norway
| | - Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran
- Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Trøndelag, 7491, Norway
| | - Deirdre Elliot
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lisa K. Rankin
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Peter Whitridge
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Simon Richard
- Musee des Îles de la Madeleine, Les Îles de la Madeleine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Youri van den Hurk
- Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Trøndelag, 7491, Norway
| | - James H. Barrett
- Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Trøndelag, 7491, Norway
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Urvois T, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A, Kerdelhué C, Rossi JP. Intraspecific niche models for the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus suggest contrasted responses to climate change. Oecologia 2024; 204:761-774. [PMID: 38536504 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylosandrus crassiusculus is an invasive ambrosia beetle comprising two differentiated genetic lineages, named cluster 1 and cluster 2. These lineages invaded different parts of the world at different periods of time. We tested whether they exhibited different climatic niches using Schoener's D and Hellinger's I indices and modeled their current potential geographical ranges using the Maxent algorithm. The resulting models were projected according to future and recent past climate datasets for Europe and the Mediterranean region. The future projections were performed for the periods 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 using 3 SSPs and 5 GCMs. The genetic lineages exhibited different climate niches. Parts of Europe, the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Oceania were evaluated as suitable for cluster 1. Parts of Europe, South America, Central and South Africa, Asia, and Oceania were considered as suitable for cluster 2. Models projection under future climate scenarios indicated a decrease in climate suitability in Southern Europe and an increase in North Eastern Europe in 2071-2100. Most of Southern and Western Europe was evaluated as already suitable for both clusters in the early twentieth century. Our results show that large climatically suitable regions still remain uncolonized and that climate change will affect the geographical distribution of climatically suitable areas. Climate conditions in Europe were favorable in the twentieth century, suggesting that the recent colonization of Europe is rather due to an increase in propagule pressure via international trade than to recent environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Urvois
- INRAE, URZF, 45075, Orléans, France
- UMR CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - A Roques
- INRAE, URZF, 45075, Orléans, France
| | - C Kerdelhué
- UMR CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - J-P Rossi
- UMR CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Doherty TS, Macdonald KJ. Non-native species resist extreme events. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1959-1960. [PMID: 37932386 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Doherty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Kristina J Macdonald
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Noll M, Wall R, Makepeace BL, Newbury H, Adaszek L, Bødker R, Estrada-Peña A, Guillot J, da Fonseca IP, Probst J, Overgaauw P, Strube C, Zakham F, Zanet S, Rose Vineer H. Predicting the distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe: a comparison of climate niche modelling approaches. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:384. [PMID: 37880680 PMCID: PMC10601327 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ticks Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus are two of the most important vectors in Europe. Climate niche modelling has been used in many studies to attempt to explain their distribution and to predict changes under a range of climate change scenarios. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of different climate niche modelling approaches to explain the known distribution of I. ricinus and D. reticulatus in Europe. METHODS A series of climate niche models, using different combinations of input data, were constructed and assessed. Species occurrence records obtained from systematic literature searches and Global Biodiversity Information Facility data were thinned to different degrees to remove sampling spatial bias. Four sources of climate data were used: bioclimatic variables, WorldClim, TerraClimate and MODIS satellite-derived data. Eight different model training extents were examined and three modelling frameworks were used: maximum entropy, generalised additive models and random forest models. The results were validated through internal cross-validation, comparison with an external independent dataset and expert opinion. RESULTS The performance metrics and predictive ability of the different modelling approaches varied significantly within and between each species. Different combinations were better able to define the distribution of each of the two species. However, no single approach was considered fully able to capture the known distribution of the species. When considering the mean of the performance metrics of internal and external validation, 24 models for I. ricinus and 11 models for D. reticulatus of the 96 constructed were considered adequate according to the following criteria: area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve > 0.7; true skill statistic > 0.4; Miller's calibration slope 0.25 above or below 1; Boyce index > 0.9; omission rate < 0.15. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive analysis suggests that there is no single 'best practice' climate modelling approach to account for the distribution of these tick species. This has important implications for attempts to predict climate-mediated impacts on future tick distribution. It is suggested here that climate variables alone are not sufficient; habitat type, host availability and anthropogenic impacts, not included in current modelling approaches, could contribute to determining tick presence or absence at the local or regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Noll
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Richard Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Lukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - René Bødker
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Saragossa, Spain
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Dermatology-Parasitology-Mycology, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Julia Probst
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Overgaauw
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fathiah Zakham
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Hannah Rose Vineer
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Yang R, Yu X, Nie P, Cao R, Feng J, Hu X. Climatic niche and range shifts of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) in Europe: An invasive pest displacing native squirrels. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3731-3739. [PMID: 37194192 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an invasive pest from North America, grey squirrels (GSs; Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) are displacing native squirrels in Europe. However, the climatic niche and range dynamics of GSs in Europe remain largely unknown. Through niche and range dynamic models, we investigated climatic niche and range shifts between introduced GSs in Europe and native GSs in North America. RESULTS GSs in North America can survive in more variable climatic conditions and have much wider climatic niche breadth than do GSs in Europe. Based on climate, the potential range of GSs in Europe included primarily Britain, Ireland, and Italy, whereas the potential range of GSs in North America included vast regions of western and southern Europe. If GSs in Europe could occupy the same climatic niche space and potential range as GSs in North America, they would occupy an area ca. 2.45 times the size of their current range. The unfilling ranges of GSs in Europe relative to those of GSs in North America were primarily in France, Italy, Spain, Croatia, and Portugal. CONCLUSION Our observations implied that GSs in Europe have significant invasion potential, and that range projections based on their occurrence records in Europe may underestimate their invasion risk. Given that small niche shifts between GSs in Europe and in North America could lead to large range shifts, niche shifts could be a sensitive indicator in invasion risk assessment. The identified unfilling ranges of the GS in Europe should be prioritized in combating GS invasions in the future. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Peixiao Nie
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Runyao Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jianmeng Feng
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Xiaokang Hu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Research Center for Agroecology in Erhai Lake Watershed of Dali University, Dali, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, China
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Strubbe D, Jiménez L, Barbosa AM, Davis AJS, Lens L, Rahbek C. Mechanistic models project bird invasions with accuracy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2520. [PMID: 37130835 PMCID: PMC10154326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity and inflict massive economic costs. Effective management of bio-invasions depends on reliable predictions of areas at risk of invasion, as they allow early invader detection and rapid responses. Yet, considerable uncertainty remains as to how to predict best potential invasive distribution ranges. Using a set of mainly (sub)tropical birds introduced to Europe, we show that the true extent of the geographical area at risk of invasion can accurately be determined by using ecophysiological mechanistic models that quantify species' fundamental thermal niches. Potential invasive ranges are primarily constrained by functional traits related to body allometry and body temperature, metabolic rates, and feather insulation. Given their capacity to identify tolerable climates outside of contemporary realized species niches, mechanistic predictions are well suited for informing effective policy and management aimed at preventing the escalating impacts of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Strubbe
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate (CMEC), GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Laura Jiménez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CNRS IRL2807), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Márcia Barbosa
- CICGE-Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Amy J S Davis
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate (CMEC), GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Marchetto E, Da Re D, Tordoni E, Bazzichetto M, Zannini P, Celebrin S, Chieffallo L, Malavasi M, Rocchini D. Testing the effect of sample prevalence and sampling methods on probability- and favourability-based SDMs. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rossi JP, Rasplus JY. Climate change and the potential distribution of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), an insect vector of Xylella fastidiosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160375. [PMID: 36423847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions represent a major threat for biodiversity and agriculture. Despite efforts to restrict the spread of alien species, preventing their introduction remains the best strategy for an efficient control. In that context preparedness of phytosanitary authorities is very important and estimating the geographical range of alien species becomes a key information. The present study investigates the potential geographical range of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), a very efficient insect vector of Xylella fastidiosa, one of the most dangerous plant-pathogenic bacteria worldwide. We use species distribution modeling (SDM) to analyse the climate factors driving the insect distribution and we evaluate its potential distribution in its native range (USA) and in Europe according to current climate and different scenarios of climate change: 6 General Circulation Models (GCM), 4 shared socioeconomic pathways of gas emission and 4 time periods (2030, 2050, 2070, 2090). The first result is that the climate conditions of the European continent are suitable to the glassy-winged sharpshooter, in particular around the Mediterranean basin where X. fastidiosa is present. Projections according to future climate conditions indicate displacement of climatically suitable areas towards the north in both North America and Europe. Globally, suitable areas will decrease in North America and increase in Europe in the coming decades. SDM outputs vary according to the GCM considered and this variability indicated areas of uncertainty in the species potential range. Both potential distribution and its uncertainty associated to future climate projections are important information for improved preparedness of phytosanitary authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Rossi
- CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations), INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations), INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Marcelli M, Striglioni F, Fusillo R. Range reexpansion after long stasis: Italian otters ( Lutra lutra) at their northern edge. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9726. [PMID: 36620409 PMCID: PMC9812837 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species range shifts and expansion are subjects of primary research interest in the context of climate warming and biological invasions. Few studies have focused on reexpansion of species that suffered severe declines. Here, we focused on population recovery of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in Italy, first detected in 2003 after a southward range contraction. We modeled the rate of range expansion and occupancy at the northern expanding front (central Italy), to gain insights into the progress of recovery and mechanisms of reexpansion. We performed a field survey in 2021, which redefined the northern limit of distribution further north, in close proximity to the Gran Sasso National Park. Then we analyzed a time series (1985-2021) of distances of northernmost occurrences from the center of the 1985 range. Using segmented regression, we were able to identify a prolonged stasis of the northern range edge and a simultaneous increase in occupancy from 0.151 to 0.4. A breakpoint was estimated in 2006, after which the range expanded northwards at an average rate of 5.48 km/year. From 2006 to 2021, the overall northward shift was about 80 km. Occupancy continued to increase until 2019 and abruptly declined in 2021. These patterns suggest that the reexpansion of the range can be limited by low occupancy at the expanding front. As occupancy increases, long-distance dispersal increases and then range expands. The low occupancy at the current distribution limit of otters may reflect a higher anthropogenic pressure on northern habitats, which could slow down the reexpansion process.
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Naimi B, Capinha C, Ribeiro J, Rahbek C, Strubbe D, Reino L, Araújo MB. Potential for invasion of traded birds under climate and land-cover change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5654-5666. [PMID: 35849042 PMCID: PMC9539888 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Humans have moved species away from their native ranges since the Neolithic, but globalization accelerated the rate at which species are being moved. We fitted more than half million distribution models for 610 traded bird species on the CITES list to examine the separate and joint effects of global climate and land-cover change on their potential end-of-century distributions. We found that climate-induced suitability for modelled invasive species increases with latitude, because traded birds are mainly of tropical origin and much of the temperate region is 'tropicalizing.' Conversely, the tropics are becoming more arid, thus limiting the potential from cross-continental invasion by tropical species. This trend is compounded by forest loss around the tropics since most traded birds are forest dwellers. In contrast, net gains in forest area across the temperate region could compound climate change effects and increase the potential for colonization of low-latitude birds. Climate change has always led to regional redistributions of species, but the combination of human transportation, climate, and land-cover changes will likely accelerate the redistribution of species globally, increasing chances of alien species successfully invading non-native lands. Such process of biodiversity homogenization can lead to emergence of non-analogue communities with unknown environmental and socioeconomic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Naimi
- ‘Rui Nabeiro’ Biodiversity Chair, CHANGE‐MED InstituteUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - César Capinha
- Centro de Estudos Geográficos e Laboratório Associado TERRAInstituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território – IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edmée MarquesLisbonPortugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de VairãoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório AssociadoInstituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Danish Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | - Diederik Strubbe
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Luís Reino
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de VairãoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório AssociadoInstituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Miguel B. Araújo
- ‘Rui Nabeiro’ Biodiversity Chair, CHANGE‐MED InstituteUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural SciencesCSICMadridSpain
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