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Cyr EN, Kroeper KM, Bergsieker HB, Dennehy TC, Logel C, Steele JR, Knasel RA, Hartwig WT, Shum P, Reeves SL, Dys-Steenbergen O, Litt A, Lok CB, Ballinger T, Nam H, Tse C, Forest AL, Zanna M, Staub-French S, Wells M, Schmader T, Wright SC, Spencer SJ. Girls are good at STEM: Opening minds and providing evidence reduces boys' stereotyping of girls' STEM ability. Child Dev 2024; 95:636-647. [PMID: 37723864 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Girls and women face persistent negative stereotyping within STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics). This field intervention was designed to improve boys' perceptions of girls' STEM ability. Boys (N = 667; mostly White and East Asian) aged 9-15 years in Canadian STEM summer camps (2017-2019) had an intervention or control conversation with trained camp staff. The intervention was a multi-stage persuasive appeal: a values affirmation, an illustration of girls' ability in STEM, a personalized anecdote, and reflection. Control participants discussed general camp experiences. Boys who received the intervention (vs. control) had more positive perceptions of girls' STEM ability, d = 0.23, an effect stronger among younger boys. These findings highlight the importance of engaging elementary-school-aged boys to make STEM climates more inclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Cyr
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tara C Dennehy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Logel
- Renison University College, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Priscilla Shum
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Amrit Litt
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Haemi Nam
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Crystal Tse
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Mark Zanna
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mary Wells
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toni Schmader
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Kurdi B, Charlesworth TES. A 3D framework of implicit attitude change. Trends Cogn Sci 2023:S1364-6613(23)00126-2. [PMID: 37270388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
According to early theories, implicit (automatic) social attitudes are difficult if not impossible to change. Although this view has recently been challenged by research relying on experimental, developmental, and cultural approaches, relevant work remains siloed across research communities. As such, the time is ripe to systematize and integrate disparate (and seemingly contradictory) findings and to identify gaps in existing knowledge. To this end, we introduce a 3D framework classifying research on implicit attitude change by levels of analysis (individual vs. collective), sources of change (experimental, ontogenetic, and cultural), and timescales (short term vs. long term). This 3D framework highlights where evidence for implicit attitude change is more versus less well established and pinpoints directions for future research, including at the intersection of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Tessa E S Charlesworth
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3
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3
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Charlesworth TES, Navon M, Rabinovich Y, Lofaro N, Kurdi B. The project implicit international dataset: Measuring implicit and explicit social group attitudes and stereotypes across 34 countries (2009-2019). Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1413-1440. [PMID: 35650381 PMCID: PMC9159648 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For decades, researchers across the social sciences have sought to document and explain the worldwide variation in social group attitudes (evaluative representations, e.g., young-good/old-bad) and stereotypes (attribute representations, e.g., male-science/female-arts). Indeed, uncovering such country-level variation can provide key insights into questions ranging from how attitudes and stereotypes are clustered across places to why places vary in attitudes and stereotypes (including ecological and social correlates). Here, we introduce the Project Implicit:International (PI:International) dataset that has the potential to propel such research by offering the first cross-country dataset of both implicit (indirectly measured) and explicit (directly measured) attitudes and stereotypes across multiple topics and years. PI:International comprises 2.3 million tests for seven topics (race, sexual orientation, age, body weight, nationality, and skin-tone attitudes, as well as men/women-science/arts stereotypes) using both indirect (Implicit Association Test; IAT) and direct (self-report) measures collected continuously from 2009 to 2019 from 34 countries in each country's native language(s). We show that the IAT data from PI:International have adequate internal consistency (split-half reliability), convergent validity (implicit-explicit correlations), and known groups validity. Given such reliability and validity, we summarize basic descriptive statistics on the overall strength and variability of implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes around the world. The PI:International dataset, including both summary data and trial-level data from the IAT, is provided openly to facilitate wide access and novel discoveries on the global nature of implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayan Navon
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Yoav Rabinovich
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1-347-302-5900, USA
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4
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König S, Stang-Rabrig J, McElvany N. Adolescents’ implicit attitudes towards people with immigrant background: Differences and correlates. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeople with an immigrant background can be affected by stereotypes and discrimination. As adolescence is an important developmental stage, this study investigated whether adolescents hold (negative) implicit attitudes towards people with Turkish immigrant background and whether adolescents differ in the extent of attitudes. Additionally, the relevance of perceived discrimination, identification with culture of residence, motivation to act without predjudice, and quality and quantity of contact to people with Turkish immigrant background for the extent of implicit attitudes was analysed. Analyses are based on 244 adolescents (60.7% female, 1.6% diverse; 13.1% with Turkish immigrant background, 16.8% with immigrant background other than Turkish) who participated in an online study. An implicit association test revealed that negative implicit attitudes towards people with a Turkish immigrant background were present among adolescents. Unlike adolescents with a Turkish immigrant background, adolescents without immigrant background and with immigrant background other than Turkish hold negative implicit attitudes on average. For the total sample, it was found that low perceived discrimination was related to negative implicit attitudes. The results are discussed with respect to substantive and methodological aspects. Implications for research and practice are derived.
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5
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Misch A, Dunham Y, Paulus M. The developmental trajectories of racial and gender intergroup bias in 5- to 10-year-old children: The impact of general psychological tendencies, contextual factors, and individual propensities. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 229:103709. [PMID: 35985153 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Racism and intergroup discrimination are pervasive problems in human societies. Whereas several studies have shown that children show bias in the context of many kinds of groups, much less is known about how and when general psychological tendencies and contextual factors contribute to the manifestation of intergroup bias across development, and whether individual differences play a role. In the present study, we pursue these questions by investigating and comparing the developmental trajectories of intergroup bias in 5- to 10-year-old (mostly) White children (n = 100). We assessed children's liking and preferences towards 4 racial groups (White, East Asian, Black, and Middle Eastern) and towards 2 gender groups (male and female) in a within-subject design. We found that the young children in our sample showed a significant racial and gender ingroup bias, speaking to an early and strong manifestation of intergroup bias on the basic ingroup-outgroup distinction. This bias decreased with age. At the same time, we found considerable differences between the different types of outgroups from early on. Furthermore, there were remarkable differences between the developmental trajectories of gender and racial intergroup bias, highlighting the role of both social and contextual influences. Finally, our results did not reveal consistent evidence for the influence of individual differences on children's intergroup bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Misch
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychology, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yarrow Dunham
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Markus Paulus
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Marshall J, Gollwitzer A, Mermin‐Bunnell K, Mandalaywala T. The role of status in the early emergence of pro‐White bias in rural Uganda. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13240. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pauker K, Apfelbaum EP, Dweck CS, Eberhardt JL. Believing that prejudice can change increases children's interest in interracial interactions. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13233. [PMID: 35023598 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children begin interacting less across racial lines around middle childhood, but it remains unclear why. We examine the novel possibility that, at that time, children's prejudice theories-their understanding of prejudice as a fixed or malleable attribute-begin to influence their desire for interracial affiliation. We devise immersive behavioral experiences to evaluate when and how prejudice theories affect interracial affiliation. Study 1 measured prejudice theories among 8-13-year-olds (N = 152; 76 White, 76 racial minority) and observed children in a newly-developed social interaction task. In line with our hypothesis, children older than 10 years with stronger malleable-prejudice theories exhibited more interest and affiliation in a simulated cross- (versus same-race) interaction, regardless of their preexisting prejudice level. Study 2 randomly assigned children to listen to a fixed- or malleable-prejudice theory story before engaging in a real, first-time interaction with a same- or cross-race partner at a different school via live video-stream (N = 150; 96 White, 54 racial minority). The malleable theory increased children's interest in further interaction with their cross-race partner. These findings highlight the promise of malleable-prejudice theories for sustaining positive interracial relationships during a critical developmental window-when the frequency of cross-race friendships typically declines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Pauker
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822
| | - Evan P Apfelbaum
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Carol S Dweck
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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8
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Raissi A, Steele JR. Does Emotional Expression Moderate Implicit Racial Bias? Examining Bias Following Smiling and Angry Primes. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.5.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the pervasiveness of prejudice, researchers have become increasingly interested in examining racial bias at the intersection of race and other social and perceptual categories that have the potential to disrupt these negative attitudes. Across three studies, we examined whether the emotional expression of racial exemplars would moderate implicit racial bias. We found that racial bias on the Affect Misattribution Procedure only emerged in response to angry but not smiling Black male faces in comparison to White (Study 1) or White and Asian (Study 3) male faces with similar emotional expressions. Racial bias was also found toward Asian targets (Studies 2 and 3), but not only following angry primes. These findings suggest that negative stereotypes about Black men can create a contrast effect, making racial bias toward smiling faces less likely to be expressed in the presence of angry Black male faces.
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Farmer N, Gordon T, Middleton KR, Brooks AT, Wallen GR. Reigniting Dr. Martin Luther King's call to action: the role of the behavioral scientist in the movement for social justice and racial equity. Transl Behav Med 2021; 12:6359855. [PMID: 34459912 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Farmer
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Talya Gordon
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly R Middleton
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa T Brooks
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Division of AIDS, Behavior, and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gwenyth R Wallen
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Scullen T, Mathkour M, Santana MN, Dumont AS. Commentary: Neurosurgery Resident Interviews: The Prevalence and Impact of Inappropriate and Potentially Illegal Questions. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:E8-E10. [PMID: 33826703 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Scullen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mansour Mathkour
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Facilitating Age-Conscious Student Development through Lecture-Based Courses on Aging. Can J Aging 2021; 41:283-293. [DOI: 10.1017/s0714980821000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ageism is pervasive and socially normalized, and population aging has created a need to understand how views of aging and of older people, typically considered to be people over the age of 65, can be improved. This study sought to understand how undergraduate students’ attitudes towards older adults and the aging process may be influenced after completing a typical, lecture-based undergraduate course on aging that lacked service-learning components. Two undergraduate student cohorts (n = 40) at two Canadian universities participated in semi-structured focus groups/interviews, describing how the course may have impacted their perceptions of the aging process and of older adults. An iterative collaborative qualitative analysis demonstrated that course content stimulated a deeper understanding of the aging process, prompting a reduction in and increased awareness of ageism, and enhanced personal connection with aging, ultimately facilitating the development of an age-conscious student. Lecture-based courses focused on aging may be sufficient to facilitate positive attitude change among undergraduate students towards older adults and the aging process.
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Carpenter K, McCormack E, Scullen T, Mathkour M, Kilgore MD, Kahn L, Biro E. Letter to the Editor: Implicit Bias's Influence on Gender in Neurological Surgery. World Neurosurg 2021; 148:230-232. [PMID: 33770839 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Carpenter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erin McCormack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tyler Scullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mansour Mathkour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Neurosurgery Division, Surgery Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mitchell D Kilgore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lora Kahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erin Biro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Stang J, König S, McElvany N. Implizite Einstellungen von Kindern im Grundschulalter gegenüber Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1024/1010-0652/a000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Erwachsene und Jugendliche ohne Migrationshintergrund (MIG) schreiben Personen mit türkischem MIG, der größten Migrationsgruppe in Deutschland, geringere Kompetenzen und Leistungen zu. Inwiefern bereits bei Kindern solche (negativen) impliziten Einstellungen gegenüber Menschen mit türkischem MIG vorliegen, ist bislang ungeklärt und wurde daher in dieser Studie überprüft. Auch wurde analysiert, ob sich Grundschulkinder mit türkischem und ohne MIG in ihren Einstellungen unterscheiden. Zudem wurde geprüft, ob die soziale Integration, die wahrgenommene Diskriminierung sowie die Identifikation mit der Aufnahme- und Herkunftskultur mit impliziten Einstellungen in Zusammenhang standen. Datengrundlage bildeten Angaben von 240 Viertklässlerinnen und -klässlern (44.6% weiblich, 18.3% mit türkischem MIG). Zur Messung impliziter Einstellungen bearbeiteten die Kinder einen Impliziten Assoziationstest. Des Weiteren beantworteten sie Fragen zu den interessierenden Variablen. Bei den Grundschulkindern lagen negative implizite Einstellungen vor ( d = 0.21). Konkret verfügten Kinder ohne MIG im Gegensatz zu Kindern mit türkischem MIG im Mittel über negative implizite Einstellungen ( d = 0.39). Für die Gesamtstichprobe zeigte sich, dass eine stärkere Identifikation mit Deutschland (ß = .14), der Aufnahmekultur, in Zusammenhang mit negativen impliziten Einstellungen stand ( R2 = .03). Die Ergebnisse werden sowohl inhaltlich als auch hinsichtlich methodischer Gesichtspunkte diskutiert. Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden vorgestellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Stang
- Institut für Schulentwicklungsforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Sabrina König
- Institut für Schulentwicklungsforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Nele McElvany
- Institut für Schulentwicklungsforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Deutschland
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Schwartz D, Ryjova Y, Kelleghan AR, Fritz H. The refugee crisis and peer relationships during childhood and adolescence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Carpenter K, Scullen T, Mathkour M, Dumont AS, Biro E, Kahn L. Social Perception and Academic Trends on Women in the Field of Neurosurgery: A Bibliometric Analysis. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:154-161. [PMID: 33895374 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing trend of societal evolution in contemporary civilization has allowed increased inclusion of heterogenous identity groups into fields, such as neurosurgery, where certain groups have traditionally been underrepresented. In regard to the field of neurosurgery, the increasing recognition of the disparities faced by women is illustrated by a growing body of academic literature. METHODS We conducted a bibliometric analysis querying the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases for articles on women in neurosurgery using the MeSH terms "woman," "women," "gender," neurosurgery," neurological surgery," and "neurosurgeon." Articles were excluded if they did not concern societal impact of nonmale population in the context of neurosurgery. Total citations, mean citations per year, publishing journal information, and author demographics were abstracted from included reports. Associations between abstracted continuous variables were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Derived P values < 0.05 were taken as significant. RESULTS A total of 49 articles were included. Total numbers of citations per report were positively associated with mean citations per year (r = 0.7289, P = 0.0253), the latter of which was slightly negatively associated with the age of the report (r = -0.0413, P = 0.0009). Age of publication year was found to be negatively correlated with the number of reports published per year (r = -0.648, P = 0.0066). Total citations per reports were significantly correlated with increased numbers of citations during the last completed calendar year (2019: r = 0.8956, P = 0.0397). CONCLUSIONS Recognition in societal evolutionary trends as evidenced by academic activity has shown increased focus on the explicit and intrinsic biases faced by women in neurosurgery. Recent years have seen significant increases in published reports concerning the subject, as well as rising academic impact per a given report. This phenomenon is speculated to continue, and understanding to broaden as societal perception continues to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Carpenter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tyler Scullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mansour Mathkour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Neurosurgery Division, Surgery Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erin Biro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lora Kahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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16
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Charlesworth TES, Kurdi B, Banaji MR. Children's implicit attitude acquisition: Evaluative statements succeed, repeated pairings fail. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12911. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
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17
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Abstract
Social categorization is a universal mechanism for making sense of a vast social world with roots in perceptual, conceptual, and social systems. These systems emerge strikingly early in life and undergo important developmental changes across childhood. The development of social categorization entails identifying which ways of classifying people are culturally meaningful, how these categories might be used to predict, explain, and evaluate the behavior of other people, and how one's own identity relates to these systems of categorization and representation. Social categorization can help children simplify and understand their social environment but has detrimental consequences in the forms of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Thus, understanding how social categorization develops is a central problem for the cognitive, social, and developmental sciences. This review details the multiple developmental processes that underlie this core psychological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Andrew Baron
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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18
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Qian MK, Heyman GD, Quinn PC, Fu G, Lee K. Differential developmental courses of implicit and explicit biases for different other-race classes. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:1440-1452. [PMID: 30945884 PMCID: PMC6586506 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the developmental courses of both implicit and explicit racial biases in relation to the perceived social status of outgroups. We did so by assessing these biases among Chinese participants (N = 200, age range from 4- to 19-year-olds) toward 2 different other-race groups that differ in terms of perceived social status (i.e., Whites and Blacks). At the youngest age, children showed both implicit anti-White and anti-Black bias at similar levels. However, these biases had different patterns of age-related change: implicit anti-Black bias remained strong and stable over time, whereas implicit anti-White bias declined after age 10. For explicit bias, children showed a decline in anti-Black and anti-White bias. Implicit and explicit biases were uncorrelated at all ages. The observed age-related changes demonstrate that it is possible for patterns of biases toward different races to diverge with age, and that perceived social status may contribute to the differential developmental patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao K. Qian
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gail D. Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Genyue Fu
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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