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Petrovski S, Rhodes G, Jeffery L. Adaptation to dynamic faces produces face identity aftereffects. J Vis 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 30572341 DOI: 10.1167/18.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Face aftereffects are well established for static stimuli and have been used extensively as a tool for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying face recognition. It has also been argued that adaptive coding, as demonstrated by face aftereffects, plays a functional role in face recognition by calibrating our face norms to reflect current experience. If aftereffects tap high-level perceptual mechanisms that are critically involved in everyday face recognition then they should also occur for moving faces. Here we asked whether face identity aftereffects can be induced using dynamic adaptors. The face identity aftereffect occurs when adaptation to a particular identity (e.g., Dan) biases subsequent perception toward the opposite identity (e.g., antiDan). We adapted participants to video of real faces that displayed either rigid, non-rigid, or no motion and tested for aftereffects in static antifaces. Adapt and test stimuli differed in size, to minimize low-level adaptation. Aftereffects were found in all conditions, suggesting that face identity aftereffects tap high-level mechanisms important for face recognition. Aftereffects were not significantly reduced in the motion conditions relative to the static condition. Overall, our results support the view that face aftereffects reflect adaptation of high-level mechanisms important for real-world face recognition in which faces are moving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Petrovski
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gillian Rhodes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linda Jeffery
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Mowery TM, Penikis KB, Young SK, Ferrer CE, Kotak VC, Sanes DH. The Sensory Striatum Is Permanently Impaired by Transient Developmental Deprivation. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 28636935 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticostriatal circuits play a fundamental role in regulating many behaviors, and their dysfunction is associated with many neurological disorders. In contrast, sensory disorders, like hearing loss (HL), are commonly linked with processing deficits at or below the level of the auditory cortex (ACx). However, HL can be accompanied by non-sensory deficits, such as learning delays, suggesting the involvement of regions downstream of ACx. Here, we show that transient developmental HL differentially affected the ACx and its downstream target, the sensory striatum. Following HL, both juvenile ACx layer 5 and striatal neurons displayed an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance and lower firing rates. After hearing was restored, adult ACx neurons recovered balanced excitatory-inhibitory synaptic gain and control-like firing rates, but striatal neuron synapses and firing properties did not recover. Thus, a brief period of abnormal cortical activity may induce cellular impairments that persist into adulthood and contribute to neurological disorders that are striatal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Mowery
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Kristina B Penikis
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Stephen K Young
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christopher E Ferrer
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Vibhakar C Kotak
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York University, Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Abstract
Face adaptation generates striking face aftereffects, but is this adaptation useful? The answer appears to be yes, with several lines of evidence suggesting that it contributes to our face-recognition ability. Adaptation to face identity is reduced in a variety of clinical populations with impaired face recognition. In addition, individual differences in face adaptation are linked to face-recognition ability in typical adults. People who adapt more readily to new faces are better at recognizing faces. This link between adaptation and recognition holds for both identity and expression recognition. Adaptation updates face norms, which represent the typical or average properties of the faces we experience. By using these norms to code how faces differ from average, the visual system can make explicit the distinctive information that we need to recognize faces. Thus, adaptive norm-based coding may help us to discriminate and recognize faces despite their similarity as visual patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Rhodes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia
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Of mice and men, nature and nurture, and a few red herrings. Behav Brain Sci 2017; 40:e204. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x16001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBurkart et al.'s proposal is based on three false premises: (1) theories of the mind are either domain-specific/modular (DSM) or domain-general (DG); (2) DSM systems are considered inflexible, built by nature; and (3) animal minds are deemed as purely DSM. Clearing up these conceptual confusions is a necessary first step in understanding how general intelligence evolved.
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Vingilis-Jaremko L, Maurer D, Rhodes G, Jeffery L. The Influence of Averageness on Adults' Perceptions of Attractiveness: The Effect of Early Visual Deprivation. Perception 2016; 45:1399-1411. [PMID: 27488568 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616661913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adults who missed early visual input because of congenital cataracts later have deficits in many aspects of face processing. Here we investigated whether they make normal judgments of facial attractiveness. In particular, we studied whether their perceptions are affected normally by a face's proximity to the population mean, as is true of typically developing adults, who find average faces to be more attractive than most other faces. We compared the judgments of facial attractiveness of 12 cataract-reversal patients to norms established from 36 adults with normal vision. Participants viewed pairs of adult male and adult female faces that had been transformed 50% toward and 50% away from their respective group averages, and selected which face was more attractive. Averageness influenced patients' judgments of attractiveness, but to a lesser extent than controls. The results suggest that cataract-reversal patients are able to develop a system for representing faces with a privileged position for an average face, consistent with evidence from identity aftereffects. However, early visual experience is necessary to set up the neural architecture necessary for averageness to influence perceptions of attractiveness with its normal potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda Jeffery
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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